Term
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Definition
| memory proplems, learning impairment, speech impairment, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle weakness, convulsions, paralysis, tremor, ataxia |
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Term
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Definition
| vison, autidory, pain, equilibrium changes |
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Term
| mood and personality effects |
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Definition
| sleep disturbances, mental depression, irritability, excitability, delirium, hallucination |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of appetite, fatigue, stupor, nerve damage |
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Term
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Definition
| any chemical that can cause undesirable effects on the CNS of living organisms |
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Term
| pharmaceuticals that cause more deaths than vehicular accidents |
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Definition
| overdoses on prescription painkillers (opiods) |
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Term
| one half of prescription painkiller deaths involve |
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Definition
| at least two drugs (synergistic/ additive effects)...alcohol is involved in many overdose deaths |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| highest risk for acute (accidental) poisoning, easy to catch and treat, chronic poisoning is harder to detect because the person is exposed to low levels of drug and sings may not show toxicity immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| Batrachotoxin and tetrodotoxin (produced by plants or animals |
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Term
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Definition
| most lethal toxin of any known animal (open nueronal Na channel and polarization cannot occur no longer transmits AP's) |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks Na channels causing paralysis and respiratory arrest within min, cardiac arrest is due to lack of oxygen (blue octopus and puffer fish) |
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Term
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Definition
| glutamate-induced excitotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Term
| glutamate-induced excitotoxicity |
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Definition
| pathological phenomenon by which overactivation of receptors for excitatory amino acid transmitters lead to cell damage and death |
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Term
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Definition
| could be a mechanism of self-repair by which the brain discards useless connections or prunes poorly functioning nuerons, or mechanism of toxicity by which neurotoxicants and neurodegenerative disease cause neurotoxicity |
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Term
| pre-synaptic release of glutamate |
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Definition
| normally activates NMDA and AMPA receptors resulting in an influx of both Na and Ca ions, ultimately creating an action potential |
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Term
| glutamate found in synapse |
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Definition
| normally taken up by glial cells which contain EAAT (exitatory/Amino-acid transporter), reuptatke mechanism where glutamate is broken down. |
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Term
| excitotoxicitiy in terms of glutamate |
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Definition
| marked increase in extracellular glutamate which can be caused by an increased release of decreased re-uptake |
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Term
| Excess NMDA and AMPA stimulation |
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Definition
| results in inccreased intracellurlar levels of Ca ions which cause the neuron to die and increase in cytosolic Ca that is taken up by mitochondria |
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Term
| mitochondrial Ca overload |
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Definition
| leads to explosion of oxygen production and subsequent cytochrome C release |
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Term
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Definition
| activates nNOS and increases NO production, NO reacts with Oxy producing ONOO- which then difuses into nucleus to damage DNA |
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Term
| pathophysiologies of glutamate cytotoxicity |
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Definition
| spinal chord injury where increased glutamate results in spinal chord damage, lack of oxy to the brain causes excess release of glutamate and neurodegenerative disease |
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Term
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Definition
| increase of decrease in transmission but NOT synaptic failure |
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Term
| drug-induced transmission toxicity |
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Definition
| organophosphate poisoning, cocaine intoxication and nicotine-induced brain damage |
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Term
| organophosphate poisoning |
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Definition
| sarin inhibits AChE which blocks/ turns off ACh, resulting in buildup of ACh and continues to transmit nerve signals to muscles causing spasms and death |
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Term
| cocaine induced transmission toxicity |
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Definition
| inhibition reuptake of DA and NE results in sympathetic overstimulation causing convulsion and multiple other actions such as mascarinic blockade |
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Term
| nicotine-induced brain damage |
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Definition
| induced ROS levels dose-dependently and activates neuronal transcription factors causing neuro-inflammation, reducing grey matter density in brain |
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Term
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Definition
| something wrong with axon, either axon its dies or the myelin may disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| retrograde axonal loss starting from synapse going toward neuron, similar to Lou Gehrig's disease |
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Term
| organophosphates-induced delayed neuropathy OPIDN(axonopathy) |
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Definition
| inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) causing swelling and degenration of axons in corticospinal motor tracts resulting in muscle weakness, ataxia and paralysis |
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Term
| cisplatin-induced axonopathy |
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Definition
| damage to organ corti, destruction of auditory and vestibular-balance occurring 3-4 days after drug administration (high pitch sounds most affected) |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubuli interferance; symmetrical peripheral sensory-motor neuropathy resulting in paresthesia and severe motor weakness (ileus and orthostatic hypotension) |
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Term
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Definition
| myelin sheath will degenerate and breakdown, axon and neuron body remains but the conduction of AP is compromised and slowed |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of myelin sheath (direct) or schwann cells (indirect) which produce myelin...can progress to axonopathy |
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Term
| lead-induced myelinopathy |
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Definition
| mechanism is unknown but target is CNS, oxidative stress and apoptosis are characterized |
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Term
| hecachlorophene-induced encephalopathy |
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Definition
| inhibits respiratory D-lactase dehydrogenase and interferes with electron transpot, it is a mitochondrial neurotoxin and causes spongiform (myelin: fluid filled) encephalopathy in cerebellum, hippocampus and brain stem |
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Term
| nitrous oxide-induced myelinopathy |
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Definition
| irriversible oxidation of cobalt in methycobalamin and ihnibits the synthesis of methionine, reducing meylin formation |
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Term
| carbon monoxide-induced encephalopathy |
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Definition
| induces platelet and endothelial release of NO formin free peroxynitrite radical causing mitochondrial dysfunction, capillary leakage, leukocyte sequestration and apoptosis, lipid peroxidation causes reversible demyelination of white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| entire neuron degenerates and disappears, irreversible neuronal loss peripherally or centrally followed by apoptosis and necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| major neuropathy occurs with neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fragments of proteins) and amyloid plaques (abnormal clusters of anyloid and tau protein remnants) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in Alzheimer's disease; twisted fragments of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in Alzheimer's disease; abnormal clusters of anyloid and tau protein remnants |
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Term
| MPTP-induced parkinsonism |
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Definition
| taken up into dopamine neurons and attacks mitochondria and inhibits energy production, causing neuropathy and resembles advanced parkinsonism with major loss of dopamine activity |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, growth retardation, mental retardation and microcephaly due to neuropathies in brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| organic form of mercury and the form of mercury that is most easily bioaccumulated |
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Term
| methylmercury (MeHg) induced neuropathy, minamata disease |
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Definition
| organic form of mercury (toxin found in large fish) that is most easily bioaccumulated casing major neuropathies in the brain and sever CNS and sensory damage |
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