Term
| From which vesicle is the adult olfactory bulb derived? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the hypothalamus located in relation to the thalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the caudate nucleus begin? |
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Definition
| As a swelling on the floor of the lateral ventricle. |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic sympathetic fibers? Postganglionic sympathetic fibers? |
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Definition
Acetylcholine is released from preganglionic, Norepinepherine is released from postganglionic.
EXCEPTIONS: sympathetic fibers to sweat glands (only sympathetics innervate sweat glands): preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release ACh.
EXCEPTION 2: Adrenal medulla. Preganglionic fiber releases ACh, but adrenal medulla itself releases E and NE |
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Term
| What neurotransmitters are released from pre and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers? |
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Definition
| ACh is released from both. |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is released from somatic motor fibers? |
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Definition
| ACh (and the neuromuscular junction). |
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Term
| Where are nicotinic cholinergic receptors found? |
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Definition
| on skeletal muscle and on neurons. |
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Term
| Describe the 2 subtypes of cholinergic nicotinic receptors |
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Definition
alpha Bungaroo Toxin (aBgTX) insensitive and aBgTX sensitive.
aBGTX insensitive have alpha2-alpha 6 subunits and are heteromers only (i.e. also contain beta etc. subunits)
aBgTX sensitive receptors have alpha7-alpha 10 subunits, and can be homo or heteromers. |
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Term
| What do you know if a patient feels an electric shock after cervical spine flexion? |
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Definition
This is called Lhermitte's phenomenon. It's an example of a clinical phenomena that is inherently localizing (if somebody has this, you know the locale of the structural pathology).
The structural pathology is in the dorsal column of the spinal cord in the cervical region. |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent contraction or relaxation failure. (slow relaxation of mucles after contraction). |
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Term
| What do you know if a patient has a persistent muscle contraction of relaxation failure? |
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Definition
| This is myotonia--the problem lies in the muscle membrane |
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Term
| What do you know if a patient has use-specific fatigueability of their muscles? |
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Definition
| That the problem is in the neuromuscular junction (e.g. myasthenia gravis). This is an example of an inherently localizing clinical phenomena (if you see this, you know where the problem is). |
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Term
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Definition
| talking like you're drung |
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Term
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Definition
| talking like you're the Godfather. |
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Term
| What separates the embryonic prosencephalon and mesencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| The central or Rolanic sulcus divides which two lobes? |
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Definition
| The frontal and parietal. |
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Term
| What's the Sylvian fissure? |
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Definition
| aka the lateral sulcus, separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| buried within the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). |
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Term
| What part of the brain is responsible for diverse high-level motor, cognitive and emotional functions? |
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Definition
| anterior part of frontal lobe--divided into superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. |
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Term
| Where does the corticospinal tract start? |
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Definition
| In the somatomotor cortex aka precentral gyrus |
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Term
| describe the topographical organization of the precentral gyrus. |
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Definition
| Precentral gyrus (aka somatomotor cortex): legs are medial, then trunk, arms, and face most laterally. |
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Term
| What is Broca's area, and where is it located? |
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Definition
| area involved with motor components of speech. It's in the inferior frontal gyri just anterior to the precentral gyrus (somatomotor cortex). |
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Term
| In which lobe is the somatosensory cortex? |
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Definition
| parietal lobe (it's in the post central gyrus) |
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Term
| What's the posterior parietal cortex important for? (i.e. behind the postcentral gyrus) |
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Definition
| for forming a mental image of how the outside world is spatially organized and where our body is located within it. (defects here might result in somebody being unaware that 1/2 his world exists or that the contralateral body belongs o them. |
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Term
| Where is the primary auditory receiving area located? |
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Definition
| In temporal lobe, on transverse temporal gyri of Heschl (Haines Fig 2-39) |
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Term
| WHat's Wernicke's area and where is it located? |
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Definition
| Involved in comprehension of language. Partly in temporal lobe (posterior part of superior temporal gyrus) and partly in parietal lobe (inferior parietal lobe). |
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Term
| The uncus and the parahippocampal gyrus are part of the . . .? |
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Definition
| primary olfactory cortex. |
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Term
| What's the main function of the insula thought to be? |
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Definition
| involved with gustatory and visceral sensations. |
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Term
| What is directly lateral to the putamen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the job of the amygdala? |
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Definition
| involved in emotional expression |
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Term
| Where is the amygdala located? |
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Definition
| beneath the cerebral cortex and just lateral to the uncus, at the tip of the temporal horn in the lateral ventricle. (Haines 5-3). |
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Term
| Axons from the thalamus (sensory relay to cortex) reach the cortex by going through what structure first? |
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Definition
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Term
| What/where is the calcarine cortex? |
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Definition
| In the occipital lobe, processes images arising from the contralateral half of the visual world |
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Term
| What is the main sensory relay for auditory info? Where does it go from there? |
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Definition
| Medial geniculate nucleus (Haines 5-13). Goes to transverse temporal gyri of Heschle from there. |
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Term
| What is the main sensory relay for visual info? Where does it go from there? |
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Definition
| Lateral geniculate ganglion (Haines 5-13). Goes to calcarine cortex of occipital lobe from there. |
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Term
| Medial and lateral geniculate nuclei belong to what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do visual sensory fibers from optic nerve get to the calcarine cortex of the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| optic nerve, optic chiasm (where the fibers cross), optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, internal capsule, calcarine cortex of occipital lobe. |
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Term
| What/where are mammillary bodies? |
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Definition
| prominent eminences associated with hypothalamic nuclear groups. sorta ventral/caudal to hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Where are the crus cerebri in relationship to the pons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trace the pathway of the corticospinal tract from the precentral gyrus (aka somatomotor cortex) to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, crus cerebri, pons, medulla, crosses to contralateral side at spinomedullary junction, spinal cord. |
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Term
| What does the inferior colliculus do? Where does it relay to? |
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Definition
| Processes auditory info, relays it to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus, which relays it to temporal lobe (tranverse gyri of Heschle) |
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Term
| What does the superior colliculus do? Where does it project? |
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Definition
| It receives input from optic tract and is involved in reflexive eye movements. NEED TO EDIT. See page 34 lab manual. |
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Term
| cerebral peduncles are in which area of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cranial nerve emerges ventrally between the cerebral peduncles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cranial nerve emerges dorsally just caudal to the inferior colliculus? What does it innervate |
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Definition
| trochlear nerve. superior oblique eye muscles of ipsilateral side. |
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Term
| The human ear can detect frequencies between what and what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Our auditory system is generally more sensitive to frequencies between what and what? What does this mean in terms of loudness? |
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Definition
| between 2 and 5 kHz. This means that at this range a sound sounds louder than one of the same decibels outside of the range (syl 177). |
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Term
| What innervates the tensor tympani? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the stapedius muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the location of Broca's area |
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Definition
| Inferior frontal gyrus, just anterior to the precentral gyrus |
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Term
| Describe the location of Wernicke's area. |
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Definition
| Left hemisphere (usu), posterior part of superior temporal gyrus and nearby regions of inferior parietal lobe. |
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Term
| Which thalamic nucleus receives input from temporal lobe and projects to frontal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are likely causes for damage to the optic nerve? |
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Definition
| direct trauma, tumor, optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis (degeneration of myelin) (if bad enough, can lead to total blindness in that eye) |
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Term
| What is likely to be the cause of a bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia? |
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Definition
| Damage to optic chiasm: pituitary tumor. |
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Term
| What is a likely cause of a contralateral homonymous superior quandrantanopsia? |
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Definition
| A lesion in Meyer's Loop: often tumor in white matter of temporal lobe. |
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Term
| What's the vascular supply for the retina? |
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Definition
| The central retinal artery and vein (travel within the optic nerve) |
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Term
| do rods and cones produce action potentials? |
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Definition
| No. Just neurotransmitters, and then ganglion cells convert them into APs. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to use info from both eyes for depth perception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the job of the V4 area of visual cortex? Where is V4? |
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Definition
| color recognition. Near the occipitotemporal junction. Syl 210 |
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Term
| What are the neurons in the inferior temporal cortex involved with in terms of vision? |
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Definition
complex pattern discriminations that are behaviorally relevant, such as identifying faces or hands.
The object itself rather than its specific location is of interest to the neurons here. |
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Term
| What do neurons in the posterior parietal cortex analyze in terms of vision? |
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Definition
| spatial relationships (rather than the detailed qualities of an object like is analyzed in the inferior temporal area). |
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Term
| What do neurons in the V5 area of the brain analyze in terms of vision? Where is the V5 area? |
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Definition
| movement of an object (speed, direction) NOT interested in what kind of an object it is (apple, bar, spotlight). V5 is near the occipitoparietal junction. |
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Term
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Definition
| can't recognizes faces etc., even though you can describe their rudimentary features. |
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Term
| Where are corticospinal fibers located in the mesencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemmorrhage? 2nd most common cause? |
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Definition
most common: trauma
second most common: aneurysm rupture |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemmorrhage? 2nd most common cause? |
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Definition
most common: trauma
second most common: aneurysm rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| small vessel disease--when small vessel endothelium proliferates because of hypertension and this causes the artery's inside to narrow. Can lead to ischemic stroke. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dorsal root ganglion cell, including all of its peripheral and central branches and its associated receptive ending. |
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Term
| Which encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly adapting and which are slow adapting? |
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Definition
rapidly adapting: pacinian corpuscles, meissners corpuscles
slow adapting: ruffini endings, merkel disc |
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Term
| What type of nerve cells are peripheral nerve cells? Do they have dendrites? |
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Definition
| pseudounipolar. No, they do not have dendrites. |
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Term
| Where is the tract of lissauer? What is it? |
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Definition
| in the spinal white matter near the dorsal root entry zone. it's the tract that spinothalamic fibers take to go up or down a few spinal cord levels before they synapse in the grey matter. |
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Term
| does the anterior spinal artery supply the dorsal column? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| degenerative disease that begins around central canal of spinal cord usually at the cervical levels (patients experience a progressive lost of pain and temp sensation on BOTH arms). Could be other problems depending on how big the lesion is. |
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Term
| What does the substantia gelatinosa become and where? |
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Definition
| the spinal trigeminal nucleus (pain and temp) in the upper cervical spinal cord. |
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