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The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of a cell body, receptive extensions, and a transmitting extension
100-150 billion |
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| 1) the brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabollically, and functionally; and 2) information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps. |
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the gaps which information is transmitted
10^15 synapses |
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| Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain. |
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| Cellular organelle that provides energy for the cell's processes |
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| The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes |
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| Structures in the cell body where genetic info is translated to produce proteins |
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Input zone
integration zone
conduction zone
output zone |
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| cellular extensions called dendrites serve as the input zone, receieving information from other neurons. |
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| A cell body region, which contains the nucleus. Inputs are combined and transformed in the cell body |
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| the axon, leads way from the cell body, transmitting the electrical impulse away |
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Specialized swellings at the ends of the axon, the axon terminals. They communicate the cells activity to other cells at the synapse.
axons can vary GREATLY in size |
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| Neurons can be classified by |
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| have many dendrites and a single axon, and they are the MOST COMMON type of neurons |
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| have a single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon at the other end. This neuron is common in sensory systems (e.g. vision) |
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| Have a single extension, usually thoguht of as an axon, that branches in two directions ater leaving the body. One end is the input zone that branches with dendrites, the other the output zone (e.g. touch) |
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| when the axon terminals contact muscles or glands, providing a pathway for the brain and spinal cord to control body movements and organ function |
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| neurons directly affected by environmental stimuli; they respond to light, odor, or touch. |
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| constitute the vast majority. receive input from and send their output to other neurons. |
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| glial cells affect neuronal functioning by |
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| providing raw materials and chemical signals that alter structure |
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| a star shaped cell with numerous processes extending in all directions wearving among neurons. recieve synapses directly from neurons and monitor activity of nearby neuronal synapses. |
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| very small and remarkably active, continually extending and withdrawing very fine processes that repair and clean damaged cells. "Brains cleanup crew" |
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| fatty insulating substance, giving the appearance of a string of slender beads |
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| the process of ensheathing axons. |
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between each pair of myelinated segments is a small gap where the membrane is exposed.
greatly increase the speed at which axons send information. |
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| a disease that interferes with the myelin sheath, causing individuals great pain. |
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| much smaller than astrocyte with fewer extensions. contribute sheathing to numerous adjacent axons, more commonly associated with cell bodies. (brain and spinal cord) |
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| for axons outside the brain and spinal cord, myelin is provided by this. a single ensheathes a limited length of a single axon |
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| swelling of the glial cells |
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| elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons |
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| release of the neurotransmitter |
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| receive of the neurotransmitter |
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| 3 components of the synapse |
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presynaptic membrane
postsynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft |
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| the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron |
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| on the surface of the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron |
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| the gap that seperates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. |
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| small spheres which are used to communicate with postsynaptic neurons |
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| specialized protein molecules that capture and react to molecules of the neurotransmitter |
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| the ability of the nervous system to change in response to the experience or environment. |
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| a cone-shaped projection of the cell body. The axon hillock is the integration zone, gathering information from all the synapses on the neuron's dendrites and soma, triggering electrical impulse to carry a message toward its targets. |
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| the axons division into several branches allowing the neuron to influence many cells |
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| the movement of materials within the axon |
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| anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye. |
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| collection of axons bundled together, that extend throughout the body |
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connected directly to the brain
serve the sensory and motor systems of the head and neck. 12 of them |
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connected at regular intervals to the spinal chord
31 pairs |
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| each nerve consists of the fusion of two distinct branches called |
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| dorsal root, ventral root |
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| consists of sensory projections from the body to the spinal cord |
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| consists of motor projections from the spinal cord to the muscles |
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| regulator system that primarily controls the viscera |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| found exclusively in the spinal cord. cells send their axons a short distance to innervate the sympathetic chains, consists of autonomic ganglia running along each side of the spinal column. |
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| parasypathetic nervous system |
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| preganglionic neurons are found above and below those of the sympathetic system. positioned near the organ affected |
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| a local network of sensory and motor neurons that regulates function of the guy, under the control of the CNS. |
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| right and left halves of the forebrain |
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ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surgace
seperated by SULCUS |
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| four regions of the brain |
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front lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe |
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| deep fissure that dermarcates the temporal lobe |
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| fissure that divides the front lobe from the parietal lobe |
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outerlayer of cerebrum, consists of nerve cell bodies and their branches.
"seat of complex cognition" |
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| mediates sense of touch. behind the central sulcus. |
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| crucial for motor control. in front of the central sulcus |
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| crosses the midline and allows communication between the left and right hemispheres |
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| different types of matter in the brain (2) |
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beneath the outersurface and consists of mostly fiber tracts.
insulates the axons of many neurons |
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| darker color and dominated more by nerve cell bodies and dendrites, devoid of myelin. |
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| made of cells, and the interior is filled with fluid |
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contains cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
very front is the telencephalon |
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| includes thalamus and hypothalamus |
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| contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla |
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| develops into the cerebellum and the pons |
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| more commonly called the medulla |
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| usually refers to the midbrain, pons, and medulla combined. |
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| within each region of the brain are neurons called ______ and axons called _______. |
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| includes the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus in the telencephalon, and the substantia nigra in the midbrain |
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| a loosely defined widespread network of structures involved in emotion and learning |
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consists of several subdivisions with diverse functions
emotional regulation, perception of odor |
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| temporal lobe important for learning and memory |
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| fiber tract that extends from hippocampus (important for learning) |
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| portion of the limbic system found in the frontal and parietal (directing attention). |
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| a pair of nuclei at the base of the brain |
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| uppermost portion of the diencephalon. way stations to the cerebral cortex. sensory information enters the thalamus |
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| small, packed with many distinct nuclei that have vital functions. implicated in hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, reproductive behaviors, and more. controls pituitary and hormone secretion. |
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| Two pairs of bumps in the midbrain |
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| superior colliculi, inferior colliculi |
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| recieve visual information and involved in direction of gaze and visual attention |
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| recieve auditory information |
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| the portion containing the superior and inferior colliculi |
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communicates with motoneurons in the spinal cord.
(reddish tint) |
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| distributed network of neurons involved in arousal (walking) |
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| the cerrebellum is important for: |
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| motor coordination and control and some aspects of cognition, including learning. |
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| most prominent kind of neuron in the cerebral cortex. pyramid shaped cell body |
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| one dendrite of the cell the extends to the outermost surface of the cortex |
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| spread out horizontally from the cell body |
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| one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex |
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| protective sheets of tissue around the brain |
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| the tough outermost sheet |
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| delicate, innermost layer, adheres tightly to the surface of the brain |
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| WEBLIKE membrane between the dura mater and the pia mater |
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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| fluid that fills the space within the arachnoid |
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| inflammation of the meninges usually caused by viral infection |
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| series of chambers inside the brain filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid |
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shock absorber for the brain, protecting it from sudden movements that would crush it against the skulls
2) medium to exchange materials |
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| connects 4 hemispheres of the brain |
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| membrane which produces csf filtering blood |
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| midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the 4th ventricle |
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| passageway with the pons that recieves fluid from the third and releases it to surround the brain |
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| major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of neck to the brain, supplies blood to anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
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| posterior cerebral arteries |
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| blood supply for the rest of the cortex |
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| artery formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, supplies blood to the brainstem and posterior cerebral arteries |
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structure at the base of the brain formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries
allows for alternate route for blood if any arteries are damaged or blocked |
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| no blood flow to region of brain caused by blockage |
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| make the movement of substances from blood vessels to brain more difficult, giving the brain more protection from substances found in blood |
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| brain imaging technique which specialize x-ray image of the head is taken after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with radiopaque dye |
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| computerized axial tomography (CAT) |
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noninvasive technique for examining brian structure through computer analysis of x-ray absorbtion
mathematical models used to map the brain. |
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain
high resolution image |
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| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain
trying to see activity more than structure. |
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MRI that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task
good speed, excellent sharpness
great for cognitive science |
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| method for visualizing brain activity in which near-infrared light is passed through the scalp and skull. |
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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| localized, noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the application of strong magnetic fields |
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| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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a large array of SQUIDS used to create realtime maps of brain activity from localized cortical magnetic fields
responds very quickly to moment-by-moment changes |
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