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A branch of psychology concern with the links between biology and behaviour. IE By studying links between psychological events and biological actvity, biological psychologists are gaining a better understanding of sleeps, depression, hunger, sex etc. |
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A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. Helps information travel. |
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The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receives messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| the extension of a neuron ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. |
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| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |
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| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels inthe axon's membrane. |
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the level of stimulation,caused when excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity, and trigger a neural impulse (action potential).
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A gap less than a millionth of an inch separating a receiving neuron from an axon terminal. |
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Chemical messengers that traver the synaptic gaps. When released the travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
Example of Neurotransmitters:
Aetylcholine, Endorphins |
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Neurotransmitter:
Aetylcholine |
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Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Dysfunction: Alzhemers( They deteriorate) |
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Neurotransmitter:
Endorphins |
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| Natural opiates linked to pain control and pleasure. |
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| The body's speedy electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
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Links the central nervous system with the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands ( rest of the body).
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| (electrical) neural cables containing many axons. These undled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous syste, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs. |
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| Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system |
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| Neurons that carry outgoing information the CNS to the muscles and glands. |
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| How the CNS processes information (through its biggest group). Neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
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| One of two components in our peripheral system. The SNS enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles. |
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| One of two components in our peripheral system.Controls self regulating and internal functions. May be consciously overridden. (ie heartbeat digestion). Has two divisions Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| Anything to do with arousal. "hypes you up". Mobilizes energy for stress situations Areas and actions: Dilates Pupils/ Accelerates Heartbeat/Inhibits Digestion/Stimulates glucose release by liver/ Stimulates secretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine/ Stimulates ejaculation in males |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Calming system produces opposite effect when stress subsides. Starts conserving energy. Actions: Contracts Pupils/ Slows Heartbeat/ Stimulates digestion/ Stimulates gallbladder/ contracts bladder/ allows blood to flow to sex organs. |
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| A simple automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response. Involves simple pathways of single neurons so your body responds faster than your brain. |
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| interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn. As feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning. |
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| the body's slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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| chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another |
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| A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine(adrenaline) norepinephrine)noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress |
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| The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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| Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally cause destruction of brain tissue |
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given tasks. |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain |
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| a technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, rain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function. |
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| oldest part and central core of the brain,beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enter the skull the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. |
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| the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| Inside the brainstem between your ears a finger shaped network of neurons that extend from the spinal cord right up to the thalamus.Helps control arousal by filtering incoming stimuli and relaying important info to other parts of the brain. |
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| the brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and deulla |
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| attached to the rear of the brainstem. It functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and BALANCE. |
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| These structure form a doughnut shaped neural system between the brains older parts and its cerebral hemispheres. Althought part of the hormonal/endocrine system, not the brain, the pituitary gland is controlled by the limbic system's hypothalamus, just above it.Includes: Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Amygdala Hppcampus |
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| Limbic System; two lima bean sized neural cluster that influence aggression and fear. |
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| a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating drinking body temperature). It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. |
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| the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and info processing center.Brains outer layer |
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| Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons. |
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| Part of cerebral cortex;behind the forehead. Involved in speaking, muscle movements, and in making plans/judgements. |
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Cerebral Cortex;(at the top of the head).
Receives sensory input for touch and body positions |
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| Cerebral Cortex;(back of the head) Receives visual info from opposite visual fields |
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| Cerebral Cortex;(roughly above the ears)auditory areas that receive auditory info primarily from the opposite ear. |
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| Rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. |
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| At the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
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| areas of the cerebral cortex taht are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but rather in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking. |
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| impairment of language. Usually cause by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (speaking impairment) or Wernicke's -understanding |
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| In left hemisphere;frontal lobe area. Controls language expression and directs the muscle movement involved in speech |
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| Controls language reception. Involved in language comprehension and expression. |
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