Term
| 6 divisions of adult brain (CNS) |
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Definition
| telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon, and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| point where neuraxis bends and signals beginning of brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| truly horizontal, no adjustment of image angle |
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Term
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Definition
| may follow orbito-meatal line, which is 25-30 degrees off the horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| true horizontal plane, runs between anterior and posterior commisure |
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Term
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Definition
| C shaped, deep to telencephalon, distribute CSF |
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Term
| interventricular foramen of Marrow |
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Definition
| connection between ventricles 1-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| located at midline or at the level of the diencephalon, supplies CSF to lower brain structures |
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Term
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Definition
| allows communication of ventricles 3 and 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| resides at the level of the pons and cerebellum, seen on dorsal surface of brainstem, circulates CSF around cerebellum and down to SC |
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Term
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Definition
| dura (against skull), arachnoid (middle layer), and pia (vascular deep layer) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a skull fracture rupturing the arteries inside cranium but external to dura |
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Term
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Definition
| condition when bridging veins are torn between the dura and arachnoid |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a ruptured aneurysm or AVM bleeding into subarachnoid space |
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Term
| functions of blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
| maintain stable ion concentration and create a protective permeability barrier; allows for the normal functioning of excitable tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gray matter (cell bodies) in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter in PNS (axons) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to cross the midline...many tracts do this in their projection to the cortex |
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Term
| reciprocal interconnection |
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Definition
| 2 neurons signaling and receiving messages back and forth to and from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary target of a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of 3 parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla, anatomical origin of cranial nerves 2-12 |
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Term
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Definition
| contains crus cerebri and CN3 on the ventral surface and the tectum (sup. and inf. colliculus) and CN4 on the dorsal surface |
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Term
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Definition
| large white matter structure containing descending motor tracts; CNs 3 and 4 cross over its surface |
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Term
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Definition
| bulge of nerve fibers; contains the root of the trigeminal n. and the cortico-spinal/bulbar/pontine tracts (all motor and all transverse-running) |
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Term
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Definition
| site of neuroma formation that impinges on the vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| contains CNs 5-8, the cerebellar-pontine angle, and the PM junction |
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Term
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Definition
| contains pyramids, the olivary eminences, and CNs 9-12 |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishes lower CNs from upper CNs |
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Term
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Definition
| contains all cortico-spinal tracts and has an area of decussation; runs entire length |
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Term
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Definition
| part of midbrain responsible for movement and reflexes, found on the dorsal surface, not involved in sensory perception |
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Term
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Definition
| only part of brainstem which actually is considered diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of sup., inf., and middle parts; responsible for sensory input and output to and from cerebellum; on dorsal side |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of pons found at floor of 4th ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical landmark dividing the pons from medulla |
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Term
| gracile and cuneate tubercles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| important section of the brain for coordinated motor movements; divided into hemispheres by primary fissure; contain deep nuclei and peduncles; also contain vermis, FNL, and tonsils |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of telencephalon and diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up most of diencephalic mass; 2 egg-shaped masses lateral to 3rd ventricle; made up of a collection of subnuclei; acts as gateway for all sensory inputs destined for cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| positioned deep and anterior to thalamus, part of diencephalon; made up of several nuclei surrounding the 3rd ventricle bilaterally; source of infundibular stalk and neurohypophysis; responsible for neurovisceral control at endocrine and autonomic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| motor nuclei modulating motor cortical output via the thalamus; made up of caudate n. and lenticular n. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amygdala and hippocampus; located in the medial temporal lobe; responsible for processing emotion, memory and learning |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with the subcortical structures |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that is a condensation of corona radiata; has cortical efferent and afferent fibers funneling through it; has ant., post. limbs and genu |
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Term
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Definition
| separates frontal from parietal lobes of cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| found anterior to central sulcus in the precentral gyrus |
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Term
| primary somatic sensory cortex |
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Definition
| found in the postcentral gyrus behind the central sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insular (limbic) |
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Term
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Definition
| c-shaped lobe following lateral ventricle from frontoparietal to temporal lobes; contains cortical structures for mediating emotions/memory/learning |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomically defined regions of the cortex based on architecture; different areas control different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| include Broca's and Wernicke's areas; coded as BA 44, 45, and 22 |
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Term
| 3 commissures in forebrain |
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Definition
| corpus callosum, ant. commisure, and post. commisure |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnects medial temporal lobe with the base of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| largest commissure; connects cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| does NOT interconnect cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of stimulus to electrical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| area of sensory sheet where stimulation evokes response |
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Term
| 2 sensory pathway systems |
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Definition
| dorsal column-medial lemniscus and anterolateral |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishable by running wisp of cotton along hairs of skin; activation of hair follicle receptors occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| determined by 2 point discrimination; accounts for stereognosis (being able to tell coins apart in pocket w/o visual cues) |
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Term
| dorsal column-medial lemniscus system |
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Definition
| mediates epicritic type of somatic sensation from body; receives transduction by mechano- and proprio-cepters; primary afferents ascend dorsal column in the fasciculi, synapse in caudal medulla, decussate, ascend as ML on contra side, terminate in thalamus, and tertiary neurons in VPL send thalamocortical fibers to terminate in S1 |
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Term
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Definition
| fine touch, position sense, and vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| light touch, pain, temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| mediates protopathic sensation from contra body; primary afferents synapse in dorsal horn, secondary afferents decussate in spinal cord and ascend AL funiculus as 3 separate tracts, and tertiary neurons in VPL send fibers to terminate in S1 |
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Term
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Definition
| mediates epicritic and protopathic sensation of face, has thalamic relay in VPM |
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Term
| 3 tracts involved in AL system |
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Definition
| spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinotectal tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| part of AL system with minimal synapses in pathway, responsible for transmitting fast pain info |
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Term
| retino-geniculo-calcarine pathway |
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Definition
| important for visual perception; optic fibers travel to LGN in thalamus, then thalamic fibers are sent to primary visual cortex at calcarine sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| a reflex mediated through midbrain tectal system; afferent nerve sends fibers to dorsal midbrain; efferent nerve sent to Edinger-Westphal nucleus (contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers), then constriction occurs |
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Term
| 3 levels of motor control |
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Definition
| higher motor areas involved in planning motor sequence found in frontal/parietal areas; primary motor cortex in frontal-precentral gyrus; modulatory influences via thalamus (from basal ganglia and cerebellum) |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for speech production |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in speech comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| terminate onto skeletal muscle, are peripheral nerves, and are considered a final common pathway by which central motor pathways control volitional movement |
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Term
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Definition
| terminate onto LMNS or influence LMNs via local interneurons; considered central neurons; do not synapse directly onto skeletal muscle |
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Term
| 4 descending motor pathways |
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Definition
| corticospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts |
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Term
| motor pathways with flexor bias |
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Definition
| corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts |
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Term
| motor pathways with extensor bias |
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Definition
| vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts, both originate from pons |
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Term
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Definition
| provides volitional control for flexor muscles of contra body; clinically most important; CST fibers from M1, have central trajectory down neuraxis, undergo pyramidal decussation 90% of time (caudal medulla--descend spinal white matter as lateral CST) and 10% decussate at spinal level (descend in anterior white matter as anterior CST) |
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Term
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Definition
| analogous tracts to CST but UMNs are terminating in brainstem; exert influence on CN motor nuclei; provide volitional control of head/neck skeletal muscles; travel in close association to CSTs but terminate bilaterally |
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Term
| facial nucleus importance |
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Definition
| unique in that upper part has bilateral input while lower has contralateral input only...can determine site of lesion if the entire side of the face or just the lower face are paralyzed |
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Term
| central corticobulbar lesion |
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Definition
| problem in tract at upper pons or above; loss of contra control of CN 7; ipsilateral control of upper face still functional; patient can still lift both eyebrows |
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Term
| peripheral corticobulbar lesion |
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Definition
| lesion at 7th nerve or lower pons; complete lateral facial weakness |
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Term
| telencephalic portion of basal motor nuclei |
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Definition
| putamen and globus pallidus |
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Term
| diencephalic portion of basal motor nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| mesencephalic portion of basal motor nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| portion of basal ganglia lateral to internal capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of basal ganglia that is medial to the internal capsule and whose head bulges into the lateral ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| deep to crus cerebri in midbrain, neurons produce dopamine; loss of neurons in this region causes Parkinson's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| exert drive on ipsi motor cortical areas via thalamus and modulate corticospinal tract output affect the contra muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause movement disorders on contra side, involuntary movements, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, and hemiballismus (arm flailing involving subthalamus) |
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Term
| superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| convinces cortex to correct movement being made |
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Term
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Definition
| uses sensory inputs for guiding target-directed movements in smooth, precise fashion; functions as comparator (intended movements from cerebrum with sensory inputs of actual movements) |
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Term
| how motor correction is made |
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Definition
| online via ascending cerebellar pathway to motor cortex by sup. peduncle |
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Term
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Definition
| cause motor incoordination on ipsilateral side; dysmetria (missing nose-touching test) |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains homeostasis in internal environment and provides central control of autonomic and endocrine systems |
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Term
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Definition
| limbic loop from associate cortex to cingulate gyrus to the hippocampal formation through the fornix to the mammillary body through the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior thalamic nuclei back to the cingulate gyrus; mediates cortical control of emotions |
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Term
| limbic structure dysfunction |
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Definition
| underlies virtually all psychiatric disorders via NT imbalance; leads to emotional instability |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of sensory perception, memory, learning, judgment, reasoning, language, and emotions; engages association cortical areas beyond primary cortices; are integrative and multi-modal (sensory and motor, etc.); requires 90% of cortical space |
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Term
| prefrontal association cortex |
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Definition
| area responsible for cognitive function, distinguishes humans from other species |
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Term
| parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex |
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Definition
| area responsible for sensory perception and speech perception |
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Term
| lesion of prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| results in motor apraxia (cannot perform tasks on command) |
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Term
| lesion of parietal-temporal-occipital cortex |
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Definition
| causes sensory agnosia (loss of distinction) |
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Term
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Definition
| aids in decision to act based on sensory input, emotion, and experience |
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Term
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Definition
| association errors in speech |
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Term
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Definition
| support cells in the CNS and PNS, include: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for fast transport of neurotransmitters; made up of 13 strands of protofilaments; polymer of tubulin; association proteins link them and other cytoskeletons; targeted in chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| multiply twisted ropelike assemblies of strand; polymer of 3 different proteins of cytokeratin family |
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Term
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Definition
| twisted pair of actin filaments; anchor membrane molecules such as receptors to synapses; aid in movement of advancing tip of growing axons |
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Term
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Definition
| protein responsible for anterograde transport of functional organelles, macromolecules (especially sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier); accumulation results in spinal motor neuron disease |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for retrograde transport; disruption occurs in ALS; polio and West Nile viruses hijack this protein to go to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomical unit for signal reception; major receptors include: NMDA, AMPA, and proteins mediating plasticity; change shape (thin, stubby, or mushroom) depending on learning, memory acquiring, and mind-altering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| axon-axonal synapse on terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse on initial segment of axons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has a clear density plate, called Type 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| does not have a clear density plate, called Type 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| forms synaptic bouton; has increased # of mitochondria, more vesicles, and terminal plate is visible |
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Term
| steps of vesicular release at active zone |
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Definition
| step 1: transporting and releasing vesicle from microtubules; 2: targeting to active zone; 3: docking/priming of VAMPs, syntectin, and neurexin; 4: creation of fusion pore and release |
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Term
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Definition
| block fusion of VAMPs; transmission cannot occur |
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Term
| black widow spider toxin (alpha latrotoxin) |
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Definition
| facilitates calcium release to its depletion in synapse; synapses cannot fire |
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Term
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Definition
| astrocyte found in gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| astrocyte in white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| astrocyte present during development; guides migrating axons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| guide neuronal migration; produce neurotrophic factors; major source of extracellular matrix ("glue") and adhesive molecules; induces blood-brain barrier; take part in angiogenesis; participate in transmitter metabolism; act as scavengers and detox units; rapidly remove neurotransmitters and ions from environment |
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Term
| oligodendrocyte/Schwann cell functions |
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Definition
| responsible for axonal myelination and supporting axons during injury (producing NGF and laminin) |
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Term
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Definition
| due to incomplete myelination; corticospinal tract myelination is immature for 1-2 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Na channels accumulate here; responsible for saltatory transmission of signals |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits electrical propagation by blocking Na channel at nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune demyelinating disorder of CNS; can be triggered by herpes zoster virus (shingles) |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune attack on PNS causing myelin inflammation |
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Term
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease |
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Definition
| hereditary (all genetic types) myelin hyperexpression of PMP22; overproduction of myelin occurs; symptoms include abnormal gait, ankle weakness, foot drop, deformation, distal muscle atrophy, high arches, and hammer toes |
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Term
| Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease |
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Definition
| mutation in gene that controls production of proteolipid protein in myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| major player in brain development and pathogenesis of diseases; mediators of immune responses in nervous system; help phagocytose degenerating cells and remodeling during development; secrete cytokines and trophic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal synthesis of amyloid beta or transformation into myofibrils and generation of cytokines/reactive oxygen/reactive nitrogen and proteolytic enzymes that exacerbate neuronal damage; causes memory loss, altered mental state, confusion, and dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by activated microglia producing proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, and free radicals |
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Term
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Definition
| microglia release cytokines after being activated by abnormal proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| substance released synaptically by one neuron that affects another cell in a specific manner |
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Term
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Definition
| substance released synaptically that alters liberation of neurotransmitter or that acts postsynaptically to alter the efficacy of the neurotransmitter; does NOT initiate sequence of events leading to generation of postsynaptic potential |
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Term
| neurotransmitters are made of: |
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Definition
| amino acids, choline, monoamines, peptides, and gases |
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Term
| amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| acetylcholine (preganglionic autonomic neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| neuropeptide Y, enkephalin, endorphin, etc. |
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Term
| clinical significance of blood-brain-barrier |
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Definition
| most NTs cannot cross it, but metabolites can; impacts drug design in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| reuptakes transmitter from synaptic junction to eliminate transmission (SerT, DAT, GAT, NET) |
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Term
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Definition
| transports transmitter from cytoplasm into vesicle for packaging and recycling |
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Term
| use transporter to terminate transmission |
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Definition
| serotonin, dopamine, GABA, NE, and glutamate |
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Term
| clinical relevance of transporter impact |
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Definition
| drugs are designed to block reuptake and prolongs NT action in synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) must be stored and released, 2) must be synthesized in synapse, 3) must be inactivated by re-uptake or digestion, 4) can be exogenously applied (when applied to postsynaptic cell it mimics presynaptic activation) |
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Term
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Definition
| major excitatory NT, used by descending pathways from cortical pyramidal cells/cerebellum and interconnections of limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus); involved in long-term potentiation/memory/learning/motor function; mediates neuronal death; may be involved in seizures and Huntington disease |
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Term
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Definition
| present in striatal-nigral region and interneurons modulating excitation; inhibits cells in substantia nigra; major inhibitory NT of CNS; used for motor regulation/sedation/anticonvulsant; involved in Huntington's chorea, epilepsy, addiction, and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse that takes in glutamine and glucose and makes glutamate |
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Term
| glial cell in GABA/GLU synthesis |
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Definition
| uptakes glucose, GABA, and glutamate and makes glutamine |
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Term
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Definition
| takes in glutamine and glucose and makes GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| vigabatrin, gabapentin (anticonversant) |
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Term
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Definition
| NT found in septo-hippocampal region, basal nuclei to cerebral cortex, reticular formation to thalamus, excitatory spinal motorneurons, autonomic preganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; involved in learning/memory loss in Alzheimer's; disruption of wake/sleep cycles result in coma |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme involved in acetylcholine breakdown; only mechanism to eliminate transmission since re-uptake does not occur; nerve gases irreversibly block this receptor; tensilone and reversible blockers treat myasthenia gravis and Lambert Eaton syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| NT concentrated in ventral tegmental area and in substantia nigra of basal ganglia; found in nigro-striatal, mesolimbic/mesocortical, and tuber-infundibular pathways; chronic blockade of its receptors causes tardive dyskinesia |
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Term
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Definition
| first discovered in autonomic nervous system; cell groups containing this NT found in locus coerulus; participates in sleep-wake cycle, attention, and vigilance; |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathoexcitatory; found in adrenal medulla and in cell groups of medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine; inhibitors (drugs and glial cell products) enhance dopamine-dependent transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminates transmission of dopamine; inhibited by amphetamine and cocaine |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for re-uptake of NE, inhibited by TCAs and SNRIs |
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Term
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Definition
| ascending range: Raphe nuclei (center/midline of brainstem) to forebrain; descending range: Raphe nuclei to spinal cord; involved in depression, anxiety disorders, addiction, eating disorders, and schizophrenia; also involved in pain and motor modulations; enters CNS as tryptophan |
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Term
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Definition
| autoreceptor of serotonin found in cell body or terminal; serves as control mechanism of release |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for re-uptake of serotonin; inhibited by NRIs and SSRIs |
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Term
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Definition
| many in brain (ex: enkephalin, endorphin, opioid, etc.); co-localize w/ classical NTs; can function as NTs/neuromodulators/neurohormones; both excitatory and inhibitory; require high rates of stimulation for release; deactivated by peptidase; synthesized in soma; post-translational modification present |
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Term
| physiology of classical transmitters |
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Definition
| rapid onset, short duration, moderate to high content, re-uptake involved |
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Term
| physiology of peptide transmitters |
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Definition
| slow onset, long duration, low content, and no re-uptake present |
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Term
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Definition
| released by neurons but not stored; can retrograde transmit or diffuse across cell membranes; inactivated by conversion to NO2 and CO2; activates guanylyl cyclase; is a nonadrenergic noncholinergic pathway vasodilator; involved in cerebellar transmission; involved in familial Parkinsonism/Alzheimer's/vascular disease |
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Term
| receptor classification (3 types) |
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Definition
| second messenger-coupled, ion channel-coupled, and transporter |
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Term
| second messenger-coupled receptor |
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Definition
| 7 transmembrane domain receptor; ex: 5HT1c; activates next step after binding ligand; long latency and duration; G protein is common mediator; has 2 different messengers (cAMP and PI3); initial signal amplified by 10-20 connected G proteins |
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Term
| ion channel-coupled receptor |
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Definition
| made of 5 subunits w/ 4 transmembraneous domain proteins; has tunnel-like structure in middle; undergoes conformational change upon binding; short latency and duration |
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Term
| voltage-gated ion channel receptor |
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Definition
| used by astrocytes and neuron for ion transport to facilitate transmission; ions travel down electrochemical gradients; Lambert Eaton syndrome affects cholinergic type |
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Term
| ligand-gated ion channel receptor |
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Definition
| used by neurons only; binds ligand and undergoes conformational change |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates adenyl cyclase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| activates phosphotidylinositol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecular transducer with undefined receptors and effector |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 types: nicotinic and muscarinic |
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Term
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Definition
| found at neuromuscular junction (n1) and all autonomic ganglionic neurons (N2); functions include: NM control, mediating preganglionic transmission and parasympathetic secretion, and memory consolidation in central systems (hippocampus, basal ganglia, and higher cortex); in myasthenia gravis body creates antibody to receptor |
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Term
| muscarinic receptor (mAchR) |
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Definition
| 5 subtypes M1-5; found in all effector organs innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, cortex, basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei, and hippocampus; function in autonomic control, regulation of heart rate, and motor modulation of long term potentiation; drug treatment target for asthma/heart disease/Alzheimer's/Huntington's |
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Term
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Definition
| for NE and Epi; involved in schizophrenia, hypertension, sympathetic function, and asthma; mediated through G protein |
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Term
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Definition
| all mediated through G protein; 5 subtypes D1-5; 1 and 5 stimulate cAMP while 2-4 inhibit; modulate: motor function in basal ganglia, lactation in hypothalamus, olfaction reception; mediate: rewarding behavior in mesolimbic cortical system and addiction to drugs/alcohol; involved in schizophrenia/tardive dyskinesia/Parkinson's/Tourette/drug addiction/ADHD/social phobia |
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Term
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Definition
| subtypes are ionotropic (NMDA/AMPA/kainate) and metabotropic (inhibit Ca and K ion channel--reduces excitability); big targets on drug design for addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of ion channel, polyamine site, glycine site, and NMDA site; AMPA-R is recruited after activation; needs 2 molecules of NMDA to be activated; functions in cortical communication, long-term potentiation, memory/learning, and sensory transmission; involved in diseases such as: amnesia, Ca excitotoxicity, Huntington's, epilepsy, and alcoholism |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 subtypes (a and b), both inhibitory; a has benzodiazepine chloride channel, binds bicuculline and increases hyperpolarization; b is a G protein receptor, binds to beclofen (treats spastic diplegia) |
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Definition
| functions include: fine-tune excitatory outflow (ex: motor function), role in sedation/anesthesia, desensitization; midazolam, phenobarbitol, and propofol work here |
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Term
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Definition
| numerous subtypes of this receptor; distributed throughout brain and periphery; all subtypes are G protein mediated (except 5-HT3); functions include: motor function, feeding, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, pain regulation, sleep, signaling during development; involved in anxiety, depression, aggression, insomnia, and drug abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| mediated by homeodomains and neurotrophic/TFs during development; disorders in CNS: anencephaly, spina bifida; disorders in PNS: Hirschprung's disease |
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Term
| neural fate determination |
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Definition
| also known as restriction; controlled by oxidation or reduction of Sirt1 and its inhibition or promotion of Mesh1 formation; |
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Term
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Definition
| cells found in the subventricular zone, hippocampus (dentate gyrus), olfactory bulb, and spinal cord; stimulated by EGF and FGF to become neuroblasts and eventually neurons/astrocytes/oligodendrocytes/etc. |
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Definition
| natural part of embryonic development; mediated by Bad protein and Bax ion channels; phosphorylation of Bad saves cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process of eliminating overgrowth in CNS; availability of neurotrophic factor in target field determines fate |
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Term
| neuronal growth after birth |
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Definition
| critical in areas such as hippocampus to develop language skills and memory; dendritic spines form and postsynaptic connections are becoming more complex |
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Term
| redistribution of receptors |
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Definition
| process that occurs throughout life, important in memory, learning, emotional changes |
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Term
| effect of aging on neurons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of 3 parts: core (dead zone), penumbra (cell death and degeneration occurring, slow blood flow, has potential to become core), and uninjured area outside |
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Term
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Definition
| injury caused following ischemic cerebral event by sudden release of high concentration of glutamate; cells enter excitotoxic stage and die |
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Term
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Definition
| regrowth of damaged nerve fibers; requires cytoskeleton to rebuild |
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Term
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Definition
| regrowth of intact nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| regrowth of the intact nerve fibers which carry the same transmitter as the damaged one |
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Term
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Definition
| regrowth of intact nerve fibers which carry a different transmitter from the damaged one; could be functionally inappropriate |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse formation in response to damage of adjacent nerve terminals; accounts for daily wear and tear repair |
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Term
| astrocytes in regeneration |
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Definition
| cells provide ECM and growth factors/mitogens such as: laminin, s100, EGF, bFGF, TNF, NGF, etc. |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes in regeneration |
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Definition
| injury to this cell type causes demyelination; fragmented cells can release anti-regeneration molecules; inhibitory to repairs |
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Term
| Schwann cells in regeneration |
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Definition
| can produce basal lamina scaffolds and ECM/neurotrophic factors/mitogens; found only in PNS |
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Term
| receptor response to injury |
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Definition
| can display postsynaptic supersensitivity since inputs are reduced; redistribution of isoforms can also occur after denervation |
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Term
| somatosensory reorganization after injury |
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Definition
| response to a peripheral injury in which brain regions are reassigned control of adjacent areas to injury; sensitivity is increased; cause of phantom limb syndrome |
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Term
| elements to prevent neuronal death |
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Definition
| antioxidant (SOD), anti-excitatory agents (anti-glutamate, riluzole), neurotrophic factors (GDNF, BDNF, CNTF, IGF), and anti-degeneration factors (anti-nogo, anti-amyloid, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneous firing of excitatory and inhibitory signals determine whether or not a postsynaptic neuron will fire; threshold reached sooner |
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Term
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Definition
| increased frequency of firing of a single neuron adds to input causing cell to reach threshold; time must be short between events for summation to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when an AP from a neuron leads to inhibition of itself; may "dampen" primary cell firing; typical of glutamatergic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| act of inhibiting an inhibitory signal to allow firing from neuron in sequence; ex: cortical nuclei must have inhibitory interneuron in order to have net effect of inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| typically caused by inhibitory neuron's input to presynaptic terminal; smaller release of NTs at terminal and decreased probability of EPSP; 3 main mechanisms: metabotropic receptors negatively linked to Ca channels, ionotropic GABA Cl channels, and metabotropic receptors using inhibition separate from Ca |
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Term
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Definition
| greater release of NTs at presynaptic terminal; EPSP enhanced; caused by prolonged Ca release |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that learning involves changes in efficacy of synapse due to temporal association of activity at same time as postsynaptic firing occurs |
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Term
| associative long-term potentiation |
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Definition
| "neurons that fire together wire together" |
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Term
| post-tetanic potentiation |
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Definition
| increase in amplitude of PSP elicited shortly after tetanic firing of presynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening of post-synaptic transmission caused by decreased frequency of firing of presynaptic neuron; slower frequency of firing leads to use of different secondary messenger cascades |
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Term
| possible substrate for LTP |
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Definition
| AMPA receptors; seen more frequently in mature synapses than immature ones |
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Term
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Definition
| postsynaptic spine contains NMDA-receptors only, little to no response seen |
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Term
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Definition
| NMDA and AMPA receptors are being utilized; postsynaptic response is stronger; associated with long-term potentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| barrier formed by choroid epithelial cells; separates blood and CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of specialized capillary epithelial cells, pericytes, and astrocyte endfeet |
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Term
| characteristics of brain capillary endothelium |
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Definition
| cells lack endocytosis/transcytosis, unfenestrated; membranes are "gateway" |
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Term
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Definition
| allows small and lipid-soluble substances across: O2, CO2, NO, nicotine, heroin, amphetamine, etc. |
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Term
| facilitated transport across BBB |
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Definition
| most substances transported to CNS enter this way; passive: glucose, certain AAs, water; active: vitamins (Bs), nucleic acids |
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Term
| channel/pump system across BBB |
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Definition
| ion channels are gradient dependent and energy dependent; large amount of ATP used here |
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Term
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Definition
| primary source of energy; obtained from diet; transported via GLUT1; readily converted to lactate in astrocyte; lower concentration in CNS than elsewhere; passive facilitated transport |
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Term
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Definition
| GLUT1 deficiency disease; developmental delays or intellectual disabilities occur; infantile seizures (suppressed w/ ketogenic diet); other symptoms: stiffness, ataxia, dysarthria; growth of brain is slow (microcephaly); rare autosomal dominant disorder; gives insight into glucose transport in CNS |
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Term
| 3 key points about AA transport across BBB |
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Definition
| 1) not all AAs transported equally 2) excitatory AAs are special 3) NTs/metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| since this AA has low affinity for LAT (transporter), high protein diets decrease 5-HT synthesis while low protein diets increase its synthesis; supplements plus SSRIs may help treat depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| actively pumped out of CNS to avoid excitotoxicity using EEATs; done using ion exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| brain capillary endothelial cells have enzymes that metabolize NTs and neuropeptides; causes problems with drug treatment of CNS diseases (ex: L-DOPA prescribed with L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor to prevent metabolism before entering CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| sites in brain where gaps occur in BBB; allow macromolecules to enter and leave; pineal body, neurohypophysis, and area postrema are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| protection (cushioning/absorption of swelling and supplying fluid during dehydration), disposal of waste/metabolites, communication, and transport to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| process of transferring plasma and ions across choroid epithelium and epithelial cytoplasm to the CNS; uses active transport, enzymatic reactions, and osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
| drug given orally that inhibits carbonic anhydrase, which affects ion concentrations and subsequent osmolarity; treatment for elevated intracranial pressure and glaucoma |
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Term
| CSF-blood barrier transport |
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Definition
| using choroid epithelial cells, water-soluble vitamins (B6 and 9, C) and nucleosides are actively transported into CNS; do not use BBB |
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