Term
| Sexually Dimorphic Behavior |
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Definition
| A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature reproductive cell, sperm or ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| A Y-bearing sperm produces a xy male and an X-bearing sperm produces an xx female. |
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Term
| Reasons for Sexual Dimorphism |
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Definition
| Exposure to sex hormones both before and after birth is responsible for our sexual dimorphism. What the Y chromosome does control is the development of the glands that produce the male sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The X and Y chromosomes which determines an organism's gener. Normally XX is female and XY are male. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ovary or teste. Starts out undifferentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex-determining region of the Y Chromosome. The gene on the Y chromosome that instructs the undifferentiated gonad to develop into testes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect of the a hormone on tissue differentiation and development. |
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Term
| Activational Effect of a Hormone |
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Definition
| The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effect of hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The embryonic precursor of the female internal reproductive sex organs. Consists of the Fallopian Tubes, the uterus, and the inner 2/3 of the vagina. This is the default system that develops if there is no androgen release or reception. |
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Term
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Definition
| The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs that consists of the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. The Wolffian system is activated by testosterone release from the Testes and will not develop if there is not testosterone release or reception. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Mullerian System, which would otherwise become the female's internal sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of women. |
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Term
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Definition
| A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen. Andro meaning man gen meaning create. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principal androgen found in males. Secreted by the testes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An androgen produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5alpha Reductase |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
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Definition
| A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with external female genitalia, testes but no internal female sex organ. Often overly girly and can hit puberty due to small amounts of estradiol released by the the testes. Anti-Mullerian hormone still in effect hence no internal Mullerian system. |
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Term
| Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome |
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Definition
| A condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Mullerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of only one sex chromosome (an X) characterized by the lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia. Can't give birth though due to lack of ovaries and need estrogen pills to induce puberty. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads. |
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Term
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum. Goes into ovary finds eggs grows it. Egg sends estradiol to AP which sends LH back which causes releases egg to be fertilized. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The same hormones in males and females just with different activational effects. Transplanting pituitary glands in rats from male to female vice versa has no effect since these are the same hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principal estrogen of many mammals including humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of the breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic fo females. |
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Term
| Leptin's effect on Puberty |
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Definition
| Leptin a peptide hormone secreted by well-nourished fat cells provides the brain with information regarding the supply of fat cells to the brain. It also appears to play a role in early onset of puberty as girls that are heavier hit puberty earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of the corpus luteum and (if pregnancy does not occur) menstruation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte which develops into an ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of time after a particular action (male ejaculation) during which that action cannot occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become "exhausted" by sexual activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spinal sexual reflex seen in many four legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching of the flanks which elevates the hindquarters. |
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Term
| Progesterone and Estradiol Effect on female receptive sexual behavior |
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Definition
| In ovariectomized rats large amounts of Estradiol injection will cause sexual receptive behavior but large amounts of Progesterone will not. The best effect comes from priming with estradiol and then injecting progesterone 16-24 hours later creating the highest LQ. |
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Term
| 3 Points to Sexual Behavior in Female Rats |
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Definition
Receptivity- willingness to copulate and go into lordosis position.
Proceptivity- A female's eagerness to seek out a male and copulate.
Attractiveness-Refers to physiological and behavioral changes that affect the male. |
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Term
| Female Sexual Behavior as a Default |
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Definition
| Regardless of chromosomal sex an animal if not exposed to androgens will have female sexual behavior as a default. IF a male rat is castrated after birth and later given estradiol and progesterone he will respond like woman to sexual advances of male rats. If on the converse a woman is ovariectomized and given testosterone she will mount receptive females. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted. |
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Term
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Definition
| The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals' urine; first observed in mice. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the males urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female; first identified in mice. Evolutionary advantage to getting pregnant with the mouse in charge of the territory and terminating the weaker pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal organ |
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Term
| Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala |
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Definition
| A nucleus that receives olfactory information from the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb; involved in the effects of odors and pheromones on reproductive behavior. |
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Term
| What happens when you removes sense of smell from mice |
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Definition
| They will not approach another mouse and consequently won't attack or attempt to mate with that mouse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensed by the normal olfactory system and not the vomeronasal. Found in sweat. Can cause syncing of menstrual cycles and men are more attracted to certain scents given off during ovulation of female. |
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Term
| Activational of Hormones in Female Rats |
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Definition
| If Progesterone and Estradiol are not present, lordosis does not occur. Lordosis only occurs during ovulation so rats can only mate when the female is ovulating. Impossible to achieve intromission if female does not do lordosis response. |
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Term
| Women's Desire for Sex Through the Cycle |
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Definition
| Bullivant et al found that women were more likely to initiate sexual activity, and were more likely to engage in sexual fantasies just before and during the surge in luteinizing hormone that stimulates ovulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you take out Testosterone desire and sperm production falls. However, if a person or animal is having constant sex and the action is habituated, it will take longer to decline. |
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Term
| Levels of Hormones in Adults based on Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
| Hetero and homosexual both have equal amounts of testosterone. 30% of lesbian women have elevated levels of testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. The secretion of abnormally large amounts of androgens which in girls causes masculinization of the external genitalia. Girls with CAH more likely to be homosexual and draw like boys at a young age. |
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Term
| Conclusion about Childrearing |
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Definition
| Genetic males with male-typical prenatal androgen effects should be reared male. |
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Term
| Differences in Brain Structure and Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
| Currently no definitive evidence that differences in brain structure equal differences in sexual orientation. |
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Term
| Pheromones Reaction and Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
| Reaction to AND and EST both pheromones was similar in brains of heterosexual women and homosexual men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. A brain area related to sexual identity (not orientation) where female to male transsexuals had the same size area as males both hetero and homosexual. |
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Term
| Possible Causes of Differences in Brain Development |
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Definition
Stress- Could cause interference of androgenization of males also nucleus of the preoptic area was smaller in stressed males and this is a sexually dimorphic area.
Older Brothers- Statistically homosexuals have more older brothers. This could be due to the mother's antibodies fighting male proteins that affect androgenization. The chances raise 3.3% with each older brother. |
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Term
| Heredity and Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
| If one twin is gay the other has a 52% chance of also being gay. |
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Term
| Reason for homosexuality as a gene |
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Definition
| Relatives of homosexuals have increased fecundity so homosexuality may be a byproduct of that gene which increases fecundity in women. On the whole homosexuals have 80% fewer children than heterosexual men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Men can still ejaculate if 10th section or higher is transsected. Ejaculation is controlled by the lumbar spinothalamic cells. Ejaculation acvtivates these neurons and destruction of these neurons kills ejaculation but not erection or intromission |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior. Stimulation of this area causes copulatory behavior and metabolic activity increases after copulatory behavior. |
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Term
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus |
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Definition
| (SDN) A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays an important role in male sexual behavior. |
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Term
| Periaqueductal Gray Matter |
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Definition
| The region of the midbrain that surounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an important role in various species-type behaviors; including female sexual behavior. |
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Term
| Nucleus Paragigantocellularis |
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Definition
| A nucleus of the medula that receives input from the medial preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participates in sexual reflexes in males. |
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Term
| Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the third ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior. |
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Term
| Ejaculatory Neural Pathway |
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Definition
Medial Preoptic Area ==l PAG ==> nPGi ==I lumbar spinothalamic neurons (ejaculation center)
THE MPA by inhibiting the activator of the inhibitor of the ejaculation center excites the ejaculation center |
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Term
| Estradiol Priming Process |
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Definition
| Estradiol primes a female's sensitivity to progesterone by increasing the production of progesterone receptors which greatly increases its effectiveness. The estradiol activates genetic mechanisms in the nucleus that are responsible for the production of progesterone receptors. |
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Term
| Clitoral Engorgement Pathway |
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Definition
| Ventro Medial nucleus of the Hypothalamus --l PAG -->nPGi --l motor neurons in ventral horn |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship between monogamy and levels of Vasopressin and Oxytocin. Oxytocin is important in females and vasopressin important in males. When vasopressin was injected into polygamous voles they became more monogamous. Levels of oxytocin are high after intercourse leading to calm relationship building feelings. Oxytocin increases trust. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Maternal Behavior in Rats |
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Definition
| After birth they care for pups. Can be tricked by artificially distending birth canal. Virgin rats will care for pups after a couple days of spending time with them. This is called sensitization and once a rat is sensitized she will care for pups for the rest of her life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland, necessary for production of milk; also facilitates maternal behavior. |
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Term
| Oxytocin Antagonists and Maternal Behavior |
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Definition
| Mothers ignored their pups after they were taken for 40 minutes with oxytocin antagonist while control rats went back to caring for them. |
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Term
| (NUMAN) MPA Effects on Maternal Behavior |
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Definition
| LEsions in the MPA disrupted both nest building and pup care. Mothers ignored their offspring. However, their sexual behavior was unaffected. Increased activity in this region when mothers gave birth and when virgins became sensitized. |
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Term
| (NUMAN) Neural Pathways Responsible for Sensitization to Pups |
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Definition
Inhibition of circuits responsible for the aversion to the odor of pups and activation of the circuits responsible for caring for pups. Inhibition of PAG goes as follows. Medial Amy --l Anterior Hypothalamus --> PAG --> (avoidance)
Neural circuit for caring. MPA sends neurons to VTA and retrorubral field. VTA sends to NA which is dopaminergic which is involved in reinforcement/addiction. Mothers become addicted to their pups. |
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Term
| (NUMAN) NA and Maternal Behavior |
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Definition
| Since dopaminergic pathways are activated in maternal behavior, lesions/dopamine antagonists to NA during motherhood disrupt maternal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to androgenization early in life decreases the amount of exposure that is needed later in life to cause agressive behavior. MPA is crucial in aggressive behavior and testosterone injection into MPA causes increased aggression. If males can't distinguish male/female (due to cutting of vomeronasal nerve or other disguising) they won't attack an intruding male. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by androgenization. Ovariectomized and testosterone given mice will be more aggressive. Females that are next to males in the womb will be more aggressive due to increased androgen exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlationally more T equals more aggression. But it could be dominance as T rises with all forms of small victories. |
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Term
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Definition
| More dominant monkeys become more aggressive when on alcohol whereas subordinate monkeys see little change in agression. this is especially true during the mating season. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general, imprecise term that can refer either to a stress response or a to a situation that elicits a stress response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physiological reaction caused by the perception of aversive or threatening situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A species-typical response preparatory to fighting or fleeing; thought to be responsible for some of the deleterious effects of stressful situations on health. |
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Term
| Bodies Reaction to a Stress |
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Definition
| Autonomic and endocrine response that accompany are catabolic (mobilize body's energy resources) The sympathetic branch of the ANS is active and the adrenal glands secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and steroid stress hormones. Causes glucose release as well as higher blood flow and blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a group of hormones of the adrenal cortex that are important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism, secreted especially in the time of stress. |
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Term
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| A hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to CRH; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids. |
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Term
| Longterm Exposure to Stress |
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Definition
| Longterm exposure to glucocorticoids destroys neurons located in field CA1 of the hippocampal formation. The hormone appears to destroy the neurons by decreasing the entry of glucose and decreasing the reuptake of glutamate. |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids Effect on Brain |
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Definition
| The stress hormone glucocorticoid degradates hippocampal neurons. THis leads scientists to believe that stress in life relates to worse memory formation. |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids on Baby Rats |
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Definition
| If exposed prenatally to glucocorticoids mice will growup differently and more malformed and less good at dealing with stress. If the mother is adrenalectomized and can't secrete glucocorticoids to her babies then they won't experience the effects. |
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Term
| Chronic Pain and its effects on the brain |
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Definition
| Causes lost of brains gray matter that result in lower scores on a task associated with the frontal section. |
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Term
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Definition
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. A psychological disorder caused by exposure to a situation of extreme danger and stress; symptoms include recurrent dreams or recollections; can interfere with social activities and cause feelings of hopelessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| These genes include those responsible for the production of Dopamine Receptors, Transporters and Seratonin Transporters. People with the short allele for the 5-HT transporter are 450% more likely to get PTSD after a stressful event. |
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Term
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Definition
| PTSD caused the volume of the hippocampus to shrink by over 20% and it was also proportional to the amount of time in combat a veteran had experienced. But further investigation with twin studies showed that a small hippocampus person was more likely to develop PTSD. |
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Term
| Hypotheses on hippocampal involvement in PTSD |
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Definition
| Hippocampus plays a role in contextual learning and recognition/understanding of the situation. A person with a weak hippocampus might not realize that they are no longer in danger whereas a person with a functional one would detect the different context and inhibit the amygdala. |
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Term
| PTSD Amygdala Prefrontal Cortex Interplay |
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Definition
| People with PTSD were worse at inhibiting frightening situations with their prefrontal cortex compared to those without it. Prefrontal cortex key area to logical thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of neuroscience involved with interactions between environmental stimuli, the nervous system, and the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein present on a microorganism that permits the immune system to recognize the microorganism as an invader. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein produced by a cell of the immune system that recognizes antigens present on invading microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A white blood cell that originates in the bone marrow; part of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antibody released by the B-lymphocytes that bind with antigens and helpt to destroy invading microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| A white blood cell that originates in the thymus gland; part of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An immunoglobin thats production is decreased when glucocorticoids are released. This immunoglobin protects especially against upper respiratory infection which goes up after stressful events. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before. The primary function of this type of learning is the ability to identify and categorize objects and situations. |
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Term
| Stimulus Response Learning |
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Definition
| Learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular responseis followed several times by an unconditioned stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response (the unconditioned response), the first stimulus (now called a conditioned stimulus) itself evokes the response (now called a conditioned response) |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires. "Neurons that fire together wire together" |
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Term
| Instrumental Conditioning |
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Definition
| A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior, also called operant conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| an appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent. |
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Term
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Definition
| an aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior becomes less frequent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning to make a new response to a stimulus. This learning takes place in the motor association cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 4th type which involves relating different individual stimuli together to make a cohesive new thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synaptic strengthening occurs when the molecules of the NT bind with postsynaptic receptors on the dendritic spine that is already depolarized. These synapses and depolarizations had to occur simulataneously or LTP would not occur. |
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Term
| 2 events necessary for LTP |
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Definition
Activation of Synapses
Depolarization of postsynaptic neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| The NMDA receptor controls a calcium ion channel. It is both voltage gated and ligand gated. It allows calcium into the cell. The activation of NMDA by glutamate is necessary for the first step in the process if LTP: entry of calcium into dendritic spines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium ions are used by many cells as a second messenger that activates various enzymes and triggers biochemical processes. Essential to LTP |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by MG2+ ions; involved in long-term potentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-Animo-5-phosphonopentanoate, a drug that blocks NMDA receptors and has been proven to in turn block LTP. |
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Term
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Definition
| An action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells. Essential to LTP important that it fires as the presynaptic neuron synapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas on dendritic spines that are dense in calcium that occur near an activated synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetrodotoxin. An antagonist of voltage gated sodium channels on the dendrites that kills long-term potentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when open, it produces EPSPs. The strengthening of synapses is greatly affected by the presence |
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Term
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Definition
| Type II calcium calmodulin kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of long term potentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium causes AMPA receptors to cluster at the tips of the dendritic spines. It activates CaM KII which is a calcium dependent enzyme that facilitates AMPA creation. |
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Term
| LTP and Structural Changes |
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Definition
| LTP changes the shape of dendritic spines as well as creates new spines that form connections with nearby terminals from other axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A retrograde messenger involved in LTP that is released by the postsynaptic neuron that activates second messenger systems in the presynaptic neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LTP that involves immediate changes in synaptic strength caused by insertion of AMPA receptors. Lasts for an hour or two. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves local protein synthesis. Dendrites contain messenger RNAs that can be translated into proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most durable type of LTP. Involves the production of mRNA in the nucleus that is then transported to the dendrites, where protein synthesis takes place. This type requires dopamine because dopamine is involved in reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long Term Depression. A long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulses below 10 HZ cause LTD and above 10 HZ cause LTP. |
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Term
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Definition
| AMPA receptors decrease with LTD this is the opposite of LTP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothesis is that different levels of Ca++ cause different mechanisms within the neuron thus LTD is caused by a little influx of Ca whereas LTP is caused by a large amount. |
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Term
| Neural Circuits Involved in Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| Tone and aversive stimuli synapse on lateral nucleus of amygdala which projects to the basal nucleus and central nucleus which then projects to a conditioned emotional response: hypothalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla |
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Term
| Instrumental Conditioning and Basal Ganglia |
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Definition
| BG is important to instrumental conditioning due to Dopamine. The reinforcing nature of the instrumental conditioning activates the dopamine rich BG. |
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Term
| Instrumental Conditioning Neural Circuit |
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Definition
| Primary cortices ->-> Caudate Nucleus -> Putamen (which receives from both primary cortices) --> Globus Pallidus--> subthalamic nucleus (goes in between internal and external GP) (Internal GP)--> VA/VL Thalamus --> Primary Cortices |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain, such as a head injury or certain degenerative brain disease. Usually pertains to relational learning as basic abilities such as perceptual learning, stimulus response learning and motor learning are still in tact. |
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Term
| Temporal Lobes and Memory |
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Definition
| Damage to temporal lobe screws up memory. Damage to the medial temporal lobe especially impairs memory. This is the case in HM |
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Term
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Definition
| Famous anterograde amnesia patient. Had damage to medial temporal lobe and had bilateral lobectomy (which means they cut out both sides of the medial temporal lobe) leaving him with the inability to form new memories. |
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Term
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Definition
1. The hippocampus is not the location of longterm memories nor is it necessary for long term memory retrieval.
2. The hippocampus is not the location of immediate memory.
3. The hippocampus is involved in converting immediate memories into long term memories.
These were drawn from the fact that damage to his hippocampus only damaged his new memory formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain, such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition. |
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Term
| Evidence for Perceptual Learning in Anterograde Amnesia Patients |
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Definition
| Incomplete drawing task (elephant and umbrella) improved scores as task went on. Showed pictures and told stories of good and bad men and then later said they preferred good man story. |
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Term
| Evidence for Stimulus Response Learning in Anterograde Amnesia |
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Definition
| Classically conditioned eyeblink tests were retained two years later by HM and he associated in 1/10 the amount of trials. |
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Term
| Evidence for Instrumental Conditioning in Anterograde Amnesia |
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Definition
| HM learned a visual discrimination task where pennies were the prize. |
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Term
| Evidence for Motor Learning in Anterograde Amnesia |
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Definition
| HM improved on tasks such as weaving, tracing figures, operating a joystick and pouring water into small jars just as well as a normal person. His improvement showed motor learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that can be verbally expressed such as memory for events in a person's past. People with amnesia cannot do this type of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response and motor learning. Can be done by amnesic patients. |
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Term
| Most Important Inputs to the Hippocampal Formation |
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Definition
| The entorhinal cortex which have axons that terminate in the CA3 and CA1 fields. |
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Term
| Inputs to the Entorhinal Cortex |
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Definition
| Amygdala, various regions of the limbic cortex and all association regions of the neocortex, either directly or via the limbic cortex (perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex (the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe)) |
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Term
| Outputs of the Hippocampus |
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Definition
| From CA1 field and subiculum back to entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex and parahimpocampal cortex and other association cortices. |
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Term
| Hippocampal Formation Parts |
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Definition
| dentate gyrus, hippocampus, CA fields and subiculum. |
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Term
| Reasons Anoxia and other intense disturbances destroy CA1 field of hippocampus |
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Definition
| This area has an extremely large amount of NMDA receptors. When there are metabolic disturbances in neurons they release a lot of glutamate, this large amount of glutamate floods the cell with calcium which eventually destroys the neuron. |
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Term
| Hippocampus Role in Declarative Memory Consolidation |
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Definition
| Receives many inputs from sensory and motor association cortices and subcortical regions and processes that information and links it together in ways that allow us to remember the relationships among the different elements. |
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Term
| Difference in Sides of Hippocampus |
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Definition
| Left side involved in verbal information. Right side involved in visual spatial information. Left side activated during fmri scan when memorizing list of words right side activated in fmri scan when recognizing pictures. Direct correlation with activity and retention. |
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Term
| Damage to Different Parts and it's chronological effect |
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Definition
Only Hippocampus (including DG and subiculum)- few years of retrograde amnesia
Damage to entorhinal cortex- 1-2 decades
Damage to hippocampus and much of medial lobe- only spares a few memories from early life |
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Term
| Hippocampal Formation and Memory Retrieval as Time goes on |
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Definition
| As time goes on hippocampus becomes less important to memory retrieval. Hence why amnesic people can remember some memories. As time goes on memory recall moves more towards prefrontal cortex and less use of hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified to a particular context. Harder than semantic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory of facts and general information. No context necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of semantic Memories caused by a progressive degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heavily based in hippocampus. London taxi drivers have larger hippocampus and larger as a function of time than controls. (posterior hippocampus tested) apparently due to PLACE CELLS neurons that are directly involved in navigation of space. |
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Term
| Spatial Memory and Strategy |
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Definition
| When exploring a virtual town people who were told to explore to navigate showed activation of hippocampus whereas those who were told to follow directions showed basal ganglia (stimulus response) |
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Term
| Spatial Memory in Rats Swimming |
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Definition
| Rats who had lesioned hippocampus could perform equally well when released to find platform from same spot every time but failed miserably when you released them from different spots in the water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation. (More so patterns than individual neurons) |
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Term
| Hippocampus Deactivation in Mice |
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Definition
| If done 1 day after task mouse forgets task and cannot perform it. If done 30 days after the mouse will recall from other parts of brain. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy and Memory |
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Definition
| Knocks out memory for a bit. Retrograde amnesia caused. If you do it immediately after memory gone, but a day later the memory has already been consolidated so seizure does not destroy consolidated memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of consolidation of a memory that occurs subsequent to the original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimulus; thought to provide the means for modifying existing memories. Requires LTP and is disrupted if drugs that reduce LTP and thus brain plasticity are administered. |
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Term
| Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus |
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Definition
| As mice learned spacial tasks there was neurogenesis. Easier to establish LTP in these new neurons. Enhanced neurogenesis benefits long term for humans not short term because it takes time for them to create connections and mature. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cell Mechanisms: intracellular receptors, transcription factors Examples: estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortico steroids |
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Term
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Definition
Cell Mechanisms:Membrane receptors, 2nd messenger systems
Examples: Oxytocin, Prolactin |
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Term
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Definition
Cell Mechanisms:Membrane receptors, 2nd messenger systems, Kinases
Examples: Adrenalin, Epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Pituitary Glands, Gonads, Adrenal Glands, Neurosecretory cells (synapse on blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
| FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (Luteineizing Hormone) |
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Term
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Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone- Secreted and made in AP
Female: Development of follicle (ovum), estradiol secretion
Male: Development of spermatogenesis, secretion of androgen/testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
Luteinizing Hormone- Secreted/Made in AP
Female: Ovulation, corpus lutea formation, progesterone secretion (gets ready for pregnancy)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone- Secreted and made in AP
Female: Development of follicle (ovum), estradiol secretion
Male: Development of spermatogenesis, secretion of androgen/testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin hormone), Oxytocin, Vasopressin |
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Term
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Definition
| Made/Secreted in AP. Promotes milk synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropin hormone. Made/secreted AP stimulates Adrenal Cortex (on kidney) to synthesize and release cortisol + corticosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted from axon terminal. Made in hypothalamus. Uterine contractions, milk ejection |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from Axon terminal in posterior pituitary gland. Made in hypothalamus. Vaso constriction. H20 reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regular Neuron-->Neurosecretory neuron -(neurohormone)-> blood vessel --> activational effects in body |
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Term
| Milk Ejection Reflex Pathway |
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Definition
| Sucks--> Sensory Neurons --> Paraventricular Nucleus of hypothalamus --> Superoptic nucleus of hypothalamus --> posterior pituitary --> oxytocin -->blood vessel-->oxytocin receptor in boob--> mammalian duct contraction |
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Term
| Sexual Behavior Components |
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Definition
Appetitive vs Consummatory
Appetitive-Goal-directed, seek opposite sex, desire/want, libido
Consummatory- performance stage, copulatory sex acts, ability to perform/potency |
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Term
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Definition
Lordosis (sexual response allowing intromission) Quotient
#lordosis responses / #mounts |
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Term
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Definition
| Testicular determining structure. A protein messenger RNA'd by the SRY that forms the balls. |
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Term
| Alfred Jost's Creepy Experiments |
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Definition
1. Removed primordial gonad ==> female (no ovaries)
2. Put testes in female (XX develops as male)
3. XX fetus mother injected with testosterone (pseudo hermaphrodite male/female parts (no testes)) |
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Term
| How Ca++ affects AMPA Receptors in LTP |
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Definition
| Ca++ activates CAM Kinase (Calcium modulated kinase) --> phosphorolates AMPA receptors increasing their affinity for glutamate. |
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Term
| Classical Antischizophrenia |
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Definition
| Positive systems go down but PArkinsonian symptoms go up. (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Clozapine. Very effective at blocking D3 and D4 which knocks out positive symptoms but does not have PK side effects. |
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Term
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Definition
Nigrostriatal System- Substantia Nigra--> Caudate/Putamen
Mesolimbic System- VTA-->PFC
Mesolimbic System- VTA --> NA, Amy, Hippo
Mesocortical System |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause for schizo. Loss of matter in the PFC causes negative effects such as flat affect and loss of cognitive abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schizophrenia is essentially dopamine in the wrong place. Starts in PFC. Lack of PFC function causes it to not be able to inhibit the mesolimbic DA system which is where DA gets real overactive and causes all the craziness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affect receptors on mesolimbic pathway that inhibit DA on NA but not on nigrostriatal thus not causing parkinsons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows behavioral inflexibility. People perform worse when schizophrenic and when injection of DA receptor antagonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schizophrenic people have a lot more D3 receptors in Nucleus Accumbens than normal people. Hence why D3 antagonists are good because they don't affect nigrostriatal. |
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Term
| Proof for Weinberger Model |
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Definition
1. CT Scans and MRI
2. Normal people with PFC lesions show behavioral inflexibility. (wisconsin card task)
3. Schiz do bad on wisco card task
4. rhesus monkeys with PFC damage perseverate on finding a banana on a turning box with a hole in it |
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Term
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Definition
| PCP is an NMDA antagonist which inhibits the PFC which causes perseveraton. When humans take PCP they have hallucinations illogical thoughts and social withdrawal which are all symptoms of schizophrenia. |
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Term
| Environmental Factors to Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Mother gets flu you are more likely to get schizophrenia if your mom gets flu. Hence people born in late winter and early spring are more likely to get schizophrenia. (2nd trimester most likely) Genetic component... monozygotic twins more likely and monochorionic twins even more likely |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pituitary Gland
2. Gonads
3. Adrenal Gland
4. Neurosecretory Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus starts the whole process. It either releases oxytocin or vasopressin to the posterior pituitary or it sends message to anterior posterior to create all other hormones and that creates and releases from the AP into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of hypothalamus. Has magno and parvo cells. Does vasopressin and oxytocin. Magno goes down to the blood vessel and parvo goes up to brain. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Hypothalamus. Creates oxytocin and vasopressin. Only has magno cells that go down to Posterior Pituitary or Neural Pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Barro Receptors in Heart--> sensory neuron --> PVN/SON --> Vasopressin --> blood -->kidney raises pressure |
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Term
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Definition
1. CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone)
2. GNRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Target
1. Adrenal cortex (cortisol and corticosterone release)
2. Gonads (gametogenesis) --> steroid hormone synthesis + release of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
1. ACTH (Adreno corticotropin hormone)
2. LH + FSH
1. CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone)
2. GNRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Target
1. Adrenal cortex (cortisol and corticosterone release)
2. Gonads (gametogenesis) --> steroid hormone synthesis + release of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxytocin released from Hypothalamus gets into blood and affects oxytocin receptors in mammary gland. Causing contraction. Normally dopamine is inhibiting prolactin release but suckling leads to inhibiting of dopamine which disinhibits prolactin release allowing milk production. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bruce Effect Neural Pathway |
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Definition
Vomeronasal --> amygdala -->hypothalamus --> dopamine --l prolactin
This activation of dopamine due to the stronger male inhibits prolactin which inhibits progesterone which aborts the pregnancy |
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Term
| Various Rats Ovariectomized |
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Definition
Virgin Rat Ovariectomized pups -->no maternal behavior
virgin rat ov+ OT =NMB
Virgin Rat OV + E___ + OT = MATERNAL BEHAVIOR
Virgin Rat OV + Progesterone + Progesterone Withdrawal + Estrogen = Maternal Behavior |
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Term
| Ovariectomized Female with no Sexual behavior +exposure to estradiol and progesterone |
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Definition
OV female + E --> LQ 50
OV Female +E ____ Prog --> LQ 100
OV Female +Prog --> 0 |
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Term
| Kim Wallen Female Rhesus Monkey Sexual Time |
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Definition
1. Female + male in small cage --> female allows to mount throughout menstrual period.
2. Several females and 1 male in outdoor cage--> female solicits during ovulation only
3. Several ovariectomized females treated estrogen solicits males everyday |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
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Definition
| Don't have androgen receptors. Really girly. No internal parts. Shallow vagina. Has testes somewhere. |
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Term
| CAH Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| A lot of testosterone because the enzyme that turns progesterone into cortisol mutates so progesterone only turns into androgens and youre cortisol deprived and extra testorone. |
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Term
| Numans Homosexuality Theory |
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Definition
| Genetic. An Androgen Receptor gene. It has 3 factors. These factors are ABC. By some mutation C is knocked out so you only produce A and B. Thus less androgen receptors are created and you will always have less androgen receptors so you will be less masculinized and thus homosexual. |
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Term
CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
1. HFS at S1 then single pulse at S1 |
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Definition
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Term
CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
LFS at S1 then single pulse at S1 |
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Definition
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Term
CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
3. HFS at S1 + hyperpolarization of CA1 @ S2 + single pulse at S1 |
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Definition
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Term
CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
4. LFS at S1 (controlled stimulus) + strong depolarization at S2 + single pulse at S1 |
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Definition
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Term
CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
HFS at S1 +injection of chelator (NMDA antagonist (AP5)) into CA1 cell body + single pulse |
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Definition
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Term
6. CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
HFS at S1 __1 hour__ single pulse + saline onto CA1 Cell body at S2 |
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Definition
| LTP -->Proves NMDA receptor activation necessary for LTP but once Ca++ is in it does not need to be activated repetitively |
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Term
7. CA3-(S1)->CA1 (S2)
HFS at S1 __1 hour__ single pulse + AP5 onto CA1 Cell body at S2 |
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Definition
| LTP -->Proves NMDA receptor activation necessary for LTP but once Ca++ is in it does not need to be activated repetitively |
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Term
Duration of LTP if:
one train of HFS + single pulse |
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Definition
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Term
Duration of LTP if:
4 trains of HFS + single pulses |
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Definition
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Term
Duration of LTP if:
4 trains of HFS + injection of protein synthesis inhibitor into CA1 + single pulse |
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Definition
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Term
| Female Sexual Response Pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| Weinberger's Model of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual Response in Response to Hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual Behavior in Mammals |
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Definition
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Term
| Pituitary Hormone Release |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptide Hormone Action on Neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxytocin and Vasopressing Production in Hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Male Sexual Response Pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| Ipsilateral VS Contralateral LTP |
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Definition
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