Term
| What are the 4 portions of the Diencephalon? |
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Definition
1. Epithalamus
2. Dorsal Thalamus (Thalamus)
3. Hypothalamus
4. Subthalamus |
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Term
| What is the only portion of the Diencephalon that can be seen in the intact brain? |
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Definition
| The infundibular stalk and the mammillary bodies. |
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Term
| What is the superior border of the diencephalon? |
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Definition
| Lateral ventricle and the subarachnoid space of the transverse cerebral fissure. |
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Term
| What is the lateral border of the diencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the pineal gland located? |
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Definition
| Located midline, just rostral to the superior colliculi. |
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Term
1. What does the pineal gland secrete?
2. What is the function of the pineal gland? |
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Definition
1. Melatonin, which is derived from serotonin.
2. Important in the regulation of circadian rhythms, including sleep wake cycles |
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Term
| Where is the habenula located? |
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Definition
| A small swelling located rostrally to the pineal gland. |
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Term
1. What is the major input of the habenula?
2. What is the major output of the habenula? |
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Definition
1. Stria Medullaris of the Thalamus
2. Habenulointerpeduncular Tract |
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Term
| Where is the interpenducular nucleus located? |
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Definition
| Located between the cerebral peduncles. |
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Term
| What are the borders of the Dorsal Thalamus? |
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Definition
Anterior - Interventricular Foramen
Superior - Transverse Cerebral Fissure
Inferior - Hypothalamic Sulcus
Posterior - Overlaps the Midbrain |
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Term
| All sensory pathways relay through the thalamus except which? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for dividing the thalamus into the medial, lateral, and anterior groups? |
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Definition
| Internal Medullary Lamina |
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Term
What is the principal nucleus of the Anterior portion of the Thalamus?
Medial portion? |
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Definition
Anterior Nuclei
Dorsomedial |
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Term
| What are the nuclei of the dorsal tier of the lateral portion of the thalamus? |
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Definition
Lateral Dorsal (LD)
Lateral Posterior (LP)
Pulvinar |
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Term
| What are the nuclei of the ventral tier of the lateral thalamus? |
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Definition
Ventral Anterior (VA)
Ventral Lateral (VL)
Ventral Posterolateral (VPL)
Ventral Posteromedial (VPM)
Medial Geniculate- Auditory
Lateral Geniculate - Optic |
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Term
| What are the Intralaminar nuclei? |
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Definition
Centromedian - Lateral
Parafascicular - Medial |
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Term
| What covers the lateral portion of the thalamus? |
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Definition
| External Medullary Lamina |
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Term
| Where is the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus located? |
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Definition
| Located between the External Medullary Lamina and the Internal Capsule |
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Term
| T/F: The thalamus is where substantial changes in receptive fields develop. |
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Definition
| False. The thalamus is the site where decisions are implemented about which information should reach the cerebral cortex accurately for further processing. |
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Term
| What are "Specific" Relay Nuclei? |
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Definition
| These are nuclei in the thalamus that receive information from a single sensory or motor input/modality and receive reciprocal input from the same cortical region it projects to. |
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Term
| What are Association Nuclei? |
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Definition
| These are nuclei that are not associated with a specific sensory or motor function but rather project to multimodal areas of the cortex. They are associated with personality, memory, and behavior. |
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Term
| T/F: Reticular nuclei do not have projections to the cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do VA and VL receive inputs from? |
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Definition
| Cerebellar peduncle and basal ganglia to project to the motor areas of the cortex. |
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Term
| What is the primary relay for the limbic system? |
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Definition
| Anterior Nucleus - which projects to the cingulate gyrus. |
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Term
| What are the two areas of association cortex in human brains? |
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Definition
Prefrontal Cortex
Parietal-Occipital-Temporal Association Cortex |
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Term
| What nucleus is associated with the prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleus is associated with the Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus? |
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Definition
| It receives inpust from the cortex and from thalamic projection neurons and send inhibitory GABA projections to the thalamus. It is an important source of regulatory input to the thalamus. |
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Term
| What is the major blood supply to the thalamus? |
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Definition
| Posterior Cerebral Artery and Posterior Communicating |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Thalamic Pain? |
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Definition
| Abnormal sensations not unlike trigeminal pain. Intense pain triggered by somatosensory stimulation. Almost always involve the VPL/VPM and is thought to be selective damage to spinothalamic tracts. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of posterior thalamic damage? |
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Definition
| Functions associated with medial lemniscus tend to be severely and permanently impaired. |
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Term
| What is the function of the internal capsule? |
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Definition
| Almost all neural traffic to and form the cerebral cortex passes through the internal capsule. |
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Term
| What are the 5 regions of the internal capsule? |
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Definition
1. Anterior
2. Genu
3. Posterior
4. Retrolenticular
5. Sublenticular |
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