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| When rhodopsin absorbs light isomerizes from __________ to ____________. |
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| dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
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| dendrites, cell body, axon, & terminal endings |
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| the 4 lobes are the brain: |
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| frontal, temporal, occipital, & parietal |
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| Photoreceptors are more ________ than most neurons. |
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| Phosphodiesterase catalyzes what to what? |
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| Change in membrane potential w/ amplitude proportional to magnitude of stimulus |
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| excited by decrease in center, increase in surround |
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| What is the light catching chromophore in photopigment? |
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| What is the protein in photopigment which confers spectral sensitivity? |
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| cerebral hemispheres are connected by what? |
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| Photoreceptors _____________ in response to light. |
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11 cis --> all trans --> activates opsin
--> transducin --> disinhibits what? |
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| 1-2 degree foveal area some nasals don't cross; some temporals cross...this accounts for what? |
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| The CNS consists of what? |
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| What maintains balance, posture, & coordination? |
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| optimizes detection of differences (contrast) |
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| 2 retinal cells that use action potentials describes what kind of cells? |
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| light --> hyperpolarization --> leads to a ___________ in glutamate release |
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| excited by increase in center & decrease in surround |
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| up to 80% of extrastriate neurons respond to what? |
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| regulates temperature, thirst, & hunger |
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| area of visual field within which light alters firing rate of cell |
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| the pupil shows a direct & ___________ response to light |
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| the parasympathetic system does what to heart rate & respirationn? |
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| the parasympathetic system activates what? |
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| digestion & pupillary constriction |
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| What nucleus is involved in accommodation & pupil constriction? |
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| the sympathetic system does what to heart rate, respiration, sweating, & stress hormones? |
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| bipolar cells are located in what part of the retina? |
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| What neurons carry information from CNS to effector organs? |
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| transport requiring energy in form of ATP |
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| in dark, receptors do what to glutamate? |
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| what type of arteries are a major blood supply to the brain? |
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| what nervous system mediates fight or flight? |
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| rods & cones are located in what part of the retina? |
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| what neurons carry information into the CNS? |
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| action potential ______________ varies with stimulus strength |
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| what nervous system mediates rest & digest? |
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| vascular b/n retina & sclera |
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| functional classes of neurons: |
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| interneurons, sensory, & motor |
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| ganglion cells are located in what part of the retina? |
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| sympathetic system causes pupils to ________, aka ____________. |
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| lesion of ________ optic tract leads to a right honomymous hemianopsia? |
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| radial (sympathetic) & circular (parasympathetic) muscles of the...? |
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| what arteries are a major blood supply to the brain? |
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| transport from high to low concentration aided by protein |
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| this is secreted by the ciliary body & nourishes the lens & cornea |
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| the parasympathetic system causes the pupils to ___________ aka __________. |
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| this cranial nerve mediates superior oblique EOM |
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| color & form; extrastriate |
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| what ganglion cells project to 4 dorsal LGN layers? |
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| nasal retina projects to LGN layers...? |
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| this may result from damage to magno pathway |
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| what ganglion cells project to 2 ventral LGN layers? |
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| ____________ of motion is first processed in V1. |
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| both stereo & vernier are __________ because 10X better than cone diameter. |
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| only 1 quantum sufficient to activate 1 ________ cell. |
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| probably not specific cells responsive to _________ face. |
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| V1 layers numbered _______ from top to bottom. |
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| 5-14 ___________ absorptions at threshold |
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| what effect is perceived motion of small light due to unregistered eye movements? |
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| info transfer from eye to brain involves both serial and __________ processing. |
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| what figure produces bistable visual perception? |
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| Hecht, Schlaer, Pirene showed that ___________ variability limits the performance at absolute threshold |
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| What cortex = V5; part of magno, dorsal stream |
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| mediates perception of complex forms ____ faces |
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| binocular neurons in V1 is the basis for what? |
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| V2 has thick, thin, & ________ stripes. |
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| activated by motion afereffect |
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| prior to V1 no cells respond to stimulus |
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| RX of _______ order abberations improves vision when pupil is large |
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| what effect is a stereo phenomenon due to delay in one eye? |
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| the cortex fits in the skull due to _____________ (furrows & ridges) |
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| part of the ventral (parvo) pathway; code color & form |
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| this is the area around horopter w/n which all points appear single |
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| spatial plot of corresponding points |
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| pathway that codes what it is |
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| both FMRI & PET scan are what kind of imaging techniques? |
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| hue discrimination depends on ___________________ b/n at lease 2 cone types. |
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| difference in stimulation |
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| during motion aftereffect, what neurons respond? |
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| during motion aftereffect, you see what kind of motion of a stationary object? |
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| optic radiations from ______ synapse in V1 ______ layer 4. |
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| damage left LGN layers 1 & 2 --> decrease ______ perception in _____ visual field |
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Pituitary tumor affecting LGN layer 1
---> decrease ______________ in ________ field of each eye. |
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Definition
| motion peception; temporal |
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| temporal (___________) retina projects to what LGN layers? |
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| LGN has 6 layers from bottom (_______) to top (________). |
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| Damage to right LGN 3, 4, 5, & 6 ---> decrease __________ in __________ visual field. |
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| ___________ tumor may cause _________ hemianopsia. |
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| this provides the most precise & powerful cue to _______ depth. |
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