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Neuropsychology Fall 2012
Brain anatomy, pathology, etc.
139
Psychology
Graduate
10/25/2012

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Term
What is Neuropsychology?
Definition
The study of brain-behavioral relationships, with an eye for clinical implications such as cognitive integrity, development of appropriate rehab programs, and contribute to the legal and practical decision making.
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
The father of Western medicine, and the first to associate the brain with mental, physical, emotional experience and mental illnesses.
Term
Galen
Definition
Considered the brain a hydraulic mechanism, emotions and personality are functions of "humours".
Term
Vesalius
Definition
First detailed anatomical charts drawn largely from animal and often illegal human surgeries and autopsies.
Term
Descartes
Definition
Unintentionally opened doors for legal human dissection and accurate knowledge of human anatomy with Mind-Body dualism treatise.
Term
Gall
Definition
The first localizationist with Phrenology.
Term
Localization
Definition
One location, one function. Forms the basis of many of the original intelligence, achievement, and neuropsych tests such as the Halstead-Reitan. It is not useful for rehab and is now understood as NOT the way the brain functions.
Term
Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens
Definition
Experimented with animals by creating brain lesions. He threw out the idea of localization of function because of these experiments.
Term
Broca
Definition
First to clearly show specialization and localization of brain function. First accurate, functional localizationist.
Term
Wernicke
Definition
Following the observations of Broca, he identified receptive language areas. His work contributed to the idea of cortical involvement with "higher" mental processes.
Term
Fritsch & Hitzig
Definition
Their work led to an understanding that the cortex was also involved with simpler functions, not just "higher" cognitive functions. First defined the motor strip and confirmed the Greek observations of contralaterality.
Term
Charcot
Definition
Emphasized the need for more knowledge of brain and mind relationships long before testing developed; opened the way for assessment.
Term
Freud
Definition
First integrated science into philosophy of consciousness.
Term
Lashley
Definition
Experiments on dogs failed to support localization of function. He proposed that all parts of the cortex were equally capable of developing control over behavior.
Term
Equipotentiality
Definition
All areas of the brain can do all things. Also known as Kennard's Law.
Term
Hughlings-Jackson
Definition
Suggested different areas of the brain are associated with different levels of behavioral processing and execution. His hierarchical model mediated between the strict localizationists and the "mass actionists" or equipotentialists.
Term
Reitan
Definition
Developed the first recognized neuropsychological lab and assessment battery to identify a specific test for each major cortical function called the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB).
Term
Luria
Definition
Developed a theory of the brain based on "functional units" of brain organization and emphasized the process approach in diagnosis.
Term
Kaplan
Definition
The primary developer of the American version of Luria's process approach, AKA the Boston approach.
Term
Lezak
Definition
Published the "Bible" of neuropsychological assessment and is extending the field of knowledge to include cultural considerations.
Term
Manly
Definition
Her work with diversity in neuropsych has major implications for the field, and found that the WISC is an inappropriate measure to give to African American children.
Term
Functional Organziation
Definition
Modern thinking, first adopted by the "Boston School".
Term
Luria's Primary Cortical Zones
Definition
Sensory or motor initiating. Primary sensory or motor cortices. (Sense) ex. Primary visual cortex detects a pattern of dots and colors.
Term
Luria's Secondary Zones
Definition
Perceptual or motor organizing; secondary sensory or motor cortices. (perceives and organizes).   ex. Secondary visual cortex identifies "chair".
Term
Luria's Tertiary Zones
Definition
Are integrative/associative/conceptual; tertiary sensory or motor cortices. (Conceptualize & integrate).  ex.
Term
Luria's First Functional Unit
Definition
Those structures and functions that underlie maintaining "optimal cortical tone"; i.e. level of arousal and attention. Strongly involved in attention, concentration, sleepiness, wakefulness, and sustaining effort. Largely the ARAS (basal forebrain) and limbic system.
Term
Luria's Second Functional Unit
Definition
Those structures and functions that underlie the acquisition and retention of information; i.e. sensation, perception, and memory. Acquires information about the outside world, proprioceptive and interoceptive sensors monitor internal environment and state. Perception=interpretation of sensation; requires experience and memory. Memory is KEY to establishing cognitive structure.
Term
Luria's Third Functional Unit
Definition
Those structures and functions that underlie planning, initiation, and verification of action; i.e. executive process, motor organization, and initiation. Primarily concerned with output - heavily involves intermediating processes (decision making, planning, strategizing, prioritizing, "presence". Largely pre-frontal, with input from limbic and posterior cortical structures. Most uniquely human - could be equated with "personality".
Term
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Definition
Not aroused enough, performance suffers- too aroused, performance suffers.
Term
Memory
Definition
The interpretation, organization, and storage of information -internal and external. Working memory best reflects functional integrity of the brain best. Is the most commonly impacted by damage and reflects the greatest threat to recovery.
Term
Broadmann
Definition
Defined the entire human cortex, millimeter by millimeter on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Correlate with function and are still used today to understand and predict cortical function.
Term
Nervous System Organization
Definition
[image]
Term
Frontal Skull
Definition
[image]
Term
Sagittal Skull
Definition
[image]
Term
The Tentorium
Definition
The meninges lined boney plate that the brain sits on.  All blood vessels and many cranial nerves enter/exit through this structure.
Term
Medulla
Definition
Seat of automatic, reflexsive functions required for life. Damage here usually kills or produces decerebrate rigidity.
Term
Decerebrate rigidity
Definition
Arm and leg extensor spasm, head back, hands flexed.
Term
Brainstem nuclei
Definition
Source of many cranial nerves; neurotransmitter synthesis (Raphe, Locus Cereleus, and Substantia Nigra); motor modulation.
Term
Raphe
Definition
Produces seratonin
Term
Locus Cereleus
Definition
Norepinephrin
Term
Substantia Nigra
Definition
Dopamine
Term
Pons
Definition
Connects left and right Cerebellar lobes; more cranial nerves. Damage here causes decorticate rigidity.
Term
Decorticate rigidity
Definition
Leg extensor spasm, arms curled opposite to head turn, hands flexed.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Part of the diencephalon, it is the 'relay' station for all somatic senses except smell; it routes signals to the appropriate cortex. Performs some basic perceptual processes such as visual awareness and pain. Involved in arousal. Integrates functions that arise bilaterally, and is heavily involved in elements of memory.
Term
Thalamic syndrome
Definition
Acute hemianesthesia (no sensation on one side) followed by elevated pinprick, heat & cold senses. Ultimately hyperesthesia (enhanced sensation in an uncomfortable way) and "thalamic hyperpatia" (many physical sensations become painful and aggravated by emotional stress or fatigue). Women tend to get this more than men.
Term
Anton's Syndrome
Definition
Visual cortex is damaged but the thalamus still perceives light. The person is blind but can tell if it is day or night or if the lights are on or not.
Term
Diffuse Thalamic System
Definition
Involved in the sleep cycle and arousal.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Seat and master regulator of the entire Autonomic Nervous System. Integrates with the Pituitary to regulate Endocrine system. Contributes to emotional elements of memory (damage removes emotional context of memories). Contributes to distribution of sleep and arousal to body (via adrenalin).
Term
Damage to the Hypothalamus
Definition
Can produce numerous 'psychological' problems looking like depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar, psychoses, etc.
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
Direct input/output sources for the entire brain. Mostly situated in the brain stem or midbrain (except I and II). Easily damaged especially in athletes.
Term
Cranial Nerves (Number and Name)
Definition
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Acoustic
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Spinal Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal
Term
I
Definition
Olfactory. Smells.
Term
II
Definition
Optic. Sees.
Term
III
Definition
Oculomotor. Eye movement, iris & lens, opening of the eyelid.
Term
IV
Definition
Trochlear. Eye movement, medial and down. Towards the nose.
Term
V
Definition
Trigeminal. Sense from face and teeth. Feeds VII info to keep cheeks away from teeth. Has three branches.
Term
Three branches of Cranial Nerve V
Definition
Opthalmic - forehead, eyes
Maxillary - upper jaw
Mandibulary - lower jaw
Term
VI
Definition
Abducens. Eye movement lateral.
Term
VII
Definition
Facial. Moving the face, closing the eyelid and taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, sour, salty).
Term
VIII
Definition
Acoustic. Hearing and motor to the ear drum (increases or decreases tightness of the ear drum). Vestibular sense.
Term
IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal. Motor to the throat, taste posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter), gag reflexes, throat elements of talking.
Term
X
Definition
Vagus. Tastes, swallows, palate elevation. Communication with thoraco-viceral organs (heart, lungs, stomach, etc.).
Term
XI
Definition
Spinal Accessory. Turns head, lifts head, shrugs shoulders.
Term
XII
Definition
Hypoglossal. Moves tongue, talks, and keeps tongue out of way of teeth.
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition
Designed to provide constant blood supply and blood pressure even if one route is blocked. Input primarily through internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries.
Term
Salon syndrome
Definition
Vertebral and basilar arteries are damaged due to neck bending back for long periods of time.
Term
Which cranial nerve does not function ipsilaterally to the location of origin?
Definition
IV
Term
Cranial Nerves are considered part of the ? even though they arise in the ? .
Definition
PNS; CNS
Term
Which two nerves are actually fiber tracts and not true nerves?
Definition
I and II
Term
Which cranial nerve does not exit the brain?
Definition
I
Term
Which cranial nerves project through the foramena in the eye socket?
Definition
II, III, IV, VI
Term
Which cranial nerves exit through the foramena in the facial bones?
Definition
V and VII
Term
Which cranial nerves exit through the base of the skull?
Definition
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve I
Definition
Produces anosmia (lack of smell), hyperosmia (overly sensitive to smells), parosmia (weird smells, olfactory illusions), and cacosmia (obnoxious or unpleasant odors).
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve II
Definition
Scotomata (blind spots), field cuts (not neglects), amblyopia (a dimming of vision and a general reduction in clarity, and amaurosis (inherited or acquired blindness without ocular/retinal lesions).
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve III
Definition
Inabilities to move eyes in the directions specified. Ptosis (drooping of the eyelids), difficulty accommodating to objects near-far-near, strabismus (one eye wanders), diplopia (double vision), alternating dilation/constriction of pupil in constant light, and oscillopsia (an illusion of movement in stationary objects).
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve IV
Definition
Prevents person from looking down with their eyes.
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve V
Definition
Loss of ability to chew or clench teeth, trigeminal neuralgia is a pain syndrome, loss of sensation to face, dissociate anesthesia (loss of pain, but not touch), no sneezing.
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve VI
Definition
Produces loss of the ability to look laterally.
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve VII
Definition
Commonly produces Bell's Palsy. When attempting to close eyes, eyeball on the affected side may roll up. Flat facial expression and loss of ability to generate faces, loss of taste and salivation, various pain syndromes with loss of taste, facial paroxysms (tics, twitches, spasms), drooling, grimacing (without intent).
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve VIII
Definition
Deafness or loss of specific frequency domains, tinnitits, supranuclear disorders (receptive aphasia), auditory hallucinations and illusions, epileptic auras, vertigo, nystagmus, labyrinthine disease (tachycardia nausea, reactivity to low blood pressure).
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve IX
Definition
Paralysis or spasticity in throat, loss of gag reflex, difficulty swallowing, uvula deviation, loss of taste of bitter, loss of sensation of swallowing, loss of "aahhh" response on command, odd changes in heart rate and respiration.
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve X
Definition
Can be quite serious and life threatening, dysphagia and difficulty talking are obvious, autonomic disregulation (especially in heart and lungs). Loss of speech, vocal cord paralysis, aphonia. Loss of pain and temperature sensation, but with pain from thyroid to the ear.
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve XI
Definition
Can immobilize head in expected ways, shoulder shrug is lost, drooping of shoulders and back, problem raising head or chin, spasms and torticollis (curious puppy head cock).
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve XII
Definition
Supranuclear palsy (tongue extends off midline) flaccid paralysis of the tongue, dysarthria and ataxia of the tongue, fasciculations in tongue, loss of deep sensation of pain and temperature in affected side of face or body.
Term
Injury to Cranial Nerve XII
Definition
Supranuclear palsy (tongue extends off midline) flaccid paralysis of the tongue, dysarthria and ataxia of the tongue, fasciculations in tongue, loss of deep sensation of pain and temperature in affected side of face or body.
Term
Which arteries are the most fragile?
Definition
Communicating arteries especially the anterior communicating artery which is especially prone to aneurysm.
Term
Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood?
Definition
Essentially the entire medial cortex, from frontal lobes through the parietal and portions of the secondary occipital cortex.
Term
Where does the middle cerebral artery supply blood?
Definition
Most of the lateral portions of the cortex from frontal lobes through the parietals, portions of the secondary occipital, and the superior half of the lateral temporal lobes.
Term
Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood?
Definition
Most of the occipital cortex and lower third and ventral portions of the temporal lobes.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Originally considered a sensory relay station, also involved in motor and sensory integration, higher cortical processes, memory, emotionality, attention, language, and perception of pain. Feeds upwards to cortical regions only.
Term
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
Definition
Sight, located in Thalamus
Term
Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
Definition
Sound. Located in thalamus.
Term
Ventral posterior-lateral nucleus (VGN)
Definition
Touch/pain. Located in the thalamus.
Term
What are some basic thalamic facts?
Definition
The thalamus is asymmetrical with the right generally bigger than the left. Part of the diencephalon/midbrain. Connects Substantia Nigra (dopamine) and Red nucleus to Basal Ganglia. Also integrates with Epithalamus (connects the Colliculi, Pineal Gland (circadian rhythm), Habenula (pleasure), and Posterior Commissure (connects posterior cortex).
Term
Damage to the intralaminar nuclei causes...
Definition
Destroys awareness, may be "seat of consciousness" the person starts to disappear.
Term
Thalamic Injury
Definition
Thalamic syndrome, various motor, executive, primary sensory, emotional, and memory dysfunctions.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Includes mamillary bodies, infundibulum, the posterior pituitary, and elements of the optic chiasm. Primarily involved in autonomic regulation, emotional expression, and subjective experience (ex. butterfly's in the stomach). Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual drives and expression, body temperature, arousal, pleasure, emotional elements of memory, sympathetic activation and parasympathetic activity.
Term
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
Definition
Compensatory (eat when hungry, drink when thirsty, etc.)
Term
Ventral Medial Hypothalamus (VMH or MH)
Definition
Satiates (stop eating when full)
Term
Preoptic nucleus
Definition
Temperature regulation, fluid regulation, sexual arousal
Term
Medial Forebrain Bundle
Definition
Massive dopaminergic tract conduction
Term
Non-hormonal hypothalamic dysfuntions
Definition
Visual disruption (often hemianopsia - losing sight in one eye), emotional amnesia, reduced emotional impact, less emotional salience (Jemai vu - feeling unfamiliar in a familiar place), sleep disturbances, motivated behavior disturbances, (feeding, drinking, sexual engagement), and body temperature regulation.
Term
Limbic System AKA's
Definition
AKA Emotional, Memory, or Smell brain, Visceral Brain, Reptillian Brain, or Rhinencephalon (nose brain).
Term
Components of Limbic System
Definition
Consists of cranial nerve I, amygdala, septal nuclei, hippocampus, fimbria, fornix, diagonal band of Broca, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
Term
Function of Limbic System
Definition
Primarily involved in memory processing and emotional reactions and responses, reaction to smell/the memories associated with smell, dopaminergic input from medial forebrain bundle to septal nucleus and adrenergic arousal through pathways to the amygdala. Also has strong connections to prefrontal cortex which helps to organize new information to memory stores.
Term
Amygdala Location
Definition
Located in center of anterior temporal lobes on anterior most end of hippocampus.
Term
Amygdala Connections
Definition
Direct connection to hypothalamus for appetitive functioning and autonomic arousal, direct input from CNI via stria laterallis.
Term
Amygdala Functions
Definition
Detects dissonance, olfactory involvement in memory, attaches emotional significance to memory, associated with orienting and alarm response, associated with territorial aggression/defense.
Term
Amygdala Injury
Definition
Can become hyperactive (over arousal), can also produce tameness, placidity, apathy, produce Kluver-Bucy syndrome, and may be the seat of many forms of epilepsy.
Term
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Definition
Passivity, hyperorality, hypersexuality, "psychic blindness" (does not recall what has just been seen or experienced), not common in humans.
Term
Hippocampus Location
Definition
Sweeps from anterior central temporal lobe into the central, basal forebrain, and septal nucleus. Has numerous connections for almost all areas of the cortex.
Term
Hippocampus Functioning
Definition
Memory organization, prioritization, generalization, parahippocampal gyrus processes more info for memory, encodes most forms of memory (except procedural).
Term
Septal Nuclei Location
Definition
Lies in the anterior most areas within the basal forebrain at the end of the fimbria, fornix, stria terminalis and the top end of the medial forebrain bundle.
Term
Septal Nuclei Function
Definition
Recognizes "consonance" or return to baseline or expected, familiar.
Term
Septal Nuclei Injury
Definition
Damage can produce "Sham" rage reactions, any stimulus sets off a powerful defensive reaction.
Term
Mamillary Bodies Location
Definition
Midline structures just behind and under the hypothalamus and connects to hippocampus via the fornix, and to the amygdala via the stria terminalis.
Term
Mamillary Bodies Function
Definition
Important to memory functions, emotionality, and learning.
Term
Mamillary Bodies Injury
Definition
Damage can produce "personality" changes and anterograde amnesia (no new learning).
Term
Basal Ganglia consists of...
Definition
Matrix of the largest subcortical nuclei including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen (lenticular/lentiform), nucleus accumbens, and amygdala
Term
Basal Ganglia function
Definition
Forms the structures of the extra-pyramidal motor system, modulate, fine-tune and prepare for motor action, elements of motor learning.
Term
Basal Ganglia Injury
Definition
Dysfunction produces "extrapyramidal signs", Parkinson's signs, tremor at rest, athetosis (writhing, snakelike movements), ballismus (on excitation person flails, overreation to stimuli), choreoform movements (jerky movements), dystonias (11th nerve movement is stiff and rigid), Tardive dyskinesia (substantia nigra is gone). Huntington's chorea, and tourette's.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Develops from midline laterally to the folia, primary seat of Motor Learning (muscle memory), contributes to speech and language, executive decision making, and interpersonal style, many synapses are ephaptic (electrical) which makes learning in the cerebellum essentially permanent.
Term
Frontal Lobe Functions
Definition
Conceptualization, organization, and initiation of motor action, language production (left), language and motor prosody - intention patterns or how you say it (right), comportment and socialization, executive functioning, memory organization, conceptualize information, motivation, focus, concentration, selection, "self" functions (concept, esteem, insight, etc.).
Term
New Concepts of Executive Functions
Definition
"Hot spot" identification of function suggests that the pre-frontal cortex operates more like Luria's third functional unit (planning, initiation, verification, and modulation of action).
Macro concepts like "inhibition" or "impulsivity" are now being broken down or abandoned for more operational concepts like selected attention, behavioral selection, and delay.
Term
New Concepts of Executive Functions
Definition
"Hot spot" identification of function suggests that the pre-frontal cortex operates more like Luria's third functional unit (planning, initiation, verification, and modulation of action).
Macro concepts like "inhibition" or "impulsivity" are now being broken down or abandoned for more operational concepts like selected attention, behavioral selection, and delay.
Term
Lateral Convexities
Definition
Arcuate (connects cortex to cortex) connection to posterior cortex (especially posterior tertiary cortext). Processes external context.
Term
Orbital Medial Cortex
Definition
Deep connections to limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem. Processes internal context.
Term
Anterior Poles
Definition
The tips of the frontal lobe, integrates information from lateral convexitites and orbital medial cortex for experience, concepts of self, problem solving, organization, and fluid thinking.
Term
Right Medial Frontal Lobe
Definition
Energization/activation-initiate activity based on what's out there.
Term
Left Medial Frontal Lobe
Definition
Direction, sequence, and priority. Where do I need to direct myself and when?
Term
Left Lateral Frontal Lobe
Definition
Task setting - what do I need to do given my current context?
Term
Right Lateral Frontal Lobe
Definition
Self monitoring - is what I'm doing what I need to?
Term
Bilateral orbital, ventromedial Frontal Lobe
Definition
Emotion and behavioral regulation. Self direction.
Term
Anterior Left and Right Poles
Definition
Last to myelinate - metacognition, qualia (experience), fluid thinking, and awareness.
Term
Parietal Lobe Functions
Definition
Tactile sensation (somatosensory functioning), visuospatial functioning, reading/symbolic elements of calculation, body orientation, right/left orientation, facial recognition, "where" & "when" of memory, language comprehension, prosody comprehension.
Term
Occipital Lobe Functions
Definition
Vision, visual perception and interpretation, contributes to diurnal cycles, visual-spatial organization, integration of elements of visual field into gestalt, integration of visual with auditory and tactile information.
Term
Temporal Lobe Functions
Definition
Hearing, auditory perception/word recognition, language comprehension, receptive prosody, memory ("what" memory), emotionality, contributes to self awareness, elements of social comportment, facial recognition (fusiform gyrus).
Term
Abducens
Definition
Nerve that supplies the muscles that moves the direction of gaze away from the midline.
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