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Neuroscience lecture 1
ES/OT 342 at SUNY Buffalo
24
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/16/2010

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Term
Nerve cells (neurons)
Definition
excitable cells within the nervous system, use their excitability as a means of communication
Term
Glial cells (neuroglia)
Definition
Non-excitable, support cells for the nervous system
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
Glial cells that perform all glial functions EXCEPT myelinating
Term
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
Glial cell responsible for myelin coating within CNS
Term
Schwann cell
Definition
Glial cell responsible for myelin coating within PNS
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Spaces between myelin sheaths on axon
Term
Soma/Perikaryon
Definition
Another name for the cell body of the neuron
Term
Dendrite
Definition
branching, receptive portion of neuron
Term
Axon
Definition
conducting element of neuron, up to 1 meter in length
Term
Neurite
Definition
projection off of the neuron cell body - either dendrite or axon
Term
Pre-synaptic terminal area
Definition
transmitting element of neuron
Term
Neuron Doctrine
Definition
Neurons form the basic signalling units of the NS, and are distinctly bound cells
Term
Principle of Dynamic Polarization
Definition
Info within NS flows in a specific direction - always presynaptic to postsynaptic
Term
Principle of connection specificity
Definition
a) No cytoplasmic continuity between cells
b) Do NOT connect indiscriminately
c) Rather, each neuron cell makes specific connection with some targets, and not others
Term
Unipolar Neuron
Definition
one single neurite coming off the cell body. Typically only found in invertebrates.
Term
Bipolar neuron
Definition
2 neurites coming off cell body.
Tend to be SENSORY information (project back towards CNS)
Term
Multipolar neuron
Definition
more than 2 neurites coming off cell body - example: spinal motor neuron
Term
3 major classifications for neurons based on functionality
Definition

1) Afferent - sensory, project towards CNS

2) Efferent - motor, move out from CNS

3) Interneurons - project between afferent and efferent neurons, largest number of functional neurons within system

Term
functions of Glial cells (list 7)
Definition

1) support - provide firmness and structure

2) form Myelin (Oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell)

3) scavengers - remove debris after injury/disease within CNS

4) buffers - maintain extracellular environment (Na&K) during high neuronal activity

5) During development, guide migration of neurons

6) form Blood Brain Barrier

7) possible nutritive value

Term
Microglia
Definition
Act as immune system - normal phagocytes are too big
mobilized after injury, infection, and some diseases
Term
Macroglia
Definition
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Astrocytes
Term
Fast Anterograde Axonal transport (forward moving)
Definition
Most newly synthesized organelles (mostly synaptic vesicles) within axon and dendrites transported this way. Move from 400-1000 mm/day.
Relies on protein Kinesin to transport organelles.
Term
Slow Anterograde Axoplasmic Transport
Definition
Cytosol transported down axon by this form of transport. Moves at rate of 3 mm/day, carries proteins used to make up fibrillar elements of cytoskeleton.
Doesn't require extra energy, since elements travel with current.
Term
Fast Retrograde Transport
Definition
Returns materials from terminals to cell body for degradation or restoration and reuse. Travel at a rate of about 200-400 mm/day.
Travel along microtubules, relying on action of protein Dynin.
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