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| The conversion of one form of energy to another |
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| The part of the ear that we readily see (the pinna) and the canal that leads tot he eardrum. |
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| The external part of the ear. It's mammalian in nature. Wide array of ear shapes and sizes. |
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| A tone with a single frequency of vibration |
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| The force sound exerts per unit area, usualy measured as dynes per square centimeter. Intensity. |
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| Our perception of amplitutde. |
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| The number of cycles per second. |
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| Measures frequency. number of cycles per second. |
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| a dimension of auditory experience in which sounds vary from low to high |
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| The predominant frequency of an auditory tone or visual scene. |
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| The multiples of a particular frequency called the fundamental. |
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| Characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the realitive intensities of its various harmonics |
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| the analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves via mathamatic process. also works in visual patterns. |
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| measures sound intensisty. whisper is about 20 dB above threshold and talking is about 60 dB |
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| Cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea. |
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| Three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit sound across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. |
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| a.k.a. the eardrum. between external ear and middle ear. |
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| The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear. |
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| "Hammer" middle-ear bone that is connectedf to the tympanic membrane. |
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| Latin for "anvil". middle-ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes. |
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| "stirrup" middle-ear bone connected to oval window. |
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| The muscle attached to the mallenus that modulates mechanical linkage to protect the delicate receptor cells of the innear ear from damaging soundds. |
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| A middle-ear muscle that is attached to the stapes. also protects ear from damage. the stapedius in particular helps to protect us from self-made sounds. Like coughing and chewing and swallowing and stuff. |
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| The cochlea and vestibular apparatus. Converts sound to neural activity. |
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| Snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing. fluid filled. Is a coil of three canals: the Scala vestibuli, the scala media, and the scala tympani. |
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| One of three principal canals running along the length of the cochlea |
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| central of the three spiraling canals inside the cochlea. |
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| oneo f three principal canals running along the cochlea. |
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| Membrane separating the cochlear duct from middle-ear cavity. helps movement within the canals. |
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| Converts sounds into neural activity. three structures: sensory cells (hair cells), elaborate framework of supporting cells, and terminations of the auditory fibers. The base of the corti is the basilar membrane of the cochlea. |
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| One of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. also called sensory cells. |
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| a membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction. This is what vibrates in response to sound. |
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| one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. 1 row of cells. |
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| one of two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. Three rows of cells. |
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| Relatively stiff hair that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system. each cell has 50-200 of these. |
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| A membrane that sits atop the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct. |
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| A fine, threadlike fiber that runs along and conncets the tips of stereocilia. tension on tip links causes ion channels to pop open. |
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| the mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to "tune" the cochlea to be particularly sensitivce to some frequencies mroe than others. this causes otoacoustic emission. |
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| Sound produced by the cochlea itself, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental noise. |
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| A graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in freequency and intensity. a.k.a. it's a cells response to sounds at various frequencies. |
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| Cranial nerve VIII, runs from cochlea to the brain stem auditory nuclei. |
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| Brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex. |
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| Brainstem nuclei that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei, and provide the first biaural (two ear) analysis of auditory information. A.K.A. info from both ears are processed? plays a key role in ocalizing sounds by comparing the two ears? |
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| Paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that reveice auditory information. |
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| Nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex. |
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| A major organizational feature in auditory systems in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies. |
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| Minimal Discriminable frequency Difference |
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| The smallest change in frequency that can be detected reliably between two tones. |
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| One of the Two theories on how we discriminate pitch. States that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of basilar membrane produced by a sound. |
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| One of the Two theories on discriminating pitch. Emphasizes the relation ebtween sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells. |
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| High-frequency sound above the threshold for human hearing. about 20,000 Hz |
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| Very low frequency sound, below threshold for human hearing. 20 Hz. |
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| Perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to localize a sound source. |
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| A theory that we localize sound by combining information about intensity differences and latency differences between the two ears. |
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| A device that senses the co-occurence of two events. by biaural neurons? |
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| Alteration of the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound. |
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| A disorder characterized by the inability to dicern tunes accurately. |
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| Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) |
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Definition
| A special use of MRI that takes advantage of the differences in how water molecules are constrained in myelin to reveal axonal tracts aonnceting brain regions. |
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| Arises when disorders of the outer or middle ear prevent vibrations produced by auditory stimuli from reaching the cochlea. pathology of middled or external ear cavities. sometimes ossicles become fused and can no longer transmit sound vibrations. sometimes surgery can help. The nervous System is not usually involved here. |
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| Can be caused by toxic substances, trauma, exposure to loud sounds, hundreds of hereditary disorders. hearing impairment that originates from cochlear or auditory nerve lesions. |
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| Toxic to the ears, especialky the middle or inner ear. drugs used to treat terbocliousis. |
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| a sensation of noises or ringing in the ears. |
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| a hearing impairment related to lesions in auditory pathways or centers, including sites int he brainstem, thalamus, or cortex. |
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| type of central deafness. the specific inability to hear words, although other sounds can be detected. Perhaps because of slow analysis of auditory inputs. |
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| A hearing impairment that is caused by a fault or defect in the cortex. have a hard time understanding verbal and nonverbal auditory stimuli. |
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| An electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nervces in different regions of the choclea via surgically implanted electrodes. |
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| Auditory Brainstem Implant |
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| A type of auditory prosthesis in which implanted microphones directly stimulate the auditory nuclei of the brainstem rather than the cochlea. |
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| One of the three fluid-filled tubes int he inner ear that are part of the vestibular system. Each of tghe tubes, which are at right angles to each other, detects angular aceleration. |
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| A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head. |
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| Small fluid filled sac under utricle in vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head. |
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| Enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system. |
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| Small crystal on the gelatinous membrane in the vestibular system. |
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| A sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface |
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| A small gelatinous column that forms part of the lateral-line system of aquatic animals and also occurs within the vestibular system of mammals. |
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| Brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII |
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| Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) |
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Definition
| The brainstem mechanism that maintains gaze on a visual object despite movements of the head. |
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| The experience of nasea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in a car or boat. |
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| a theory of motion sickness suggesting that discrepancies between vestibular information and visual information simulate food poisoning and therefore trigger nausea. |
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| A small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue. papillae contain most of the taste receptor cells. |
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| a cluster of 50-150 cells that detects tastes. taste buds are found in papillae. |
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| the small aperture through which trastant molecules are able to access the sensory receptors of the taste buds. |
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| a substance that can be tasted. |
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| One of three types of small structures on the gontue, located in the back that contain taste receptors. |
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| One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, contain taste receptors. |
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| One of three types of small structures ont he tongue, locatred in the front, contain taste receptors. |
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| Family of taste receptor proteins. Sweet flavors and umami flavors |
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| Family of bitter taste receptors. |
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| one of the five basic tastes. probably mediated by amino acids in foods. |
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| Coding of information in sensory systems based on the temporal pattern of acction potentials. |
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| The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information. |
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| A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities. There are three types of cells here. Receptor neurons, supporing cells, and basal cells. |
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| A portion of olfactory receptor cells present in the olfactory epithelium. |
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| complex shapes underlying the olfactory mucosa that direct inspired air over receptor cells. |
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| An anterior project of the brain that terminates the upper nasal passages and, through small openings int he skull, provides recpotrs for smell. |
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| A complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells. |
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| A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain. |
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| A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species. |
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| A specialized chemical detection system that detects pheremones and transmits information to the brain. |
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| A collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain. |
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| Trace amine-associated receptors |
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Definition
| a family of probably pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium. |
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