Term
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Definition
Post Synaptic Potential
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential |
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Term
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Definition
| The factthat we humans are aware and can express our thoughts perceptions memories/feeligns |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a person who cannot see objects in hor or her blind field to accurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them; caused by damage to mammalian visual system of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest commissure of the brain interconnecting the areas of the neocortex on each side of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two symmetrical halves of the brain; constitute the major parts of the brain. Receives info and controls movements of the opposite sides of the body; communicate through corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome in which people ignore objects located toward their left and the left sides of the objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe. Your brain sees but does not perceive hence why you can draw half of a flower or some shit. |
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Term
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Definition
| An automatic stereotyped movement that is produced as the direct result of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The research method by which the function of a part of the brain is inferred by the observing of the behavior an animal can no longer perform after that part is damaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that the best way to understand a biological phenomena is to try to understand its useful functions for the organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slowing process of maturation allowing more time for growth; an important factor in the development of large brains. |
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Term
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Definition
| The imaginary line that extends from the base of the spinal column to the front of the brain curving at the brain stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the front in respect to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Towards the tail in respect to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the back in respect to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the belly in respect to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the side of the body, away from the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the middle of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| opposite side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice of the brain perpendicular to the neuraxis. Can be frontal, sagittal or horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice through the brain parallel to the forehead. (Roast Beef) |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice through the brain taken from the side parallel to the spine. (Your ear side) |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice through the brain parallel to the ground. (top to bottom slices) HOW KEY |
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Term
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Definition
| The plane through the middle of the brain dividing the left and right hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 3 layers of tissue that encase the nervous system. (The dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater) |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost layer of meninges tough/flexible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and the inner pia mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid-filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| The layer of the meninges that clings to the brain thin/delicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the hollow spaces within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal luid. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| A narrow tube interconnecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brains, located in the center of the mesencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventral located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons in the center of the metencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Small pouchlike projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into superior sagittal sinus; where CSF is reabsorbed into blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between 2 cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
| Obstructive Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| A condition in which ventricles become enlarged due to obstruction that impedes flow of CSF. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from the ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the Central Nervous System. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to the cells of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of progenitor cells that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increase the size of ventricular zone and hence the brain itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor and a neuron which migrates away from the ventricular zone to its final resting place in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone toward the surface of the cortex; provides guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized neurons that establish themselves during cortical development in layer near the terminals of the radial glia; just inside the pia mater; secrete a chemical that controls the establishing of migrating neurons in the layers of the cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism within the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most rostral of the 3 major brain divisions. Includes the diencephalon and the telencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two major portions of the forebrain; covered by cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region beneath the cortex. (inside of brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere; smaller than a fissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major groove in the surface of the brain; larger than a sulcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres separated by a sulci or a fissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the posterior occipital lobes on the medial surface of the brain. Most of the PVC is located along its upper/lower banks. Responsible for synthesizing visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the PVC is located on its upper/lower banks |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of the superior temporal lobe whose input is sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobe. |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| The region of the anterior parital lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system. Right behind the central sulcus adjacent to the primary motor cortex which is in front of the central sulcus in the frontal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sulcus that separates the frontal and parietal lobes. Located in the midpoint of the brain sort of you get the point |
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Term
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Definition
| A sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movement of skeletal muscles. Adjacent to primary somatosensory cortex which is located behind it in the parietal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobes and dorsal to the temporal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and caudal to the frontal and superior/dorsal to the temporal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes. On the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the brain caudal to temporal and parietal lobes. The back. |
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Term
| Sensory Association Motor Cortex |
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Definition
| Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the PMC that receives input from the PMC. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the brain rostral to the motor association cortex (formulates plans and strategies) |
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Term
| Function of Sensory Association Cortex |
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Definition
| Analyze and integrate different senses to store memories and perceive things. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phylogenetically newest cortex including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex and association cortices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phylogenetically older cortex located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres part of the limbic system (fear/impulses) |
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Term
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Definition
| A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres just above the corpus callosum It receives inputs from the thalamus and the neocortex, and projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and is also important for executive function and respiratory control. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnection fiber bundles involved in learning, memory. Amygdala does emotional response/recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (ammons horn) dentate gyrus and subiculum. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
| A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. Part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system. They, along with the anterior and dorsomedial nuclei in the thalamus, are involved with the processing of recognition memory.
They are believed to add the element of smell to memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus and the putamen are important parts of the motor system. Are involved with eye movements and motivation since they have a lot of Dopamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| An identifiable group of neural cell bodies in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the forebrain surrounding the 3rd ventricle includes the hypothalamus, thalamus and amygdala. |
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Term
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Definition
| The larges portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus contains nuclei that projects information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex.Its function includes relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness |
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Term
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Definition
| An axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses w/ neurons in another region. |
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Term
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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Definition
| A group of cells within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex. |
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Term
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus |
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Definition
| A group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus receives fibers from auditory system and projects to Primary Auditory Cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleus of the thalamus that receives input from the cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in the regulation of autonomic nervous system; control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands and integration of species typical behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An x-shaped connection between optic nerves, located below the base of the brain just anterior to pituitary glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior part of the pituary and endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by hypothalamic hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that secretes a hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The posterior part of the pituary/endocrine gland that contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons w/ somas in the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| The mesenecephalon, central of the 3 parts of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The midbrain, a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and includes the tectum and the tegmentum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dorsal part of the midbrain. Includes superior/inferior colliculi. (means roof in latin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusions on the top of the midbrain; integral to visual system. (above inferior colliculi) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusions on the top of the midbrain; integral to auditory system. (below superior colliculi) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus and substantia nigra. (latin for floor) |
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Term
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Definition
| The stem of the brain from the medulla to the midbrain (excluding cerebellum) |
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Term
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Definition
| A large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem. From the medulla to the diencephalon. It is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. |
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Term
| Periaqueductal Gray Matter |
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Definition
| The region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits and is involved in species behavior. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate w/ caudate nucleus and putamen in basal ganglia. Contains lots of dopamine. The substantia nigra is an important player in brain function, in particular, in eye movement, motor planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction. Many of the substantia nigra's effects are mediated through the striatum. The nigral dopaminergic input to the striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway is intimately linked with the striatum's function. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal of the 3 major divisions of the brain. Consists of the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the hindbrain. Contains the cerebellum and pons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major part of the brain located dorsal to pons, contains 2 cerebellar hemispheres covered with cerebellar cortex; importan component in motor system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei located deep within the cerebellar hemispheres, receives projection from cerebellar cortex and sends projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain and ventral to the cerebellum. he pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal portion of the brain located in the myelencephalon; immediately rostral to the spinal cord. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs which fuse and forma a spinal nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| the anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal root that contains outgoing motor fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| An axon directed towards the CNS conveying sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| An axon directed away from the CNS that conveys motor commands to muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from olfactory receptors. Ipsilateral! |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the PNS that controls the bodys vegetative functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nodules that conatin synapses between pre ganglia and post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Ganglion Chain |
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Definition
| One of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column. |
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Term
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Definition
| The efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous sytem whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve, nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons of the ANS that synapse directly with target organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner portion of the adrenal gland (above the kidney) controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of ANS that controls function during a relaxed state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief depolarization of axon due to change from resting potential to threshold due to changes in ionic compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluid. |
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Term
| 4 Key points of the Action Potentials |
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Definition
1. Large changes in membrane potential are caused by minuscule changes in ionic concentrations.
2. The net difference in electrical charge occurs at the inside and outside surfaces of the membrane because phospholipid bilayer is so thin ions electrostatic charges affect other ions on the other side of the nucleus.
3. Ions are driven across the membrane at a rate proportional to difference between the membrane potential and the equilibrium potential.
4. If the concentration difference across the membrane is known for an ion an equilibrium potential can be calculated for that ion. |
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Term
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Definition
E(ion) = 61.5 log ( [ion] (outside) / [ion] (inside) )
[ ] = concentration
Example
K+
61.5 log 1/20 = -80 mv |
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Term
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Definition
Used to find Voltage of Membrane
Vm = 61.54mV log (((Pk[K+](outside))+ (PNa [Na+] (outside)))/ Pk[K+](i) + PNa [Na+] (i))
P=membrane potential
Vm= 61.54mV log (40(5) + 1(150)) / 40(100) + 1(15))
= 61.54mV log 350/4015 = -65 mV |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron located in the CNS that controls the contraction of muscles or the secretion of a gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system. |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell body of a neuron. Contains nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branched tree-like structure attached to the the soma of a neuron; receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| The long thin cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons. |
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Term
| The three types of Neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 structures of neurons |
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Definition
Multipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its
Bipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to it soma.
Unipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon attached to its somal the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron sends information to that neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that is released by a terminal button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles such as Golgi apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure within the nucleus that produces ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cytoplasmic structure made of protein, that serves as the site of production of proteins translated from mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A macromolecule that delivers genetic information concerning the synthesis of a protein from a chromosome to a ribosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The secretion of a substance by a cell through means of vesicles; the process by which neurotransmitters are secreted. Caused by influx of Ca++ in the axon terminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The supporting cells of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| A glial cell that provides support for neurons of the CNS, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid as well as exchange nutrients from blood and fill in spaces where damaged cells once were to form scar tissue. Nerve glue. Also known to hold neurons in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration. Astrocytes do this to dead or dying neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glial cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths. Is vulnerable to Multiple Sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons as well as speeds up the process of passive transport because it only allows for ionic exchange to occur at the nodes of ranvier so action potentials move much faster down the axon through salitatory conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| A naked portion of myelinated axons between adjacent oligodendroglia or Schwann cells. Places without myelin where ionic exchange can occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest of the glial cells; act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon; providing one segment of its myelin sheath. Speeds up axon conductance and also allows for regeneration in PNS nerves because it grows through the tube of Schwann very quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A semipermeable barrier between the blood and brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brains capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the medulla where the blood brain barrier is weak; poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| a lab instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approximately -70mV in the giant squid axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction towards zero of the membrane potential of a neuron from its normal resting potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the membrane potential of a cell relative to the normal resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| the value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an AP |
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Term
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Definition
| a charge molecule. Cations are postivie because ca+ions and anions are Negative because an(egative)ions |
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Term
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Definition
| the attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles with the same sign. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluids outside cells. Mostly dissolved NaCl |
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Term
| Sodium Potassium Transporter |
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Definition
| A protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells. |
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Term
| voltage dependent ion channels |
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Definition
| an ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement to the end of the fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the raste at which axons fire. |
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Term
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Definition
| the passive conduction of electrical current, in a decremental fashion, down the length of an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The axon potentials appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location on a receptor to which a ligand binds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor. (NT or hormone or drug) |
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Term
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Definition
| A small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message. |
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Term
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Definition
| a small hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| neurotransmitter dependent ion channel |
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Definition
| an ion channel that opens when a molecule of a nt binds with a postsynaptic receptor. ion channel is binding site and nt is ligand that causes protein change to open pore or channel. |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor that contains a binding site for a nt and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the NT attaches to the binding site. |
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Term
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Definition
| A receptor that contains a binding site for a NT; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the NT attaches to the binding site. |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; conveys messages to other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme; carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell |
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Term
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential |
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Definition
| an excitatory depolarization of the Postsynaptic Membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a NT by the terminal button |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential. An inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a NT by the terminal button. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reentry of a NT just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the post synaptic potential. Done by pumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction of a NT by an enzyme after its release. for example the destruction of acetycholine by ACHe |
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Term
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Definition
| A NT found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the PNS responsible for muscle contraction. Denatured by AChE |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme that destroys ACh thus terminating the PSP |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| A receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the NT that that neuron released. Used to regulate how much NT is being released. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; reduces the amount of NT released by the PS terminal button. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; increases the amount of NT released by the PS terminal buttons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special junction between cells that permits direct communication by means of direct coupling. |
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally secreted substance that acts like a NT except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses throughout the brain and often times to other cell bodies in the specific nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Most neuromodulators and some hormones consist of peptide molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland that has effects on target cells in other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland that liberates its secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of cell that is directly affected by a hormone or other chemical signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical of low molecular weight, derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormones affect their target cells by attaching to receptors within the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a laboratory animal; presumably, the functions that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A brain lesion produced by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes the brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specific position of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of drawings of the sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical such as formalin that is used to prepare and preserve body tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas; the most commonly used tissue fixative. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which an animals blood is replaced by a fluid such as a saline solution or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| a microscope that passes a focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| a microscope that provides three-dimensional information about the shape of the surface of a small object by scanning the object with a thin beam of electrons. |
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Term
| confocal laser scanning microscope |
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Definition
| A microscope that provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissue that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from a laser beam. |
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Term
| anterograde labeling method |
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Definition
| a histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cells are located in a particular region. Shows where the axons project to. Uses PHA-L |
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Term
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Definition
| Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin; a protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons. |
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Term
| immunocytochemical method |
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Definition
| a histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides. |
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Term
| retrograde labeling method |
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Definition
| a histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region. tells what is projecting to a certain region. uses fluorogold because its afferent which is affluent nukkah |
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Term
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Definition
| a dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| a weakened form of a pig herpes virus used for retrograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of herpes virus used for anterograde transneuronal tracing which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of herpes virus used for anterograde transneuronal tracing which labels a series of neurons that ar are interconnected synaptically |
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Term
| Computerized Tomography (CT Scan) |
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Definition
| The use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a "slice" through the body. |
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Term
| MRI Magnetic Resonance Image |
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Definition
| A technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interactions between radio waves and a strong magnetic field. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaging method that uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| recording the electrical activity of only one neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrode that stimulates a whole bunch of neurons in a large region of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on in the scalp |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity; uses an array of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID) |
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Term
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Definition
| a radioactive sugar that is not metabolized |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular regions of the brain. |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan) |
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Definition
| A functional imaging method that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A functional imaging method; a modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain usually by detecting changes in blood oxygen level. |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
| Stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of magnetic fields produced by passing pulses of electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull. Interferes with the functions of the brain region that is stimulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of RNA hat is complementary to a particular messenger RNA in order to detect the presence of mRNa |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitital fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutated gene produced in the lab and inserted into the chromosomes of mice; fails to produce a functional protein. |
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Term
| Antisense oligonucleotide |
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Definition
| Modified strand of RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of mRNA and prevents it from producing its protein |
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Term
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Definition
I=gV
I=current
g=conductance
V= voltage potential |
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Term
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Definition
| The perfect balance between voltage gradient and concentration gradient for a given ion. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down ATP and this energy drives a pump that exchanges internal Na+ for external K+ at a rate of 3:1 |
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Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
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Definition
| The time shortly after/during an action potential where it is impossible to have another one. |
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Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
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Definition
| The period of time after an action potential where it takes more than normal depolarization to cause another AP since the neuron is undershooting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Threshold is the membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated sodium channels open so that the relative ionic permeability of the membrane favors sodium over potassium |
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Term
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Definition
| When the inside of the membrane has a negative electrical potential, there is a large driving force on Na+ ions. Therefore, Na+ ions rush into the cell through the open sodium channels, causing the membrane to rapidly depolarize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because the relative permeability of the membrane greatly favors sodium, the membrane potential goes to a value close to E(Na) which is greater than a 0 mV |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior of two types of channel contributes to the falling phase. First, the voltage-gated sodium channels inactivate. Second, the voltage-gated potassium channels finally open (triggered to do so 1 msec earlier by the depolarization of the membrane). There is a great driving force on K+ ions when the membrane is strongly depolarized. Therefore, K+ ions rush out of the cell through the open channels, causing the membrane potential to become negative again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The open voltage-gated potassium channels add to the resting potassium membrane permeability. Because there is very little sodium permeability, the membrane potential goes toward Ek, causing a hyperpolarization relative to the resting membrane potential until the voltage-gated potassium channels close again. |
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Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
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Definition
| Sodium channels inactivate when the membrane becomes strongly depolarized. They cannot be activated again, and another action potential cannot be generated, until the membrane potential goes sufficiently negative to deinactivate the channels. |
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Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
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Definition
| The membrane potential stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close. Therefore, more depolarizing current is required to bring the membrane potential to threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| The axon hillock where aps from the dendrites initiate the spike that flows down the fuckin axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense accumulations of protein adjacent to and within the membranes on either side of the synaptic cleft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins jutting into the cytoplasm of the terminal along the intracellular face of the membrane sometimes look like a field of tiny pyramids. The pyramids and the membrane associated with them are the actual sites of NT release. |
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Term
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Definition
Amino Acids (Responsible for fast synapse in CNS)
(GABA, Glutamate, Glycine)
Amines
(ACh, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Histamine, Nerepinephrine, Serotonin)
Peptides
(CCK, Dynorphin, Enk, Neuropeptide Y) |
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Term
| Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels |
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Definition
| Receptors known as tgics are membrane spanning proteins consisting of four or five subunits that come together to form a pore between them. In the absence of NT the pore is closed . When an NT binds it twists the subunits which causes the pore to open. |
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Term
| G-Protein Coupled Receptor Process |
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Definition
1. NT molecules bind to receptor proteins embedded in the post synaptic membrane.
2. The receptor proteins activate small proteins called G-proteins, that are free to move along the intracellular face of the postsynaptic membrane.
3. The activated G proteins activate "effector" proteins. |
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Term
| Difference between ganglion and Nucleus |
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Definition
| Ganglion is collection of cell bodies outside of brain... nucleus is inside brain. (exception=basal ganglia) |
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Term
| Difference between neural tract and nerve |
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Definition
| nerve is collection of axons outside of brain neural tract is in brain |
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Term
| autonomic peripheral nerves |
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Definition
| nerves that connect to internal organs and innervate them |
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Term
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Definition
Forebrain (prosencephalon ) telencephalon, diencephalon
Telencephalon=hemispheres Diencephalon = middle of brain
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) metencephalon myelencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
Cortex
neocortex
old cortex
olfactory complex, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex
Subcortical Nuclei
amygdala
septal area
basal ganglia
Limbic System-basic emotional states: hunger, sex, etc... cortical=hippocampus subcortical=amygdala septal area |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus (dorsal)
Hypothalamus (ventral) |
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Term
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Definition
Tectum (roof)
a. superior colliculus visual in front
b. inferior colliculus auditory in back
Tegmentum (ventral)
a. substantia nigra dark substance loaded with substantia degenerates with parkinsons
b. ventral tegmental area
c. red nucleus
d. reticular formations- neurons send axons up/down telencephalon (arousal waking) down to spinal cord (movement) |
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Term
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Definition
(Dorsal) Cerebellum in back stem of brain
(Ventral) Pons-bridge that connects cerebellum to brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| Medulla- bottom of brain stem that connects to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Supply brain fluid that provides nutrients and holds brain upright |
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Term
| Crossection of Spinal Column |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tract in white matter of spinal cord that controls fine motor controls. Comes from the primary motor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
Gross motor movements (large muscle system)
1. tectospinotract (starts in tectum (superior colliculus) hand/body movements
2. Reticular Formation
Down through spinal cord
3. Starts in red nucleus
down through spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries pain and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
I Olfactory
Smell Ts in olfactory bulb
II Optic
Ts in thalamus
V Trigeminal Nerve
Os in Pons
Facial Sensitivity
Ts in Pons-medulla
VII Facial Nerve
Facial Movement Os in Medulla
VIII Auditory Vestibular
Hearing Ts in medulla
X Vagus
Internal Organs Heart GI Tract Ts Os in medulla |
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Term
| Pathway of Sensory Input to Movement |
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Definition
Sensory Input
V
Thalamus
V
Primary Sensory Cortex
V
Sensory Association Cortex
V V
Motor Association Cortex --> Basal Ganglia
V V
Primary Motor Cortex Red Nucleus
V Reticular Formation
Corticospinal tract V
(pyramidal tract) Rubrospinal Tract
V (Red nucleus)
Motor neuron Reticulospinal
V (reticular spinal)
muscles V
Motor Neuron
V
Muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus- projects to primary visual cortex
Medio Geniculate Nuclei- Medio projects to auditory cortex
Ventral Posterior Nucleus- Nucleus projects to somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| Losing Inferior Colliculus vs Superior Colliculus |
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Definition
| You can lose SC and still see... If you lose IC can lose hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| At bottom of midbrain. Rich of dopamine. |
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Term
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Definition
The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle.
They therefore allow modification of actions in the light of their outcome, or error correction, and are hence important in learning motor skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascends to the cortex contains norephinephrine. The Locus coeruleus, also spelled locus caeruleus, is a nucleus in the brain stem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Various Membrane Permeability |
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Definition
Resting State 1 Na /40 K 40X more permeable to K
Rising Phase 10 Na/1K 10X more permeable to Na
Falling Phase 1 Na / 45K 45X more permeable to K |
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Term
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Definition
1. non-gated ion channels
always pen lets anything in found throughout neuron.
2. Voltage Gated Ion Channels
opens and closes depending on changes in membrane potential. Found mostly in axon.
3. Chemically Gated Ion Channels
Open up in response to NTs causes PSPs. in mostly dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
Internal spread of current
Factors that affect passive spread
1. Membrane Resistance
Myelin sheath speeds up conductance (like leaky hose)
2. Internal Resistance |
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Term
| Excitatory NT vs Inhibitory NT |
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Definition
Excitatory allows Sodium in
Inhibitory allows Potassium in |
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Term
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Definition
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