Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| 6 criteria for neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
1. substance exists in presynaptic axon terminals
2. substance is synthesized in presynaptic cells
3. substance is released when action potentials reach axon terminals
4. receptors for the substance exist on postsynaptic membrane
5. when applied, substance produces changes in postsynaptic potentials
6. blocking substance release prevents changes in postsynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acid Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 Types of Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
1. Amine
2. Amino Acid
3. Peptides
4. Gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Catecholamines
2. Indoleamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptide Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
1. Opioid Peptides (endorphins)
2. Other Peptides (oxytocin, hypothalamic-releasing hormones, CCK) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitric oxide, carbon monoxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alter chemical reactions in the cell, such as a G-protein system, to open an ion channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the same neurotransmitter may bind to a variety of subtypes, which trigger different responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiates the normal effects of the receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when nerve cells contain more than one type of neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiates an effect that is the opposite of the normal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nicotinic
2. muscarinic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most are ionotropic and excitatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabotropic and can be excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in neurons in the mesotriatal pathway
originates in the midbrain (substantia nigra); innervates the striatum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
originates in the vetral tegmental area (VTA)
involved in reward, reinforcement, and learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
released in 3 brainstem regions: pons, midbrain, and dorsal medulla
produced by noradrenergic
all metabotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in raphe nuclei and its serotonergic fibers
implicated in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excitatory
transmission uses AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors
acts on mGluRs (slower metabotropic receptors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural injury such as stroke may cause excess release of glutamate, which is toxic to neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibitory
receptors are in classes:
1. GABAa - ionotropic, fast effects
2. GABAb - ionotropic, slow effects through neuroogliaform interneurons
3. GABAc - ionotropic with a chloride channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is produced in dendrites and diffuses when it is produced
serves as a retrograde transmitter by diffusing back into the presynaptic neuron |
|
|
Term
| Partial Agonists/Antagonists |
|
Definition
| produce a medium response regardless of dose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that bind to the same receptor site as the neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a graph of the relationship between drug doses and the effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional relationship between drugs and their targets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compare with ED50 values
comparable effects at lower dose = more potent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the maximal response that a drug can produce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target tissue may show altered sensitivity to the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerance to a whole class of chemically similar drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when drug effects become stronger with repeated treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free to act on the target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces active metabolites that may produce side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refer to factors that affect the movement of a drug through the body |
|
|
Term
| Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs |
|
Definition
| a class of drugs to treat schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective dopamine D2 antagonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block serotonin receptors and may reduce negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors |
|
Definition
| prevent the breakdown of monoamines at the synapses |
|
|
Term
| Tricyclic Antidepressents |
|
Definition
| increase norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapses by blocking their reuptake |
|
|
Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
|
Definition
allow serotonin to accumulate in the synapses
Ex: Prozac and Zoloft
less side effects than tricylics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tranquilizers; depressants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that reduce nervous system activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act on GABAa receptors and enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
on a GABA receptor that has no known endogenous ligand
where benzodiazepine binds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steroid that is elevated during stress, responsible for calming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steroids produced in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of pregnant women abusing alcohol, with permanent damage to the fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains morphine, which is an analgesic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related to morphine, both very addictive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where opiates bind to opioid receptors in the brain
opiates also bind in the locus coeruleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peptides produced in the body that bind to opioid receptors and relieve pain; addictive
1. enkephalins
2. endorphins
3. dynorphins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derived from Cannabis sativa
active ingredient - delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
homologs of marijuana produced in the brain
act as retrograde messengers and may influence neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an endocannabinoid
effects: altered memory formation, appetitie stimulation, reduced pain sensitivity, and protection from excitotoxic brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase nervous system activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an African shrub that acts as a stimulant when chewed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increases heart rate, blood pressure, HCl secretion, and bowel activity
- agonist on nicotinic ACh receptors in the ventral tegmental area
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleviate hunger, promote endurance, and enhance sense of well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
purified extract of the coca shrub
can be used as an anesthetic, increases catecholamine stimulation, and addictive
blocks monoamine transports (esp. dopamine), slows reuptake of neurotransmitters, enhancing their effects |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamine/ Methamphetamine |
|
Definition
synthetic stimulants that resemble catecholamine
cause the release of neurotransmitters without action potentials
alertness, euphoria, and stamina (short-term)
sleeplessness, weight loss, and schizophrenic symptoms (long-term) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences
LSD (acid), mescaline (peyote), and psilocybin (mushrooms); visual effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts as an agonist on serotonin receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(angel dust) a dissociative drug
produces feelings of depersonalization and detachment from reality
chemical model of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a hallucinogenic amphetamine derivative
increases serotonin levels and changes dopamine and prolactin levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many addictive drugs cause release of dopamine here; some axons ending here start in the VTA and are involved in the reward pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another pathway involved in addiction |
|
|
