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fertilized egg
46 chromosomes |
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| the outer cellular layer of the developing fetus, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system |
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| in the developing embryo, the groove between the neural folds |
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| embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future, forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain |
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| earliest stage in a developing animal (10 weeks in human) |
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| developing individual after the embryo stage |
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| mitotic division of non neuronal cells to produce neurons |
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| process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA |
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| also called ependymal layer. region lining the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life |
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the movement of cells from site of origin to final localtion
they dont move in an aimless haphazard manner |
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| glial cells that form early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres and guide migrating neurons. |
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| Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) |
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a protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding
may guide axons to regenerate when they are cut in adulthood |
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| destruction of nerve cell body injury to its axon |
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also called walleria degeneration.
loss of the distal portion of an axon resulting from injury to the axon |
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| the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene |
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| the developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, and the result of expressing particular genes. |
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"in glass" like in a lab
can develop a dendritic tree in vitro |
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| cell processes that are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of others. |
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a midline structure arising early in the embryonic development of vertebrates
releases a protein that diffuses the to the spinal chord and directs some cells to become motoneurons |
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| the process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cells. |
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| an adaptive response to early injury as when developing individuals compensate for missing or injured cells |
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| cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce |
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| the extensive growth of axons and dendrites |
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| establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow |
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growing tip of an axon or a dendrite
swollen ends from which extensions emerge |
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very fine, tubular outgrowths from the growth cone
spike like. |
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sheetlike extensions of a growth cone
both of these contract to pull the growth cone in a particular direction |
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| What guides axons along the paths they take? |
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| chemicals released by the target nerve cells or other tissues. |
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| compounds that attract particular classes of growth cones |
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| compounds that repel particular classes of growth cones |
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developmental process during which "surplus" cells die.
cells are dying for a reason |
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| a gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death |
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a family of proteins that regulate cell death
cut up proteins and nuclear DNA |
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| a protein released by mitochondria, in response to high calcium levels that activates apoptosis |
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| Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) |
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| a family of proteins that inhibit caspases and thereby stave off apoptosis |
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a family of proteins that regulates apoptosis
block apoptosis by preventing diablo release |
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| target derived chemical that acts as if it feeds certain neurons to help them survive |
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| Nerve growth factor (NGF) |
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| substance that affects the growth of neurons in the spinal ganglia and in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system |
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| Brain-derived nerotrophic factor (BDNF) |
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| A protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive. |
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| a chemical that prevents neurons from dying |
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loss of some synapses and the development of others; refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development
happens after cell death |
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| What detirmines which synapses are kept and which are lost |
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neural activity
active synapses take up some neurotrophic factor to ramin stable |
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| the notion that each cell has a chemical identity that directs it to synapseon the proper target cell during development |
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| the process of myelin formation |
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| "many scars"; a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin |
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| factors that originate within the developing cell |
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| originating outside of the developing cell |
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all the genetic information that one specific individual has inherited
detirmined at the moment of fertilization and remains same throughout life |
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the sum of an individual's physical characteristics at one particular time
changes constantly, as you grow up and old
can have identical genotypes but different phenotypes |
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a transient lack of oxygen
risk for intellecual disability |
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| study of impairments in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances |
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| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol
changes to facial feature and stunted growth |
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| change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication |
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intellectual disability that is associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21
more frequently when mothers are over 45 |
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| A condition that is a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability; produced by a fragile site on the x chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable |
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| repetition of the same 3 nucleotides within a gene, which can lead to dysfunction, as in the case of huntington's disease and fragile x syndrome |
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| site-directed mutagenesis |
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| technique in molecular biology that change the sequence of nucleotides in an existing gene |
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| individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter |
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| referring to an animal in which a new or altered gene has been deliberately introduced into the genome |
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| inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability. |
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| asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical |
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| study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genese themselves |
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| a chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed |
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reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments
some people have eye that is turned inward or outward |
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| depriving both eyes of form vision, as by sealing the eyelids |
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| period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment |
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depriving one eye of light
profound structural and functional changes in the thalamus and visual cortex |
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| ocular dominance histogram |
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| graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye |
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| a synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell |
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| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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syndrome of distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity that in children interferes with school performance
5% of children...more prominent in guys
reduced signaling in the dopamine pathways |
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| disorder arising during childhood, characterized by social withdrawal and perseverative behavior |
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| show a behavior repeatedly. |
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sometimes called high-functioning autism
difficulties in social cognitive processing; usually accompanied by strong language skills.
cant interpret other peoples emotional facial expression. |
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| form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged. |
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| drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation |
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| neurological disorder of the aged that is characterized by progressive behavioral deterioration, including personality change and porfound intellectual decline. |
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| small areas of the brain that have abnormal cellular and chemical patterns. correlate with senile dementia |
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| protein that accumulates in senile plaques during alzheimers |
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| abnormal whorl of neurofilaments within nerve cells |
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| protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in alzheimers disease |
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| Amyloid precursor protein (APP) |
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| a protein that when cleaved by several enzymes, produces beta-amyloid |
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| enzyme that cleaves APP, forming beta-amyloid, which leads to alzheimer's |
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| enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming beta-amyloid, which can lead to alzheimer |
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protein that may help break down amyloid
helping rid of alheimers hopefully |
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