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Neuroscience Exam 1
Chapters 1-7
61
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/30/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
soma
Definition
cell body
Term
neurites
Definition
thin tubes extending from soma. two types: dendrites & axons
Term
dendrite
Definition

neurite receiving synaptic inputs from another cell

 

Term
axon
Definition
neurite conducting nerve impulses away from cell, sends messages
Term
synapse
Definition
region of contact where a neuron transfers info to another cell
Term
action potential
Definition
nerve impulse or spike
Term
Descartes Theory
Definition
Brain vs. Mind. Brain is a machine, Mind acts on the brain to get it to do certain things
Term
Phrenology
Definition
can determine one's personality based on places of "bumps" on the head
Term
Franz Joseph Gall
Definition
father of phrenology - not totally crazy. also first person to make connection btw physical properties and mental functioning
Term
Broca
Definition
identified "Broca's Area" which is in the temporal lobe. linked to speech production
Term
Nissl Stain
Definition
stains nerve cell bodies, allows visualization of their arrangement and connection
Term
Brodmann
Definition

MADE FIRST MAP OF BRAIN REGIONS;

 

used Nissl stain to id different parts of Cortex, based on differences in cytoarchitecture

Term
Cell Theory
Definition

all tissues of the body are composed of cells

 

- Theodor Schwann

Term
Neuron Theory
Definition

nerve cell is the Anatomical, Psyciological, Metabolic, and Genetic unit of Nervous System

 

-Wilhelm Waldeyer

Term
Reticular Theory
Definition

nervous tissue forms a continuous network, nerve cells are not bounded 

 

- Camillo Golgi

Term
Neuron Doctrine
Definition

neurons are discrete entities, each neuron is an indipendent cell - neurons have different shapes and sizes indicating their function specialization

 

used Golgi stain too

 

-Santiago Cajal

Term
Law of Dynamic Polarization
Definition
neurons are directed structures with dendrite, soma, axon; Info passes in this order; Neurons communicate through "points of contact": synapses
Term
2 Main Types of Brain Cells
Definition

Neuron - information processing

Glia - insulating, supporting, and nourishing neurons (10x more than neurons)

Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
binds the cell
Term

Steps of Gene Expression

 

Definition

DNA -> mRNA (transcription)

mRNA -> proteins (translation)

Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
major site of TRANSLATION
Term
translation
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
free ribosome connects to mRNA, ribosome translates mRNA, new protein is created and curls up
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
processes protein molecules
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
"post-translational" chemical modification of proteins, protein sorting and delivery to destinations throughout the cell
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
cell "battery"; makes ATP and CO2 from pyruvic acid
Term
Neuronal Membrane
Definition

encloses cytoplasm inside cell, encloses ALL PARTS of the cell - SOMA AND ALL NEURITES

 

made of lipids (fat) and proteins

 

gives electrical properties

Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
gives structural support, helps with transportation of cell organelles
Term
3 types of Cytoskeleton Beams
Definition
Microtubules, Neurofilaments, Microfilaments
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
small, membrane-bound "bubbles" filled with neurotransmitter
Term
2 main things found in Axon Terminals
Definition

1. Synaptic Vesicles

2. Mitochondria (because of high energy needs)

Term
Synaptic Transmission sequence
Definition
electrical to chemical to electrical
Term
dendritic tree
Definition
dendrites of a single neuron
Term
Postsynaptic Membrane
Definition
on dendrite, contains receptors for neurotransmitters
Term
Dendritic Spines
Definition
on some dendrites, have synapses, constanly moving/changing shape
Term
Neurons Classification based on # of Neurites
Definition

Unipolar - one neurite

Bipolar - two neurites

Multipolar - 3+ neurites

Term
Ways of classifying Neurons
Definition
# of neurites, morphology, function (unique to brain region), neurotransmitter used
Term
Types of Glia
Definition
Astrocytes and Myelinating Glia
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
fill space btw neurons and regulate the chemical content of extracellular space
Term
Myelinating Glia
Definition

give electrical insulation to axons by forming myelin sheaths

 

Oligodendroglia - CNS

Schwann cells - PNS

Term
Resting Potential
Definition

when there is a difference in electrical charge across the excitable membrane; it's at rest

 

INSIDE MORE NEGATIVE THAN OUTSIDE

Term
Ion
Definition
electrically charged atoms or molecules
Term
Cations
Definition

Positive Charge

 

(Ex: Na+, K+)

Term
Anion
Definition

Negative charge

 

Ex: Cl-

Term
Cytosol is made of
Definition
Water & Ions
Term
Phospholipids
Definition

have a polar - HYDROPHILIC - head and a nonpolar - HYDROPHOBIC - tail

 

makes up the membrane

Term
Peptide Bonds
Definition
link together amino acids
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
a chain of amino acids, connected by peptide bonds
Term
Primary protein struture
Definition
single strand of amino acids (polypeptide)
Term
secondary protein structure
Definition
single strand wraps into curly cue
Term
Tertiary protein structure
Definition
curly cue "cylinders" go side by side in connected sequence
Term
Quaternary protein structure
Definition

subunits (tertiary protein structures) make up one whole protein for functions

 

- any wrong sequencing can cause malfunctioning of protein

Term
ion channels
Definition
made of membrane-spanning protein molecules
Term
Channel's Ion Selectivity
Definition

determined by: diameter of channel pore & its inner surface properties

 

usually selectively permeable to only one kinds of ion

Term
ion pumps
Definition
actively transport ions across the membrane, uses ATP
Term
2 Forces making Ions pass through channels
Definition
Diffusion & Electricity
Term
diffusion
Definition
net movement of ions from high concentration regions to low concentration
Term
membrane potential
Definition
voltage difference across a neuronal membrane
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