Term
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Definition
| purposeful movements which may or may not initiate in response to external stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Innate, do not require planning |
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Term
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Definition
| Walking, running etc. Require initiation and termination, but may continue automatically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor fibers that do not generate in the cortex and are not contained in the pyramids, but innervate (directly or indirectly) motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary motor cortex (M1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior parietal cortex (BA 1-3 make up the somatosensory cortex). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Corticospinal tract travels through which portion of internal capsule? |
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Definition
| Posterior portion of internal capsule |
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Term
| Corticobulbar tract travels through which portion of internal capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Raphespinal neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| Coeruleospinal neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| Main terminations of rubrospinal tract |
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Definition
| Laminae V, VI and VII of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Dorsal tegmental decussation |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventral tegmental decussation |
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Definition
| Rubrospinal tract, immediately caudal to red nuclei |
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Term
| Three pathways involved with extensors |
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Definition
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract, Medial reticulospinal tract, and Pontine reticulospinal tract |
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Term
| Three pathways involved with flexors |
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Definition
| Lateral corticospinal tract, Rubrospinal tract, and Medullary reticulospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Main target of the cerebrocerebellum |
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Definition
| Dentate nucleus via the Purkinje cell axons |
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Term
| Main target of paravermal area |
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Definition
| Interposed nuclei (globose, emboliform) via the axons of the Purkinje cells |
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Term
| Main target of the vermis |
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Definition
| Fastigial nucleus, via the axons from the Purkinje cells |
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Term
| Components of the glomerulus |
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Definition
| Mossy fibers (excitatory), Golgi cells (inhibitory) and granule cells (excitatory interneurons) |
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Term
| Cerebellar disease characteristics |
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Definition
| Hypotonia (also tremors and lack of coordination) |
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Term
| Three layers of gray matter in the cerebellum |
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Definition
| Molecular layer (outermost), Purkinje layer, granule cell layer (innermost) |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons from granule cells in the molecular layer form the parallel fibers, which are excitatory to Purkinje cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory to Purkinje cells; synapse on cell body (axosomatic). |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory interneurons that synapse on dendrites of Purkinje cells. |
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Term
| Purkinje cells are the only outlet from cerebellar cortex to the deep nuclei EXCEPT... |
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Definition
| in the vestibular cerebellum (flocculonodular lobe), which sends most of its Purkinje projections directly to the vestibular nuclei in the pons. |
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Term
| Three types of cerebellar inputs |
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Definition
| Cerebrocerebellum (receives corticopontine fibers), spinocerebellum (receives SC, trigeminal, visual and vestibular fibers), and vestibulocerebellum (receives vestibular fibers). |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives input from the cerebellum, and works to modulate extensors and maintain balance. BILATERAL PATHWAY |
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Term
| Dorsolateral tracts (function) |
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Definition
| Generally voluntary limb movement in the flexors of distal muscles. |
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Term
| Dorsolateral tracts (2 examples) |
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Definition
| Rubrospinal tract, lateral corticospinal tract |
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Term
| Ventromedial tract function |
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Definition
| Generally speaking extensors of the more proximal limb muscles. |
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Term
| Ventromedial tracts (6 examples) |
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Definition
| Reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal, ventral (anterior) corticospinal, coerulospinal, and raphespinal tracts. |
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Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| Dorsolateral tract- Principle motor pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsolateral tract- Mirrors function of the lateral corticospinal with the exception of the FINGERS, which it does not control. |
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Term
| Medial reticulospinal tract |
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Definition
| Ventromedial tract- Ipsilateral projection, terminates in lamina VIII, innervates extensors to fight gravity |
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Term
| Lateral reticulospinal tract |
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Definition
| Ventromedial tract- Runs bilaterally, terminates in lamina VII, excites FLEXOR motor neurons |
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Term
| Medial vestibulospinal tract |
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Definition
| Ventromedial tract- Descends bilaterally, innervates muscles of the neck |
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Term
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract |
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Definition
| Ventromedial tract- Descends ipsilaterally, terminates at all levels of SC to excite extensors, key for upright posture |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual info from the superior colliculus, turn head to look at something |
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Term
| Ventral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| Ipsilateral portion of the corticospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern generator for locomotion (probably) |
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Term
| Superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| Fibers leave the cerebellum and go to other parts of the brain, decussating in the superior cerebellar decussation. Major OUTPUT of the cerebellum. |
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Term
| Middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| Major pathway from the cortex to the cerebellum. Fibers originate from the pontine nuclei. |
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Term
| Inferior cerebellar peduncles |
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Definition
| Primarily carry fibers from the spinal cord to the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| CED-3 (caspase) and CED-4 (APAF-1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cheyne stokes respiration |
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Definition
| Periodic increase/decrease in frequency and amplitude. Indicates high level functioning in comatose patients; lesion above tentorium cerebelli. |
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Term
| Central neurogenic hyperventilation |
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Definition
| Sustained hyperventilation (low PCO2) indicating pontomesencephalic junction lesion. |
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Term
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with... |
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Definition
| the mesolimbic system (positive symptoms include hallucination, delusions, etc) |
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Term
| Negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with... |
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Definition
| the prefrontal cortex (Neg. symp= apathy, avolition, ahedonism, etc) |
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Term
| Motor symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with... |
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Definition
| nigrostriatal system (motor symptoms include peculiar voluntary movements, excessive motor activity, motor immobility, catatonia) |
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