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Neuropsychology
Flash cards for PSB 4240C exam 1 at UCF
136
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
01/18/2011

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Term
Computed Transaxial tomography (CT)
Definition
revolving X-ray around the head produces 3-d image
Term
Magnetic resonance imagin (MRI)
Definition
The hydrogen nuclues generates small magnetic field and line up as the MRI revolves around the head producing a 3-d picture with a strong radio frequency.
Term
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Definition
Records nerve cell activity by using electrodes (leads) attached to the head

recorded on a moving paper (like polygraph)

not very good at evaluating deeper subcortical structures

shows that patient is thinking, but not specific thoughts
Term
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Definition
3-D image of rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow)

through use of biochemicals, radiologists can follow different pathways of CBF

Disadvantages
Tracer has long half-life
difficult to keep subject in same mental state for long periods
takes 2 days to clear from brain

Adv
relatively inexpensive
patientes can be imaged while sleeping or sedated (children)
Term
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
detects diverse range of physiologic parameters (glucose, oxygen, metabolism, blood flow) with radioactively labeled substance intravenously

Adv
better at finding head trauma than MRI or CT

Disadvantages
costly
only available in large medical centers associated with research
Term
Electron microscope
Definition
1950's
made it possible to analyze the detail in synaptic contacts between individual neurons
Term
Golgi Stain
Definition
silver chromate stains dead neurons black
first time neurons could be visualized

provides little info about number of neurons in specific brain region

views only the outer tissue
Term
Golgi type 1 neurons
Definition
long axons that transfer information from one region of the brain to another
Term
Golgie type 2 neurons
Definition
short axons
Term
Nissl Stain
Definition
Methylene blue: inner structures of neural cell bodies
Cresyl violet: differentiation of fiber bundles, lighter, and nuclei, darker

Outlines cell bodies but not axons
Term
Myelin Staining
Definition
dyes sheaths of myelinated axons

White matter is stained black
Term
Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)
Definition
studies the pathways of the brain via intake into axons and travels through interconnected cell bodies
Term
Skull X-Ray
Definition
Rontgen, created the field of radiology
rays travel through body at different rates according to density of organs

Adv
shows presences and position of bones, fractures and foreing objects
inexpensive, good visualization of skull
Dis
2-d
x-ray film of head shows little differentiation between brain structures and CSF
potentially dangerous
Term
Air encephalography
Definition
radiographic visualization of the fluid-containing structures of the brain, ventricles, and spinal column

involves withdrawing of CSF by lumbar puncture

Dis
horrible head aches
Term
Hypodensity and Hyperdensity
Definition
Hypo: low density, perhaps lesioned area of head
Hyper: high density, possibly a tumor or a bleed
Term
angiography
Definition
X-raying blood vessels to diagnose structural abnormalities in them or in their arrangement

Most accurate diagnostic procedure for evaluating vascular anatomy and its abnormalities
Term
Femorocerebral angiography
Definition
uses a catheter into arterial system to examine anterior or posterior cerebral arteries by using an iodinated contrast agent
Term
Light microscope
Definition
wave way for Cajal and Brodmann to begin their works in cell anatomy
Term
enhanced CT
Definition
injects intravenously an iodinated contrast agent, showing different density radiations

easily identifies alterations due to pathological processes and deformation of brain structures
Term
Digital Subtraction Angiography
Definition
Visualization of femorocerebral angriography by subtracting the x-ray image of the brain, leaving the arteries and veins
Term
Grand mal seizure
Definition
whole brain seizure
Term
Partial seizure
Definition
large portions of brain seizure
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
multiple seizures
Term
Electrocorticophraphy (ECoG)
Definition
electrodes placed deep in brain and used to study seizure activity

used to diagnos seizure disorder, sleep disorder, level of coma, or presence of brain death

only used when benefits outweigh the risks
Term
Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM)
Definition
examines the more dynamic aspects of EEG activity on the brain
Term
Evoked Potential (EP)
Definition
Artificially stimulates sensory fibers the generate electrical activity along the central and peripheral pathways as well as the specific primary receptive areas in the brain

assesses the integrity of visual, auditory, and somatosensory pathways at specific regions of the brain
Term
Brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER)
Definition
sounds presented to each ear via headphones and records responses in milliseconds.

can pinpoint specific lesions but only along pathways measured
Term
Visual-Evoked Response (VER)
Definition
Visual stimulant to each eye while recording EEG responses on parietal and occipital regions of the brain

average response is about 100 milliseconds.
Term
Somatosensory-Evoked Response (SER)
Definition
stimulations of peripheral nerves via electrodes placed over median nerve on patient's wrist, and 3 more
Term
Electromyography (EMG)
Definition
electrical analysis of muscle using deep needle stimulations
Term
Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
Definition
shows the metabolic needs of active neurons dynamically (in real time)
Term
Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
uses hydrogen nucleus generating a small magnetic field which can be measured

diagnoses underlying pathological disorders better than CT

can visualize structures as small as 1 millimeter

sensitive to tissue alteration like MS's demyelination
Term
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)
Definition
allows researchers to measure motor activity and neuropsychological tests

very precise mapping of structure and function
Term
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Definition
magnetic equivalent of EEG where computer visualizes 3-D image of brain using superconducting quantun interference devices (SQUIDs)

expensive and not available for clinical applications (experimental)
Term
Psychology
Definition
study of behavior; it seeks to describe, explain, modify, and predict human and animal behavior
Term
Neuropsychology
Definition
Study of how complex properties of the brain allow behavior to occur
Term
Vitalism
Definition
many behaviors, such as thinking, are only partly controlled by mechanical or logical forces-

they are partially self determined and are separate from chemical and physical determinants
Term
Materialism
Definition
logical forces such as matter in motion, determine brain0brhavior functions

favors a mechanistic view of the brain as a machine
Term
Trephination
Definition
ancient surgical operation that involves cutting, scraping, chiseling, or drilling a piece of bone from the skull in order to

relieve pressure related to brain swelling
Term
Heraclitus
Definition
The mind is an enormous space with boundaries that we could never reach
Term
Pythagoras
Definition
The brain is at the center of human reasoning and plays a crucial role in the persons life

Brain hypothesis
Term
Brain hypothesis
Definition
the idea that the brain is the source of all behavior
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
brain controlled all senses and movements

1st to recognize paralysis occurs on opposite sides of the brain and body (left brain injury, right body paralysis)

argued epilespy had definite medical cause; not sacred disease
Term
What doctrine does the belief of divine control of the brain fall under?
Definition
Vitalism
Term
Plato
Definition
Soul has 3 parts; Appetite, reason, and temper

Brain is the rational part of the body

health = harmony between mind and body
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Cardiac hypothesis; Heart is the source of all mental processes

Lasted 500 years
Term
Egypt
Definition
public dissections of criminals

Found ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerves that all connect with the CNS
Term
Ventricular Localization Hypothesis
Definition
Mental and spiritual processes reside in the ventricular chambers of the brain

false belief
lateral ventricles are the most striking features of the brain

AKA cell doctrine
Term
Cell doctrine
Definition
same as Ventricular Localization Hypothesis; ventricles are the spiritual processes of brain

lasted 2000 years

obvi false
Term
Galen
Definition
ID'd many major brain structures and described behavioral changes as a function of brain trauma

Believed that all physical function depends on the balance of HUMORS
Term
humors
Definition
bodily fluids

blood, mucus, yellow and black bile
all related to 4 basic elements, air, water, fire, earth
Term
Albertus Magnus
Definition
behavior results from a combination of brain structures that include the cortex, midbrain, cerebellum
Term
Andreas Vesalius
Definition
Place more emphasis on the relatively larger overall brain mass of humans as responsible for mediating mental processes

believed that the more massful a brain the better their mental processes
Term
Descartes
Definition
hypothesized the mind body theorem; the mind and body are separate but interact

Mental processes reside in the pineal gland
lies in center of brain
only structure not composed of 2 symmetric parts
Term
Thomas Willis
Definition
All mental faculties reside in the corpus striatum

Best known for work on blood circulation in brain
Term
Giovanni Lancisi
Definition
Corpus callosum (fibers banding the left and right cerebral hemispheres) is the seat of mental functions

Known for contributing much information on aneurysms
Term
Mediterranean and African beliefs
Definition
Gods sent diseases

Heart is center of the mind
Term
Atharva Veda
Definition
one of the earliest and most important medical documents from India

proposed that the soul is nonmaterial and immortal
Term
Arab beliefs
Definition
God loves the insane person, take care of mentally ill
treatment emphasized diets, baths and music
Term
Chinese beliefs V European
Definition
viewed brain in a more mechanistic view

Vs.

European belief of demonic posession
Term
Franz Gall
Definition
brain consists of a number of seperate organs, each responsible for basic psych trait (courage, friendliness)

Hypothesized the size of certain parts of brain = the amount of skill that person has in that field
Term
Faculty psychology
Definition
Abilities are independent, indivisible features

Specific brain functions performed in isolation

Assigned specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex

Limited Gall's work

Basis for localization theory of brain function
Term
Phrenology
Definition
If a given brain area is enlarged, then the corresponding area of the skull will also be enlarged

false
Term
Johann Spurzheim
Definition
carried on Gall's teaching

caused phrenology to become quite popular
Term
Localization Theory
Definition
1) Scientist reluctant to accept single part of brain being responsible for all behavior and emotion

2) More emphasis was placed on the role of the cortex

3) Scientists focused on the brain for their study of behavior and the mind
likely the most important
Term
Paul Broca
Definition
Broca's aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)

Motor speech was specifically located in the posterior, inferior region of the left frontal lobe

failed to complete step 2 of localization theory
damage to any other part of the brain should not result in the same deficit
Term
2 steps to prove localization theory
Definition
1) destruction of localized brain site impairs a specific function

2) damage to any other are of the brain should not result in the same deficit
Term
Carl Wernicke
Definition
The understanding of speech was located in the superior, posterior aspects of the temporal lobe

Wernicke's Fluent aphasia
Term
Fluent Aphasia
Definition
Wernicke's Aphasia

difficulty in comprehending language but speech is easy and fluent
Term
Nonfluent Aphasia
Definition
Broca's aphasia

difficulty in articulating exactly what to say but relatively good auditory verbal comprehension
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Criticized Broca and Wernicke

various aphasia could be explained by subcortical lesions in less localized association pathways, now specific lesions in the connections between Wernicke's and Broca's areas.
Term
Pierre Flourens
Definition
invented the ablation experiment

removed any part of the brain in birds that led to generalized disorders of behavior
Term
Ablation
Definition
the technique of removing part of a brain in order to study its effects

Loss of functions depends on the extent of damage, not the location
Term
Equipotential
Definition
the idea that if part of the brain is damage but sufficient material is still intact, the remaining material will take over functions of any missing brain tissue

basic sensorimotor functions may be localized in the brain, but higher cortical processes were too complex to be confined to any one area
Term
Pierre Marie
Definition
Challenged Broca by looking at preserved brains of his patients

argued that the lesions caused general loss of intellect, rather than specific inability to speak
Term
Equipotentiality
Definition
Term
Hermann Munk
Definition
lesions in the association cortex of dogs produced temporary mind blindness
scary triangles not scary after lesion
Term
Joseph Babinski
Definition
Anosognosia; the inability or outright refusal to recognize that you one a disease or disorder
Term
Karl Lashley
Definition
considered the founder of experimental Neuropsych

Accepted localization of basic sensory and motor skills, but supported equipotential views

Found that amount of ablation was correlated to impairment
more brain taken out, more impairment
Mass action

emphasized Multipotentiality
Term
Mass action
Definition
the extent of behavioral impairments is directly proportional to the mass of the removed tissue

Lashley
Term
Multipotentiality
Definition
each part of the brain participates in more than one function
Term
Jackson's Alternative Model
Definition
The loss of a specific area of the brain causes the loss or impairment of all higher skills dependent on that area

behavior resulsts from interactions among all the areas of the brain
Term
Luria's Functional Model
Definition
conceived each area in the CNS as being involved in 3 basic functions, or units

1) all behavior requires the interaction of those 3 basic functions
2) all behavior reflects the brain operating as a whole

However, each functional system has some plasticity (moldableness) and can change spontaneously or through retraining
Term
L'sFM Brainstem and associated areas
Definition
regulates the arousal level of the brain and the maintenance of proper muscle tone
Term
L'sFM Posterior areas of the cortex
Definition
plays a key role in the reception, integraion, and analysis of sensory informaiton from both the internal and external environments
Term
L'sFM frontal and prefrontal lobes
Definition
involved in planning, executing, and verifying behavior
Term
Functional systems
Definition
pattern of interaction among the various areas of the brain necessary to complete a behavior.

each area of the brain can act only in conjuction with other areas of the brain

no area of the brain is singly responsible for any voluntary human behavior

Luria
Term
pluripotentiality
Definition
multifunctional role of the brain

behavior results from several functions or ststems of brain areas, rather than from unitart or sicrete brain areas

Luria's functional model
Term
pluripotentiality
Definition
multifunctional role of the brain

behavior results from several functions or ststems of brain areas, rather than from unitart or sicrete brain areas

Luria's functional model
Term
Wilder Penfield
Definition
pioneered direct electrical stimulation of the brain during surgery by systematic mapping of the brain as a technique for finding damaged areas of the brain
Term
Ward Halstead
Definition
developed assessment devices that differentiated between patients with and without brain damage

dev'd brain damage test
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsuchological Battery
Term
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsuchological Battery
Definition
empirical approach to assessing brain damage

developed by Ward Halstead, Ralph Reitan
Term
Sir William Osler
Definition
Coined the term Neuropsychology in 1913 in an inagural address
Term
Hans-Leukas Teuber
Definition
credited for first using Neuropsychology in a national forum
Term
Donal Hebb
Definition
Published, Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory
Term
Henry Hécaen
Definition
Founded Neuropsychologia; journal

also demonstrated functional properties of the right hemisphere
crucial role in visuoperceptual and visuoconstructional processes
Term
Arthur Benton
Definition
Ested one of the 1st neuropsychology labs at University of Iowa school of Medicine
Term
Oliver Zangwill
Definition
Founded NP in Great Britain

contributed to understanding the nature of NP deficits associated with unilateral (same side) brain disease or injury
Term
Norman Geshwind
Definition
Single-handedly Founded behavioral neurology

proposed that behavioral disturbances are based on the destruction of specific brain pathways
Disconnections
Term
Muriel Lezak
Definition
Helped pioneer the assessment approach in clinical neuropsychology

She also focused on reminding us that neuropsychology is firmly rooted in clinical psychology
Term
What are the 2 doctrines that shaped early NP?
Definition
vitalism and materialism
Term
What is the name of the ancient surgical operation that involves cutting, scraping, chiseling, or drilling a pluglike piece of bone from the skull?
Definition
trephination
Term
Who suggested that the soul has 3 parts: appetite, reason, and temper?
Definition
Plato
Term
What is a Neuropsychological examination
Definition
objective, comprehensive assessment of a wide range of cognitive and behavioral areas of functioning

noninvasive
Term
psychometrics
Definition
the science of measuring human traits or abilities
Term
Standardized test
Definition
task or set of tasks administered under standar conditions and designed to assess some aspects of a person's knowledge or skill
Term
Reliability
Definition
stability or dependability of a test score as reflected in it's consistency on repeated measurement of the same individual
Term
Validity
Definition
the meaningfulness of specific inferences made from the test scores
Term
Construct Validity
Definition
Focuses on the test score as a measure of the abstract, psychological construct of interest (memory. intelligence, kindness)
Term
content validity
Definition
the degree to which a sample of items or tasks makes conceptual sense or represents some defined psychological domain
Term
criterion validity
Definition
scores relate systematically to one or more outcome criteria, either now (concurrent validity) or in the future (predictive validity)
Term
Type 1 error
Definition
Fals positive, false alarm
Term
Type 2 error
Definition
False negative, a miss
Term
Base Rate
Definition
the frequency with which a pathologic condition is diagnosed in the population
Term
achievement tests
Definition
measure how well a subject has profited by learning and experience, compared with others
Term
Behavioral-adaptive scales
Definition
Examine what an individual usually and habitually does, not what he or she can do.
Term
Intelligence tests
Definition
complex composite measures of verbal and performance abilities that are related, in part, to achievement (factual knowledge) and aptitude (e.g., problem solving)
Term
Neuropsychological Tests
Definition
measures that are sensitive indicators of brain damage.

defined when a change in brain function is systematically related to a change in performance on that test (established via research)
Term
Personality tests
Definition
concern the nonintellectual aspects of behavior; emotional states, interpersonal relationships, motivation
Term
Battery of tests
Definition
many tests given
Term
Crystallized functions
Definition
dependent on cultural factors and learning

spelling, factual knowledge
Term
Fluid functions
Definition
culture free and independent of learning

problem-solving
abstract reasoning
Term
Sensation
Definition
elementary process of a stimulus exciting a receptor and resulting in a detectable experience in any sensory modality ("i see it!"
Term
Perception
Definition
depends on intact sensation and is the process of "knowing"; ("i see it, and its a plane")
Term
Sustained attention
Definition
give attention for long period of time
Term
selective attention
Definition
ADD
Term
Graphomotor skills
Definition
assesses the abilitiy to copy shapes with increasing degrees of difficulty
Term
Dysgraphia
Definition
deficit in the motor component of writing
Term
dyslexia
Definition
deficit in simple reading skills
Term
spelling dyspraxia
Definition
deficit in spelling skills
Term
Delayed visual memory
Definition
assesses the patient's ability to remember visual information the examiner presented earlier in the testing and after a short delay
Term
Malingering
Definition
fabricating or lying about symptoms in order to gain something
Term
Standard battery approach
Definition
Halstead and Reitan

advantages

disadvantages
Term
Process Approach
Definition
neuropsychologists selects tests using hypotheses made from impressions of the patient and information available about the patient
Term
Normative Data
Definition
data of test results of a sample of individuals that can be used as a comparison to an individual score
Term
Cutoff score
Definition
if a patient scores worse than a cuttoff is abnormal, better than a cutoff is normal
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