Term
| Specific functions can be _____ |
|
Definition
| localized to different parts of the brain |
|
|
Term
| hippocampus is necessary for the formation of _____ |
|
Definition
| new memories of facts and events (declarative memory) |
|
|
Term
| hippocampus is not necessary for ____ |
|
Definition
| a memory of how to do things (procedural memory) |
|
|
Term
| hippocampus is not necessary for the retrieval of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: impairment or loss of the power to use or comprehend words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| broca's area is located in the ____; and controls the ____ |
|
Definition
| lower part of the left frontal lobe; motor aspects of speech |
|
|
Term
| Patients who had Broca's area damaged could ___ but had trouble ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wernicke's area is located in the _____ |
|
Definition
| posterior part of the temporal lobe in left hemisphere (like Broca's area) |
|
|
Term
| if Wernicke's area is damaged, patients can ____ but can't ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what where the concepts of phrenology |
|
Definition
1. the brain is the organ of the mind
2. the mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties
3. the size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power
4. as the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies |
|
|
Term
| specific functions are localized to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1820s Pierre Flourens in France, removed parts of the brains of animals to try to isolate behavioral components. His conclusion _____ |
|
Definition
| all brain regions participate in every mental function. This was called the mass action view of brain functioning |
|
|
Term
| Karl Lashley assessed the effects of brain damage in lab animals on learning and memory; found deficits correlated with amount of brain tissue removed, not location. what was wrong with the interpretation of his experiment? |
|
Definition
| many different ways for a rodent to learn to run a maze and they use different parts of the brain (ex. smell, sight, etc) |
|
|
Term
| different parts of the brain are responsible for _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can't tell you anything about brain function |
|
Definition
| measurements of the skull |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ are the building blocks of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| white matter consists mostly of ____; while grey matter consists mostly of _____ |
|
Definition
| glial cells and myelinated axons; neuronal cell bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic dyes used to stain the negatively charged RNA blue; DNA is similarly stained |
|
|
Term
| Where is RNA concentrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ribosomes concentrated? |
|
Definition
| usually in the Rough ER; but they can stand freely as polyribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins inserted into membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins staying in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What are you staining with nissl stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would you see in the brain if you used a substance that stained all parts of a neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impregnates a limited number of neurons at random; permitted visualization of a nerve cell body with all its processes in its entirety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reticularist theory; n.s. is one giant cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuron is the basic structural unit (Schwann cell chain theory) |
|
|
Term
| the cell theory states that ____ |
|
Definition
| the nervous system is made up of interconnected cells |
|
|
Term
| Ramon y Cajal deduced basic functioning of ____ |
|
Definition
| neuron dynamic polarization |
|
|
Term
| standard light microscope has resolution of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Space between neurons is about ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with invention of ___; could finally see synaptic cleft |
|
Definition
| electron microscope (1950s) |
|
|
Term
| The nervous system also contains ___ that don't conduct electrical signals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are ___ glial cells than neurons in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supporting - glue
2. regeneration of nerves
3. myelin insulation
4. scavengers (microglia)
5. neuronal migration
6. buffer and maintain environment
7. help in forming the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| predominant types of glia in vertebrate CNS: ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| oligodendrocytes and astrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____: are most numerous and star shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells can make ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the voltage across the neuronal membrane |
|
Definition
| resting membrane potetial |
|
|
Term
| the resting membrane potential is roughly _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurons at rest contain these two ions in and outside the cell ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| concentration of K+ inside the cell is ___ and outside is ____ |
|
Definition
inside: 100mM
outside: 5mM |
|
|
Term
| concentration of Na+ inside the cell is ___ and outside is ____ |
|
Definition
inside: 15mM
outside: 150mM |
|
|
Term
| ions pass through ____; not ___ |
|
Definition
| specialized channels - transmembrane pores; through the membrane itself |
|
|
Term
| membrane permeable to ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| like charges ___ and unlike charges ___ |
|
Definition
| repulse each other; attract |
|
|
Term
| equilibrium potential is the ____ necessary to ___ so that ____ |
|
Definition
| electrical potential; balance an ionic concentration gradient across a membrane; the net movement of the ion is zero |
|
|
Term
| equilibrium potential is the equilibrium between what two opposing forces? |
|
Definition
| chemical diffusion force and electrical force |
|
|
Term
| the ___ is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nernst equation is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Nernst equation requires that ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| concentration gradient exists across the membrane & selective ion channels allow movement of ion |
|
|
Term
| if concentration of Na+ outside the cell is 150mM; while concentration inside is 15mM; the equilibrium potential is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if concentration of K+ outside the cell is 5mM; while concentration inside is 100mM; the equilibrium potential is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the resting membrane potential is the ____ |
|
Definition
| voltage across the neuronal membrane |
|
|
Term
| the voltage across the neuronal membrane is determined by the ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| equilibrium potential of the ion and the relative permeability of each ion |
|
|
Term
| the neuronal membrane has ___ than ___ |
|
Definition
| 20-50 times more K+ channels, than Na+ channels (K+ is more permeable) |
|
|
Term
| therefore the equilibrium potential for ___ contributes more to the resting membrane potential than the equilibrium potential for ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the ion gradients account for the rmb, what accounts for the ion gradients? |
|
Definition
| ion pumps maintain gradients; more specifically the sodium-potassium pump |
|
|
Term
| the sodium-potassium pump works by ___ transport and pumps out ___ in exchange for ___ that are pumped in the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sodium-potassium pump results in a ____ inside the cell |
|
Definition
| net loss of positive charges |
|
|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump, being active, uses up to ____ |
|
Definition
| 40% of ATP produced by the cell |
|
|
Term
| another name for the sodium potassium pump is the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ establishes and maintains ion gradients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ion gradients lead to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ membrane due to ion pores or channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| interior of the cell is ___ relative to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excitable cells can be ____ |
|
Definition
| stimulated to produce an electric current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eion = (62mv/z) log (Co/Ci) |
|
|
Term
| Concentration of Calcium outside the cell and inside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
concentration of Cl- outside and inside the cell
Eion = |
|
Definition
outside: 150 mM
inside: 13mM
Eion = -65mv |
|
|
Term
| the neuronal membrane has ___ more ___ channels than ___ channels because ___ is more permeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therefore, the equilibrium potential for ___ contributes more to the resting membrane potential then the equilibrium potential for ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polarization terms are relative to resting membrane potential:
-70 to 0:
0 to +60:
+60 to -70:
-70 to -90: |
|
Definition
-70 to 0: depolarizing
0 to +60: overshoot
+60 to -70: repolarizing
-70 to -90: hyperpolarizing |
|
|
Term
| at +62mv (the sodium equilibrium potential), what is happening with regards to Na+ and the cell: |
|
Definition
| sodium is moving down its diffusion concentration gradient into the cell, but the electrical gradient is moving an equal amount of sodium down the electrical gradient, so no net movement of sodium |
|
|
Term
| at -70mv (the rmp), what is happening with regards to Na+ and the cell: |
|
Definition
| sodium is moving into the cell down its concentration gradient, and is also moving into the cell down its electrical gradient |
|
|
Term
| at -80mv (the rmp for K+) what is happening with potassium concentration |
|
Definition
| the negative charge inside the cell exactly offsets the [K+] gradient |
|
|
Term
| at -70mv rmp, what happens with potassium |
|
Definition
| the negative charge inside the cell is not enough to offset the concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| the ___ is a short lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: receive info, typically ___, then undergo ____ |
|
Definition
| dendrites; neurotransmitters; graded potentials |
|
|
Term
| ___: undergo action potentials to deliver info, typically ___, from the ___ |
|
Definition
| axons; neurotransmitters; axon terminals |
|
|
Term
| dendrites are the input of the ___; they receive info from ___ or the ___ and transfer to the ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
| neuron; other neurons; external environment; soma; axons |
|
|
Term
| dendrite means __ in greek |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the most sensitive site for triggering the action potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| axonal membranes have a high density of ___ |
|
Definition
| voltage gate Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| action potential is an ____ in membrane potential; this is unlike ____ |
|
Definition
| all or none; graded potentials |
|
|
Term
| if injected current does not depolarize the membrane to threshold, then ___ |
|
Definition
| no action potentials will be generated |
|
|
Term
| if injected current depolarizes the membrane beyond threshold, then ____ |
|
Definition
| action potentials will be generated |
|
|
Term
| the action potential firing rate increases as the _____ |
|
Definition
| depolarizing current increases |
|
|
Term
| the action potential is an ___ change in membrane potential; once the stimulus threshold is reached or exceeded, the ___ |
|
Definition
| all or none; magnitude of the ap does not change |
|
|
Term
| the alteration in membrane potential is around ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in neurons, the ap typically originates from the ____.
- this is also where the ____ emerges from the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| voltage gated Na+ channels open when _____ |
|
Definition
| depolarization reaches or exceeds thresholds (~-55mv) |
|
|
Term
| axonal membranes have a high density of ____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
4 steps of voltage gated Na+ channel
1. ___ channel
2. opens upon ____, allows ____
3. _____
4. _____ |
|
Definition
1. closed
2. membrane depolarization; Na+ to enter
3. inactivation (channel open, but blocked)
4. deinactivation - closed channel |
|
|
Term
| a ___ enables study of currents through single ion channels or a few ion channels; records transitions between open and closed states of ion channel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| V(electrical potential in volts) = I(current in amps) * R(Resistance in Ohms) |
|
|
Term
| in Ohms law, I can be replaced with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between voltage gated sodium channels and voltage gated potassium channels |
|
Definition
Na: fast opening, fast closing, inactivate spontaneously
K: slow opening, slow closing, only inactive when membrane repolarizes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. resting state
2. threshold potential
3. rising phase
4. peak/overshoot
5. falling phase
6. undershoot/hyperpolarization
7. rmp restored |
|
|
Term
| during threshold potential phase; ___ are open |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| during rising phase; ___ rushes in and ___ begin to open |
|
Definition
| Na+; voltage gated K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| during falling phase; ___ inactivate and ___ remain open |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+; voltage gated K+ |
|
|
Term
| during undershoot/hyperpolarization phase; ___ are closed/deinactivated and the cell goes toward ____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels; K+ equilibrium potential |
|
|
Term
| during rmp restored phase; ___ are closed |
|
Definition
| voltage gated K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| during the ___ period, cell cannot fire a second action potential, due to inactivation of large proportion of Na+ channels |
|
Definition
| absolute refractory period |
|
|
Term
| during the ___ period, cell requires a stronger than normal stimulus to fire a ___; due to inactivation of some ___ and increased ____ |
|
Definition
| relative refractory; second action potential; Na+ channels; K+ conductance (hyperpolarization) |
|
|
Term
| speed of action potential propagation depends on ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| axon diameter (caliber) and myelination |
|
|
Term
| ____ - large diameter fibers have lower internal resistance and faster conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ - increases conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the action potential, there is an ___ change in membrane potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once the stimulus threshold is reached or exceeded, the magnitude of the action potential ____; it is propagated along ___ without ____ |
|
Definition
| does not change; entire axon; degradation |
|
|
Term
| there is a very rapid, large alteration in membrane potential; around __mv to ___mv |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in neurons, the ap typically originates at the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is where the axon emerges from the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the axon hillock has a high density of ____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| 5 main regions of the brain |
|
Definition
1. frontal lobe
2. temporal lobe
3. parietal lobe
4. occipital lobe
5. cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| the ___ seperates the frontal and parietal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ seperates the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the pieces of the brainstem from bottom to top |
|
Definition
| medulla, pons, midbrain (tectum and tegmentum), hypothalamus, thalamus |
|
|
Term
| ___ generates an image of a brain slice; x-ray beams are used to generate data that generates a digitally reconstructed image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 advantages of MRI over CAT scan |
|
Definition
1. more detail
2. does not require X-irradiation
3. brain slice image in any angle |
|
|
Term
| the MRI uses info on how ___ respond in the brain to pertubations of a strong magnetic field - signals mapped by computer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positron emission tomography |
|
|
Term
basic principles of fMRI and PET
- detect changes in ___ and ___ within the brain
- active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, more blood to active regions, techniques detect changes in ____ |
|
Definition
- regional blood flow and metabolism
- blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutron -> proton + electron + electron-antineutrino |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy + proton -> neutron + positron + electron-neutrino |
|
|
Term
| a fMRI typically takes advantage of differences in ___ vs. ___ hemoglobin |
|
Definition
| oxygenated vs. deoxygenated |
|
|
Term
| three membranes that surround the brain |
|
Definition
1) dura mater
2) arachnoid membrane
3) pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| subarachnoid space filled with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ventricular system
- ___ filled caverns and canals inside the brain
- ___ - specialized tissue in ventricles that secrete CSF
- Path: ____ |
|
Definition
- CSF
- Choroid Plexus
_ Cerebrum > brain stem core > subarachnoid space > special structures called arachnoid villi absorb CSF |
|
|
Term
| Poison found in puffer fish is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
tetrodotoxin
- high in the ___ of puffer fish
- ___mg can be fatal
- not always ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
multiple sclerosis
- ___ disease
- damage to ___ in axons of ___ and ___
- loss of ___
- variety of ____
- cause unknown, ____
- typically appears in ____
- no cure, but ___ |
|
Definition
multiple sclerosis
- demyelinating disease
- damage to myelin in axons of brain and spinal cord.
- loss of oligodendrocytes
- symptoms
- immune-mediated
- adults in their 30's
- recent drugs can help slow progression |
|
|
Term
| five stages of synaptic transmission |
|
Definition
1. synthesis
2. storage
3. release
4. receptor binding
5. removal/inactivation |
|
|
Term
neuron doctrine
- states that ___ are the signaling elements of the ____ |
|
Definition
| individual neurons; nervous system |
|
|
Term
| the neurons is the ___ and ___ of the ___ |
|
Definition
| structural and functional unit; nervous system |
|
|
Term
| neurons are ___, which are not ___ |
|
Definition
| individual cells; continuous to other neurons |
|
|
Term
| if neurons are not in contact with each other, how is an electrical impulse communicated between neurons? |
|
Definition
1) electrical charge could cross the synaptic gap, similar to a spark plug
2) nerve endings could contain chemicals released from the nerve terminals upon stimulation |
|
|
Term
| electrical synapses are ___ between cells via ___ |
|
Definition
| direct connections; gap junctions |
|
|
Term
electrical synapses
- found in the ___, but much less numerous than ____
- ___ via gap junctions that form a ___ between the pre and post synaptic membrane.
- very ___, can be ___
- more common in ___ and ___ because it allows for fast escape from predators. |
|
Definition
- brain; chemical synapses
- direct connections; pore
- fast; bi-directional
- invertebrates; fish |
|
|
Term
electrical synapses
- in mammels, found in ___
-- synchronized ____ activity allows connected neurons to release hormones into circulation at the same time
- ___ also occur between ___ |
|
Definition
- hypothalamus
-- neuron
- gap junctions; glia (astrocytes) |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of the ___ nerve slows the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chemical synaptic transmission
- ___ are released by a ___ and bind to receptors in the target ___ or ___ to cause a change in the target |
|
Definition
| - chemicals (neurotransmitters); neuron (presynaptic); neuron (postsynaptic); tissue (e.g. muscle) |
|
|
Term
chemical synaptic transmission
- an ___ is converted to a ___, which is converted back to an ____ |
|
Definition
| electrical signal (ap); chemical signal; electrical signal |
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the site of information transfer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the axon terminal is ___ and contains synaptic vesicles filled with ____ |
|
Definition
| presynaptic; chemical transmitters |
|
|
Term
| the dendrite is ___ and has a high density of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is ~20nm of space between pre and postsynaptic elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 types of synapses
___: axon to dendrite
___: axon to cell body
___: axon to axon |
|
Definition
axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic |
|
|
Term
different type of synaptic vesicles
- based on appearance in ____
- ___ are stored in small clear-core vesicles
- ___ are stored in large, dense-core vesicles |
|
Definition
- electron micrographs
- small molecule transmitters
- peptide transmitters |
|
|
Term
| five stages of synaptic transmission |
|
Definition
1. synthesis
2. storage
3. release
4. receptor binding
5. removal inaction |
|
|
Term
1. synthesis: ___ is synthesized in __ or ___
2. storage: ___ is packaged into ___ |
|
Definition
1.neurotransmitter; cell body; in terminal
2. neurotransmitter; vesicles |
|
|
Term
| 3. release - ___ is released when ___ |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter; vesicles fuse |
|
|
Term
4. receptor binding - ___ binds to and activates ___
5. removal/inactivation: ___ diffuses away and is ___ and/or ____ |
|
Definition
4.neurotransmitter; postsynaptic receptors
5. neurotransmitter; metabolized; transported back into terminal |
|
|
Term
small molecule transmitters
- synthesized ___ within the ____
-- ___ and ___ are amino acids present in all cells.
-- ___,___ are made only by the neurons that release them.
- synthetic enzymes must be transported from the ___ to the ___ |
|
Definition
- locally; axon terminal
-- glutamate and glycine
-- GABA, Amines (ach, dopamine)
- cell body to the nerve terminal |
|
|
Term
Peptide transmitters
- ___ to ___ amino acids in length
- synthesized in ___ as a larger ___
- processed in ___, packaged in ___, transported in ___ down the ___ to the ___ |
|
Definition
- 3 to 36
- cell body; pre-peptide
- ER, golgi apparatus, storage vesicles, axon, terminal |
|
|
Term
neurotransmitter storage in synaptic vesicles
- requires ___ for each ___
- the vesicular transporters are located in the ____
--distinct from ____
-__ process that requires ___
--transmitter is exchanged for ___
-- ___ used to drive transport against a ___ |
|
Definition
- specific vesicular transporter for each neurotransmitter
- membrane of the vesicles
--distinct from neuronal membrane transporters
- active; energy (ATP)
--protons
-- proton electromotive force; concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
neurotransmitter release
-occurs in response to an ___ reaching the ___
- action potential ___ the ___
- this causes ___ to open, allows ___ influx.
- this influx triggers transmitter release via ____
-- complex mechanism involving multiple ___ |
|
Definition
- action potential; nerve terminal
- depolarizes the terminal membrane
- voltage gated calcium channels; calcium
- fusion of the vesicle membrane with the presynaptic membrane (exocytosis)
--proteins |
|
|
Term
neurotransmitter release
- the transmitter stored in the vesicle spills into the ___
- the vesicle is recycled by ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
- synaptic cleft
- endocytosis and refilled with transmitter |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter receptors determine the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is activated by a neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| binding of the transmitter causes a ____ in the receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
two types of receptors:
1.
2. |
|
Definition
1. ionotropic
2. metabotropic |
|
|
Term
ionotropic
- ____ channel receptors
- can be ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
- ligand-gated ion
- excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
metabotropic
- ___ receptor
-- ___ protein
- they are ___ |
|
Definition
- G-protein coupled
-- guanine nucleotide binding
- modulatory |
|
|
Term
| many transmitters can act on ___ receptors; receptors determine the ___ of a transmitter |
|
Definition
| both types of; action (escitatory, inhibitory, modulatory) |
|
|
Term
neurotransmitters removal breakdown/inactivation
1. breakdown by ___
2. reuptake by ___
3. reuptake by nearby __
4. uptake by ___
5. diffuse out of ___
6. combo of above |
|
Definition
1. enzymes
2. presynaptic terminal
3. glial cells
4. post-synaptic terminals
5. synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin inhibit transmitter release by ____ |
|
Definition
| cleaving proteins involved in exocytosis |
|
|
Term
Ligand gated ion channels (___)
- __ subunits
-- subunits are ___ proteins
-- form ___ in the ___
-- when open, the ___ allows select ___ to pass through |
|
Definition
(ionotropic)
- 4-5
-- membrane spanning
-- pore; center
-- pore; ions |
|
|
Term
ligand-gated ion channels
- closed when ____
- ___ causes conformational change, results in ____
- pore opening allows ___ to pass through |
|
Definition
- transmitter (ligand) is not bound
- binding of transmitter (ligand); pore opening or activation
- select ions |
|
|
Term
Nicotinic AchR
- ___ protein subunits
-- form ___ in the ___
- __ binding sites for __
- binding of transmitter causes ___, results in ___
- open pore is permeable to ___ and ___ |
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Definition
- 5
-- pore in the center
- two; acetylcholine
- conformational change; pore opening
- Na+ and K+ |
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Term
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
- activated (pore opened) by ___ or ___
-- ___ mimics the action of ___ at this receptor
-- receptors are often named after ___
- inhibited (activation blocked) by ___ |
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Definition
- acetylcholine or nicotine (Agonist)
-- nicotine; acetylcholine
-- agonists
- curare (Antagonist) |
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Term
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
- transient _____ by presynaptic release of ___
-- inside of the cell becomes more ___
-- ___, more likely to fire an ap |
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Definition
- postsynaptic membrane depolarization; neurotransmitter
-- positive
-- excitatory |
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Term
dendritic cable properties: graded potentials
1. size of the graded potential is proportional to the ___
2. graded potentials decay over ___ |
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Definition
1. intensity of the stimulus
2. distance |
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Term
GABA-A receptor
- GABA receptor subtype
- it is ____ (ligand gated ion channel)
- pore is permeable to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA-A receptor activation causes ___, the inside of the cell becomes ___, this generates an ___, the neuron becomes ___ |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization; more negative; inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP); less likely to fire an action potential |
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Term
| when an excitatory and inhibitory input are both active, the depolarizing current (EPSP) _____ |
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Definition
| leaks out before it reaches the soma |
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Term
| GABA-A receptor is influenced by ___ |
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Definition
| several drugs (allosteric regulation) |
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Term
| ___: regulation by molecules binding at sites other than the receptor binding site |
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Definition
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Term
GABA receptor can be regulated by:
1.
2.
3.
4. |
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Definition
1. benzodiazepines - diazepam, valium
2. barbiturates - phenobarbital
3. ethanol
4. neurosteroids - progesterone |
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Term
| ___ act via 2nd messengers - modulatory |
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Definition
| G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) |
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Term
| GPCRs are an exmaple of an ____ |
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Definition
| indirect effect on ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulatory or inhibitory |
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Term
| GPCR subunits can also have ____ |
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Definition
| direct effects (shortcut pathway) |
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Term
neurotransmitter receptors and effectors
- ___: transmitter-gated ion channels
- ___: G-protein coupled receptor |
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Definition
- ionotropic
- metabotropic |
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Term
| ___: transient postsynaptic membrane depolarization by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: transient hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
neuropharmacology
- effect of drugs on ___
- ___: mimic actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters, ex is ___
- ___: inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors, ex is ___. |
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Definition
- nervous system tissue
- receptor agonists; nicotine
- receptor antagonists; curare |
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Term
| ___ by G-protein coupled 2nd messenger cascades |
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Definition
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