Term
| Computed Transaxial tomography (CT) |
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Definition
| revolving X-ray around the head produces 3-d image |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance imagin (MRI) |
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Definition
| The hydrogen nuclues generates small magnetic field and line up as the MRI revolves around the head producing a 3-d picture with a strong radio frequency. |
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Term
| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
Records nerve cell activity by using electrodes (leads) attached to the head
recorded on a moving paper (like polygraph)
not very good at evaluating deeper subcortical structures
shows that patient is thinking, but not specific thoughts |
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Term
| Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) |
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Definition
3-D image of rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow)
through use of biochemicals, radiologists can follow different pathways of CBF
Disadvantages
Tracer has long half-life
difficult to keep subject in same mental state for long periods
takes 2 days to clear from brain
Adv
relatively inexpensive
patientes can be imaged while sleeping or sedated (children) |
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Term
| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
detects diverse range of physiologic parameters (glucose, oxygen, metabolism, blood flow) with radioactively labeled substance intravenously
Adv
better at finding head trauma than MRI or CT
Disadvantages
costly
only available in large medical centers associated with research |
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Term
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Definition
1950's
made it possible to analyze the detail in synaptic contacts between individual neurons |
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Term
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Definition
silver chromate stains dead neurons black
first time neurons could be visualized
provides little info about number of neurons in specific brain region
views only the outer tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| long axons that transfer information from one region of the brain to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Methylene blue: inner structures of neural cell bodies
Cresyl violet: differentiation of fiber bundles, lighter, and nuclei, darker
Outlines cell bodies but not axons |
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Term
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Definition
dyes sheaths of myelinated axons
White matter is stained black |
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Term
| Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) |
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Definition
| studies the pathways of the brain via intake into axons and travels through interconnected cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Rontgen, created the field of radiology
rays travel through body at different rates according to density of organs
Adv
shows presences and position of bones, fractures and foreing objects
inexpensive, good visualization of skull
Dis
2-d
x-ray film of head shows little differentiation between brain structures and CSF
potentially dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
radiographic visualization of the fluid-containing structures of the brain, ventricles, and spinal column
involves withdrawing of CSF by lumbar puncture
Dis
horrible head aches |
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Term
| Hypodensity and Hyperdensity |
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Definition
Hypo: low density, perhaps lesioned area of head
Hyper: high density, possibly a tumor or a bleed |
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Term
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Definition
X-raying blood vessels to diagnose structural abnormalities in them or in their arrangement
Most accurate diagnostic procedure for evaluating vascular anatomy and its abnormalities |
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Term
| Femorocerebral angiography |
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Definition
| uses a catheter into arterial system to examine anterior or posterior cerebral arteries by using an iodinated contrast agent |
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Term
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Definition
| wave way for Cajal and Brodmann to begin their works in cell anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
injects intravenously an iodinated contrast agent, showing different density radiations
easily identifies alterations due to pathological processes and deformation of brain structures |
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Term
| Digital Subtraction Angiography |
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Definition
| Visualization of femorocerebral angriography by subtracting the x-ray image of the brain, leaving the arteries and veins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large portions of brain seizure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Electrocorticophraphy (ECoG) |
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Definition
electrodes placed deep in brain and used to study seizure activity
used to diagnos seizure disorder, sleep disorder, level of coma, or presence of brain death
only used when benefits outweigh the risks |
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Term
| Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) |
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Definition
| examines the more dynamic aspects of EEG activity on the brain |
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Term
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Definition
Artificially stimulates sensory fibers the generate electrical activity along the central and peripheral pathways as well as the specific primary receptive areas in the brain
assesses the integrity of visual, auditory, and somatosensory pathways at specific regions of the brain |
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Term
| Brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) |
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Definition
sounds presented to each ear via headphones and records responses in milliseconds.
can pinpoint specific lesions but only along pathways measured |
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Term
| Visual-Evoked Response (VER) |
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Definition
Visual stimulant to each eye while recording EEG responses on parietal and occipital regions of the brain
average response is about 100 milliseconds. |
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Term
| Somatosensory-Evoked Response (SER) |
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Definition
| stimulations of peripheral nerves via electrodes placed over median nerve on patient's wrist, and 3 more |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical analysis of muscle using deep needle stimulations |
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Term
| Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) |
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Definition
| shows the metabolic needs of active neurons dynamically (in real time) |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
uses hydrogen nucleus generating a small magnetic field which can be measured
diagnoses underlying pathological disorders better than CT
can visualize structures as small as 1 millimeter
sensitive to tissue alteration like MS's demyelination |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) |
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Definition
allows researchers to measure motor activity and neuropsychological tests
very precise mapping of structure and function |
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Term
| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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Definition
magnetic equivalent of EEG where computer visualizes 3-D image of brain using superconducting quantun interference devices (SQUIDs)
expensive and not available for clinical applications (experimental) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of behavior; it seeks to describe, explain, modify, and predict human and animal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of how complex properties of the brain allow behavior to occur |
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Term
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Definition
many behaviors, such as thinking, are only partly controlled by mechanical or logical forces-
they are partially self determined and are separate from chemical and physical determinants |
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Term
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Definition
logical forces such as matter in motion, determine brain0brhavior functions
favors a mechanistic view of the brain as a machine |
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Term
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Definition
ancient surgical operation that involves cutting, scraping, chiseling, or drilling a piece of bone from the skull in order to
relieve pressure related to brain swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| The mind is an enormous space with boundaries that we could never reach |
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Term
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Definition
The brain is at the center of human reasoning and plays a crucial role in the persons life
Brain hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the brain is the source of all behavior |
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Term
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Definition
brain controlled all senses and movements
1st to recognize paralysis occurs on opposite sides of the brain and body (left brain injury, right body paralysis)
argued epilespy had definite medical cause; not sacred disease |
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Term
| What doctrine does the belief of divine control of the brain fall under? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Soul has 3 parts; Appetite, reason, and temper
Brain is the rational part of the body
health = harmony between mind and body |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac hypothesis; Heart is the source of all mental processes
Lasted 500 years |
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Term
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Definition
public dissections of criminals
Found ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerves that all connect with the CNS |
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Term
| Ventricular Localization Hypothesis |
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Definition
Mental and spiritual processes reside in the ventricular chambers of the brain
false belief
lateral ventricles are the most striking features of the brain
AKA cell doctrine |
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Term
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Definition
same as Ventricular Localization Hypothesis; ventricles are the spiritual processes of brain
lasted 2000 years
obvi false |
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Term
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Definition
ID'd many major brain structures and described behavioral changes as a function of brain trauma
Believed that all physical function depends on the balance of HUMORS |
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Term
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Definition
bodily fluids
blood, mucus, yellow and black bile
all related to 4 basic elements, air, water, fire, earth |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior results from a combination of brain structures that include the cortex, midbrain, cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
Place more emphasis on the relatively larger overall brain mass of humans as responsible for mediating mental processes
believed that the more massful a brain the better their mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
hypothesized the mind body theorem; the mind and body are separate but interact
Mental processes reside in the pineal gland
lies in center of brain
only structure not composed of 2 symmetric parts |
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Term
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Definition
All mental faculties reside in the corpus striatum
Best known for work on blood circulation in brain |
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Term
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Definition
Corpus callosum (fibers banding the left and right cerebral hemispheres) is the seat of mental functions
Known for contributing much information on aneurysms |
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Term
| Mediterranean and African beliefs |
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Definition
Gods sent diseases
Heart is center of the mind |
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Term
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Definition
one of the earliest and most important medical documents from India
proposed that the soul is nonmaterial and immortal |
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Term
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Definition
God loves the insane person, take care of mentally ill
treatment emphasized diets, baths and music |
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Term
| Chinese beliefs V European |
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Definition
viewed brain in a more mechanistic view
Vs.
European belief of demonic posession |
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Term
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Definition
brain consists of a number of seperate organs, each responsible for basic psych trait (courage, friendliness)
Hypothesized the size of certain parts of brain = the amount of skill that person has in that field |
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Term
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Definition
Abilities are independent, indivisible features
Specific brain functions performed in isolation
Assigned specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex
Limited Gall's work
Basis for localization theory of brain function |
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Term
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Definition
If a given brain area is enlarged, then the corresponding area of the skull will also be enlarged
false |
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Term
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Definition
carried on Gall's teaching
caused phrenology to become quite popular |
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Term
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Definition
1) Scientist reluctant to accept single part of brain being responsible for all behavior and emotion
2) More emphasis was placed on the role of the cortex
3) Scientists focused on the brain for their study of behavior and the mind
likely the most important |
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Term
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Definition
Broca's aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)
Motor speech was specifically located in the posterior, inferior region of the left frontal lobe
failed to complete step 2 of localization theory
damage to any other part of the brain should not result in the same deficit |
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Term
| 2 steps to prove localization theory |
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Definition
1) destruction of localized brain site impairs a specific function
2) damage to any other are of the brain should not result in the same deficit |
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Term
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Definition
The understanding of speech was located in the superior, posterior aspects of the temporal lobe
Wernicke's Fluent aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
Wernicke's Aphasia
difficulty in comprehending language but speech is easy and fluent |
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Term
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Definition
Broca's aphasia
difficulty in articulating exactly what to say but relatively good auditory verbal comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
Criticized Broca and Wernicke
various aphasia could be explained by subcortical lesions in less localized association pathways, now specific lesions in the connections between Wernicke's and Broca's areas. |
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Term
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Definition
invented the ablation experiment
removed any part of the brain in birds that led to generalized disorders of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
the technique of removing part of a brain in order to study its effects
Loss of functions depends on the extent of damage, not the location |
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Term
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Definition
the idea that if part of the brain is damage but sufficient material is still intact, the remaining material will take over functions of any missing brain tissue
basic sensorimotor functions may be localized in the brain, but higher cortical processes were too complex to be confined to any one area |
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Term
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Definition
Challenged Broca by looking at preserved brains of his patients
argued that the lesions caused general loss of intellect, rather than specific inability to speak |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lesions in the association cortex of dogs produced temporary mind blindness
scary triangles not scary after lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Anosognosia; the inability or outright refusal to recognize that you one a disease or disorder |
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Term
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Definition
considered the founder of experimental Neuropsych
Accepted localization of basic sensory and motor skills, but supported equipotential views
Found that amount of ablation was correlated to impairment
more brain taken out, more impairment
Mass action
emphasized Multipotentiality |
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Term
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Definition
the extent of behavioral impairments is directly proportional to the mass of the removed tissue
Lashley |
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Term
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Definition
| each part of the brain participates in more than one function |
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Term
| Jackson's Alternative Model |
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Definition
The loss of a specific area of the brain causes the loss or impairment of all higher skills dependent on that area
behavior resulsts from interactions among all the areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
conceived each area in the CNS as being involved in 3 basic functions, or units
1) all behavior requires the interaction of those 3 basic functions
2) all behavior reflects the brain operating as a whole
However, each functional system has some plasticity (moldableness) and can change spontaneously or through retraining |
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Term
| L'sFM Brainstem and associated areas |
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Definition
| regulates the arousal level of the brain and the maintenance of proper muscle tone |
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Term
| L'sFM Posterior areas of the cortex |
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Definition
| plays a key role in the reception, integraion, and analysis of sensory informaiton from both the internal and external environments |
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Term
| L'sFM frontal and prefrontal lobes |
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Definition
| involved in planning, executing, and verifying behavior |
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Term
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Definition
pattern of interaction among the various areas of the brain necessary to complete a behavior.
each area of the brain can act only in conjuction with other areas of the brain
no area of the brain is singly responsible for any voluntary human behavior
Luria |
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Term
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Definition
multifunctional role of the brain
behavior results from several functions or ststems of brain areas, rather than from unitart or sicrete brain areas
Luria's functional model |
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Term
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Definition
multifunctional role of the brain
behavior results from several functions or ststems of brain areas, rather than from unitart or sicrete brain areas
Luria's functional model |
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Term
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Definition
| pioneered direct electrical stimulation of the brain during surgery by systematic mapping of the brain as a technique for finding damaged areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
developed assessment devices that differentiated between patients with and without brain damage
dev'd brain damage test
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsuchological Battery |
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Term
| Halstead-Reitan Neuropsuchological Battery |
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Definition
empirical approach to assessing brain damage
developed by Ward Halstead, Ralph Reitan |
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Term
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Definition
| Coined the term Neuropsychology in 1913 in an inagural address |
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Term
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Definition
| credited for first using Neuropsychology in a national forum |
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Term
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Definition
| Published, Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory |
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Term
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Definition
Founded Neuropsychologia; journal
also demonstrated functional properties of the right hemisphere
crucial role in visuoperceptual and visuoconstructional processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ested one of the 1st neuropsychology labs at University of Iowa school of Medicine |
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Term
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Definition
Founded NP in Great Britain
contributed to understanding the nature of NP deficits associated with unilateral (same side) brain disease or injury |
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Term
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Definition
Single-handedly Founded behavioral neurology
proposed that behavioral disturbances are based on the destruction of specific brain pathways
Disconnections |
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Term
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Definition
Helped pioneer the assessment approach in clinical neuropsychology
She also focused on reminding us that neuropsychology is firmly rooted in clinical psychology |
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Term
| What are the 2 doctrines that shaped early NP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the ancient surgical operation that involves cutting, scraping, chiseling, or drilling a pluglike piece of bone from the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who suggested that the soul has 3 parts: appetite, reason, and temper? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Neuropsychological examination |
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Definition
objective, comprehensive assessment of a wide range of cognitive and behavioral areas of functioning
noninvasive |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of measuring human traits or abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| task or set of tasks administered under standar conditions and designed to assess some aspects of a person's knowledge or skill |
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Term
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Definition
| stability or dependability of a test score as reflected in it's consistency on repeated measurement of the same individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaningfulness of specific inferences made from the test scores |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the test score as a measure of the abstract, psychological construct of interest (memory. intelligence, kindness) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a sample of items or tasks makes conceptual sense or represents some defined psychological domain |
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Term
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Definition
| scores relate systematically to one or more outcome criteria, either now (concurrent validity) or in the future (predictive validity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fals positive, false alarm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency with which a pathologic condition is diagnosed in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| measure how well a subject has profited by learning and experience, compared with others |
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Term
| Behavioral-adaptive scales |
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Definition
| Examine what an individual usually and habitually does, not what he or she can do. |
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Term
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Definition
| complex composite measures of verbal and performance abilities that are related, in part, to achievement (factual knowledge) and aptitude (e.g., problem solving) |
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Term
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Definition
measures that are sensitive indicators of brain damage.
defined when a change in brain function is systematically related to a change in performance on that test (established via research) |
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Term
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Definition
| concern the nonintellectual aspects of behavior; emotional states, interpersonal relationships, motivation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dependent on cultural factors and learning
spelling, factual knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
culture free and independent of learning
problem-solving
abstract reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| elementary process of a stimulus exciting a receptor and resulting in a detectable experience in any sensory modality ("i see it!" |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on intact sensation and is the process of "knowing"; ("i see it, and its a plane") |
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Term
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Definition
| give attention for long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| assesses the abilitiy to copy shapes with increasing degrees of difficulty |
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Term
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Definition
| deficit in the motor component of writing |
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Term
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Definition
| deficit in simple reading skills |
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Term
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Definition
| deficit in spelling skills |
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Term
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Definition
| assesses the patient's ability to remember visual information the examiner presented earlier in the testing and after a short delay |
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Term
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Definition
| fabricating or lying about symptoms in order to gain something |
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Term
| Standard battery approach |
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Definition
Halstead and Reitan
advantages
disadvantages |
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Term
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Definition
| neuropsychologists selects tests using hypotheses made from impressions of the patient and information available about the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| data of test results of a sample of individuals that can be used as a comparison to an individual score |
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Term
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Definition
| if a patient scores worse than a cuttoff is abnormal, better than a cutoff is normal |
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