Term
|
Definition
| VEGF aptamer (nucleic acid against VEGF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fab (antibody fragment) from humanized mAb against VEGF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VEGF-A function-blocking antibody |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy |
|
Definition
| laser photocoagulation (focal for edema, scatter for proliferative DR), vitrectomy of nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage and peeling of epiretinal membranes, manage glucose/BP/cholesterol, intravitreal steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamins, diet, stop smoking/UV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photodynamic therapy, steroids, Anti-VEGF therapy (Avasting, Lucentis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enucleate eye, laser photocoagulation, systemic chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Choroidal Melanoma |
|
Definition
| observe, radiation, enucleate if necessary, local resection |
|
|
Term
| Axonal-involved mononeuropathy multplex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Demyelination in mononeuropathy multiplex |
|
Definition
| possible lumbar puncture and nerve biopsy |
|
|
Term
| Phenytoin/Ethotoin/Fosphenytoin |
|
Definition
| slows rate of recovery of Na+ channels, broad-spectrum but not for absence seizures, nonlinear metabolism (saturates at high concentrations), enzyme-inducing, BEWARE FETAL HYDANTOIN SYNDROME |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binding on GABA-A receptors opens them, broad-spectrum but not for absence seizures, enzyme-inducing, suspected teratogen, sedative side-effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits T-type Ca2+ channels, for absence seizures, non enzyme-inducing, suspected teratogen, GI side-effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits Na+channels, broad-spectrum, enzyme-inducing, teratogenic, side-effects of diplopia/ataxia/aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Clonazepam/Diazepam/Lorazepam/Clorazepate |
|
Definition
| allosteric GABA-A modulators, for absence/myoclonic seizures and status epilepticus, rectal diazepam for febrile seizures, suspected teratogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits GABA metabolsim, broad-spectrum, non enzyme-inducing, side-effects of nausea/vomiting, NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds a2d1 and a2d2 subunits of Ca2+ channels, for partial and clonic-tonic seizures, non enzyme-inducing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels, for partial/clonic-tonic seizures, side-effects of diziness/ataxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds SV2 protein to modulate neurotransmitter release, for refractory partial/myoclonic/absence seizures, non enzyme-inducing, side-effects of somnolence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits Na+ channels and activates K+ channels, limits AMPA-kainate receptor activation, for partial/tonic-clonic seizures, side-effects of cognitive impairment and somnolence |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for status epilepticus |
|
Definition
| IV lorazepam/diazepam then phenytoin/phenobarbitol (eosphyntoin is safer), propofol for severe cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct agonist (a1=a2, B1>>B2), IV for hypotension and shock not caused by hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct agonist (B>a), IV for asthma/anaphylaxis/cardiac arrest, prolongs local anesthesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct agonist (D1=D2>B1>>a), IV for shock/low renal perfusion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a1-selective direct agonist, no 4-OH group (decreased B selectivity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a1-selective direct agonists, long-lasting |
|
|
Term
| a1-selective direct agonists |
|
Definition
| vasoconstrction/increased TPR/increased BP/reflex bradycardia, for nasal decongestion/hypotension/mydriasis/PSVT |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for febrile seizures |
|
Definition
| rectal diazepam, valproic acid, phenobarbitol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| select most appropriate drug for seizure type, begin with monotherapy, push dose to mid toxicity, consider rational polypharmacy if unresponsive to monotherapy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a2 agonists, oral intake enters CNS, decrease CNS catecholamines, for HTN/opiate withdrawal/CNS depressant withdrawal, cause hypotension/sedation/decreased sympathetic outflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-selective B-agonist (B1+B2), IV/inhaled, for asthma/cardiac arrest/adams-stokes syndrome(asystole in AV-block), restores ventricular contractions, causes increased HR/increased contractility/decreased bronchi & GI smooth muscle contraction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| B1-selective agonist, increases contractility directly at SA node, less action than isoproterenol, for short-term increases in cardiac output due to cardiogenic shock |
|
|
Term
| Albuterol/metoproternol/terbutaline |
|
Definition
| B2-selective agonists, IV/IM/inhalation, not recommended to delay uterine contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases free NE/DA into cytoplasm, induces release of NE/DA into snapse, reverses monoamine reuptake transporter to pump NE/DA out, binds MAo to prolong NE/DA effects, direct agonist is L-form, indirect agonist is D-form (dextroamphetamine), for narcolepsy/ADHD/obesity, activate dopaminergic reward pathway, cause mood amplification/energy/motor excitement/aggression/increased libido/increased self-esteem/depence/anorexia/HTN/aggression/insomnia/psychosis, decreased DA re-uptake similar to parkinson's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amphetamine aspartate/sulfate and dextroamphetamine saccharate/sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oral, converted to dextroamphetamine in GI, less addictive due to slower onset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to D-amphetamine, for ADHD, increases synaptic NE/DA, causes HTN/insomnia/headache/anorexia/tics/anxiety/dysphoria |
|
|
Term
| Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine |
|
Definition
| stimulates NE/DA release, resistant to MAO and COMT, for asthma and nasal congestion, oral action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic, non-ionized gets into cell and ionized blocks Na+ channels, inhibits DA/NE reuptake into presynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for ADHD in adults and children, high affinity for NE reuptake transporter, minimal DA elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for obesity, blocks serotonin uptake (satiety) and NE uptake (increased metabolsim), BEWARE SEROTONIN SYNDROME |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for narcolepsy/sleep apnea/shift work sleeping disorder, decreases GABA release/increases glutamate release, RISK OF EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideation, passive/active, intentions, plans, access to means, risk factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assessment/education, treat depression, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, DO NOT DO SUICIDE CONTRACTS, hospitalize if necessary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determine cause of violence for treatment, PROTECT YOURSELF FIRST! |
|
|
Term
| Acute treatment for violence |
|
Definition
| observe environment, decrease stimulation, premonitory signs, modulate your voice, change to neutral subjects, restrain and seclude if necessary |
|
|
Term
| Chronic treatment for violence |
|
Definition
| antipsychotics, mood stabilizers (lithium, anticonvulsants), SSRIs/Trazadone, benzoes (BEWARE PARADOXICAL DISINHIBITION), B-blockers, naltrexone, buspirone |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for schizotypal |
|
Definition
| understand symbolic content of beliefs, be flexible/patient/consistent, social skills training, antipsychotics for micro-manic episodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respect/integrity/tact/patience, do not challenge negative views, do not take notes, openness, accept tirades, connect with patient's feelings, observe your countertransferrence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not rush patient, respect physical/emotional distance, structure and social skills training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consistent/focus on here and now and strong affects AS THEY HAPPEN, help them see connections between actions/feelings, antidepressants or antipsychotics, monitor your countertransferrence and avoid projective identification, explore healthy outlets, watch for substance abuse, avoid potentially lethal meds |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for narcissistic |
|
Definition
| find out agenda, acknowledge errors, be cautious about critical remarks, monitor countertransferrence, watch for hypochondrial preoccupation and depression, encourage the patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beware eroticized transference/acting out, closely monitor your reactions, resist self-disclosure, help build self-esteem, be aware of help-rejecting complaining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not moralize, help them understand here and now, be stable/persistent, beware hidden agenda, have firm purpose/respect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| be tactful/gentle, encourage decision-making, be attuned to your negative reactions, patient may be eager to please you, you may become transitional object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| be empathic/supportive, encourage active role in treatment, possible substance abuse |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for obsessive-compulsive |
|
Definition
| anticipate intellectualized material, expect perfect patient/attempts to control physician-patient relationship, address destructive compulsive behavior, encourage recreation, may resist medication |
|
|
Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) |
|
Definition
| inhibit NE/serotonin reuptake, 2-3 weeks, oral-lipid soluble, P450 metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA, better at NE, for panic disorder/ADHD/enuresis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA, sedative, for chronic pain/insomnia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA, moderate NE/weak serotonin, anticholinergic/antihistamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA, metabolite of amitriptyline |
|
|
Term
| Heterocyclic antidepressants (HCA) |
|
Definition
| block reuptake and have additional actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCA, blocks NE reuptake, DA agonist, causes dyskinesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCA, selectively blocks NE reuptake, less anticholinergic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCA, blocks 5HT reuptake, 5HT receptor agonist, for insomnia/impotence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCA, weak 5HT reuptake blocker, for smoking cessation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first-line antidepressants due to low incidence of side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SSRI, enhances 5HT action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SSRI, for panic attacks/social anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks a2 receptors, postsynaptic 5HT2/3 antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SNRI, 5HT/NE reuptake inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SNRI, enhances NE/5HT/DA transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SNRI, for refractory major depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irreverisbly inhibit MAO-A/B, 2-3 weeks, HTN crisis with cheese and tyramines |
|
|
Term
| Phenelzine/Tranylcypromine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for bipolar disorder, blocks IP2/IP1 metabolism, adjunct to valproic acid/carbamazepine/lamotrigine, causes hypothyroidism/convulsions/tremor/ataxia/nausea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonselective a-blocker, competitive/reversible, for pheochromocytoma/HTN/extravasation of CA/cocaine overdose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonselective a-blocker, irreversible/covalent, for pheochromocytoma/HTN, causes hypotension/responsatory tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| Prazosin/Terazosin/Doxazosin |
|
Definition
| a1-selective blockers, for HTN/BPH/CHF, less tachycardia and renin release than nonselective a-blockers, cause vasodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a1A-selective blockers, for BPH |
|
|
Term
| Propranolol/Nadolol/Pinodolol/Timolol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acebutolol/Atenolol/Esmolol/Metoprolol |
|
Definition
| B1-blockers, don't inhibit bronchodilation/glycogenolysis/vasodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, cause less bradycardia/serum lipid/bradyarrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| Acebutolol/Metoprolol/Pindolol/Propranolol |
|
Definition
| local anesthetic activity, for cardiac arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for glaucoma/HTN/tachyarrhythmias/angina/MI/CHF/migraine prophylaxis/performance anxiety/hyperthyroidism, cause cardiac depression/peripheral vascular edema/bronchospasm/fatigue/masked hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mixed a&B-blockers, for HTN/CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irreversible VMAT pump inhibitor, depletes NE/Epi/DA/5HT, causes sedation/decreased cardiac output/decrease peripheral resistance, supersensitive to direct agonists, nonresponsive to indirect agonists, for HTN/agitated psychosis, casues unopposed parasympathetic reponse (GI ulceration)/CNS impairment (decreased concentration/lethargy/nightmares/psychotic depression/parkinsons's) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impairs NE release, less NE depletion, for ventricular arrhythmias, increases AP duration and refractory period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irreversible tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, enters CNS, for pheochromocytoma, causes hypotension/headaches/nausea/sweating/tachycardia from excess CAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhance L-dopa availability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pilocarpine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| muscarinc agonist, ECs/NO/guanylate cyclase/cGMP/vasodilation/decreased TPR/decreased diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| muscarinic/nicotinic agonist, similar to pilocarpine but show short effect due to AChE |
|
|
Term
| Carbachol effects on heart |
|
Definition
| synthetic muscarinic/nicotinc agonist, similar to pilocarpine and longer than ACh |
|
|
Term
| Phenylephrine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| a1 agonist, vasoconstriction/increased TPR/increased diastolic pressure, long duration |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| a&B1-agonist, similar diastolic effects as phenylephrine, B1 receptors increase contractility/increased SV/increased pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| Isoproterenol effects on heart |
|
Definition
| B1&B2-agonist, B2 receptors vasodilation/decreased TPR/decreased diastolic pressure/decreased systolic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| a&B1&B2-agonist, a1 effects dominate, widened pulse from B1, B2 opposes B1 less diastolic rise |
|
|
Term
| Tyramine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| indirect NE agonist, same effects as NE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates adrenale NAChRs to release CAs, epinephrine dominance |
|
|
Term
| Atropine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| muscarinic antagonist, no effect on its own, removal of vagal dominance at SA node, no effect on BP/increased HR |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine + Atropine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| M3 not fully blocked, increased diastolic pressure/increased BP/increased HR |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine + Atropine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| atropine blocks muscarinic (vagal) portion, B1 response dominates increased HR from SA node/increased BP |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine + Phenoxybenzamine effects on heart |
|
Definition
| irreversible a-antagonist, no vasoconstriction/no increased TPR, B2 vasodilation decreased BP/compensatory and B1 SA-nodal increases in HR |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine + Phenoxybenzmine + Practolol |
|
Definition
| B1-blocker, no more B1 SA-node increases to HR, B2-only affect vasoconstriction/decreased BP |
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|
