Term
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Definition
1. Stimulus activates a specific receptor cell
2. the receptor cell then creates energy
3. the energy is then transduced into an electrical stimulus
4. electrical stimulus is carried to neurons for brain process |
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Definition
| inability to recognize the form and/or function of things in the environment. It can happen to any sensory domain |
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Definition
| detect touch, vibration, stretching, and bending |
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Definition
| detect presence of particular chemicals on surface of skin or mucous membranes |
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Definition
activated by potentially damaging stimulation (mechanical or chem)
Present through out body but not brain |
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Definition
located on skeletal muscles
detect movement of body and help identify shape of objects touched with hand |
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Term
| Ascending spinal-thalamic tract |
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Definition
carries information related to pain and temperature
runs parallel to spinal cord; connects wide region of thalamus and somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway |
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Definition
carries information related to touch and vibration
routed up the dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to the medulla (hindbrain), passes through medial lemniscus (white matter tract), goes to thalamus and up to somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
Parietal lobe- posterior to the central sulcus
[image] |
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Definition
particular parts along the strip of cortex represent sensation from particular parts of the body and are organized contralaterally (right brain, left side; left brain, right side)
[image] |
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Definition
| neurosurgeon who mapped out the sensory and motor areas of the brain using electrical stimulation during neurosurgery for epilepsy patients |
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Definition
| inability to recognize objects by touch |
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Definition
When there is multiple sensations from both sides of the body, one is extinguished or suppressed and the person reports there is only feeling from one side of body
Example: left and right hands touching; only feel sensation from right hand |
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Definition
recognition of the relative position of your own body in space using multiple senses
aka Proprioception |
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Definition
| experience of external sensory information in absence of available sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
Papillae (taste buds), small bumps along the tongue, contain receptor cells
they respond to what chemicals you eat
they quickly wear out and are replaced about every 10 days
Hypothalamus may be sensitive to how pleasurable taste is |
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Definition
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Definition
| Receptors send information to thalamus (ventral posterior medial nucleus), then to primary gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and orbital prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
central olfactory pathway is cranial nerve I
inhaled scent particles travel up to the roof of the nasal cavity and attach to the olfactory epithelium and stimulate cilia
from epithelium, travel through thin cribiform plate of the skull and attach to the olfactory bulbs underneath the frontal cortex
From bulbs heads into limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus)
Only sense that doesnt start by going through the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| scientists think that the effect of scent on emotion and mood is instantaneous because of direct connection to limbic system |
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Term
| Olfaction related disorders |
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Definition
Alzheimer's and Parkinsons' associated with decreased sense of smell (hyposmia)
Schizophrenia is associated with distorted sense of smell (dysomia) |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased sensation of smell |
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Definition
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Term
Coritcal motor processing
Primary motor processing |
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Definition
located on precentral gyrus (motor strip) of frontal lobe
managed fine details to perform movement
receives input from secondary motor areas and somatosensory cortex
outputs descending tracts of spinal cord onto synapses of muscles |
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Definition
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Term
Coritcal motor processing
Somatopically mapped |
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Definition
particula regions correspond to particular muscles
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of voluntary movement due to damage or disease of primary motor cortex on opposite side of body |
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Term
| Secondary motor cortex composition |
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Definition
Supplementary motor area
Premotor area
Cingulate motor areas |
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Term
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Definition
part of secondary motor cortex
organization, sequential timing of movement, internal intention to move |
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Term
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Definition
part of secondary motor cortex
motor planning and sequencing, movemnt readiness based on external cues |
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Term
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Definition
part of secondary motor cortex
less known, damage to this part results in lack of spontaneous motor activity
thought to play a role in emotional and motivational cues for movement |
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Term
| Posterial parietal lobes (movement) |
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Definition
| important for coordinating spatial mapping with motor programming |
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Term
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (movement) |
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Definition
| provides initiation for motor behavioral and executive programming of purposeful movement |
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Term
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Definition
simple motor skills, higher motor skills, cortical process
Males do better simple motor speed tests
females better fine motor coordination |
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Definition
difficulty initiating and maintaining movement
often seen in Parkinson's and Huntington's |
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Term
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Definition
| continuing the same behavior or constantly selecting it in the presence of other choices |
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Term
| defensive response inhibition |
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Definition
| inappropriately displaying a motor response when it is unwanted |
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Term
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Definition
inability or disability in performing voluntary actions
most common type of problem seen by neuropsychs |
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Definition
| problem executing precise independent/coordinated finger movements |
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Term
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Definition
difficulties executing the idea of movement when knowledge of action is preserved
results from lesions of the left parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
actual knowledge of a specific action is lost
not associated with damage to specific area, related to larger loss of semantic knowledge - dementia |
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Term
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Definition
impairment in the action sequence, individual actions may be correct, but performed out of order in a sequence
caused by frontal lobe damage? |
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Term
| Motor processing - Cerebellum |
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Definition
coordinates reflex and voluntary movement
precise timing of movement (1/1000 of a second)
aids in maintaining posture, balance, muscle tone
implicated in sequential aspects of motor learning
when damaged- causes irregular, jerky, poorly coordinated movements |
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Term
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Definition
| - increased shaking toward final stages of a purposeful movement (shaking worse closer to picking up a glass) |
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Definition
Parkinson's disease
tremor is worst at rest and less severe during intentional movement |
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Term
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Definition
includes: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
control the fluidity of "semiautomatic" motor programs
Disorders related:
Tourette's syndrome
Parkinson's (substantia nigra)
Huntington's (caudate) |
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Term
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Definition
detect levels of light, shades of gray, and motion/location
larger in number and surround central cones |
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Definition
fewer in number- located more neat center of retina
process color information |
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Definition
[image]
information enters retina
leaves via optic nerve
both optic nerves meet at optic chiasm (ventral surface of brain)
some info decussates (enters opposite part of brain)
main route travels to both thamalai (lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus)
finishes at occipital lobe |
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Term
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Definition
visual problems occuring along the primary visual processing pathway
Damage before optic chiasm- one eye blindness
Full peripheral vision with both visual fields represented, remains in other eye |
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Term
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Definition
damage occurs posterior to optic chiasm results in blindness for one side of your visual field
can also occur from damage to one occipital lobe, instead of just nerve |
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Term
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Definition
most posterior and medial area on occipital cortex
primary visual cortex
contains retinotopic map (image upsidedown and flipped though)
Damage to V1 on both hemispheres results in blindsight |
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Term
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Definition
| functionally blind, but can sometimes have vague preconscious impressions of movement and location |
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Term
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Definition
| process different elements of the picture- color, line orientation, features of shape |
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Term
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Definition
closest to V1 (spatially and functionally)
basic assembly and mapping of information |
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Term
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Definition
specialized for recognizing dynamic form
recognition of moving shapes |
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Term
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Definition
sensitive to color, line orientation and form
damage = achromatopsia |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to V4 results in complete loss of ability to detect color |
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Term
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Definition
sensitive to motion
damage results in akinetopsia |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to identify objects in motion |
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Term
| Ventral pathway of visual processing |
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Definition
"What"
left hemisphere ventral pathway- recognizes symbolic objects
Right hemisphere ventral path- global recognition of objects and faces |
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Term
| Dorsal pathway of visual processing |
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Definition
"Where"
localizing objects in space and relation to each other
helps in planning and coordinating motor movements |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders of Ventral visual processing
"What"
Fail to recognize objects at all- or confuse objects under different conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders of Ventral visual processing
"What"
special case of inability to recognize people by their faces |
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Term
| Apperceptivevisual agnosia |
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Definition
Disorders of Ventral visual processing
"What"
inability to combine the individual aspects of a visual object into the whole
see things in bits and pieces
strangely unaware of about own condition |
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Term
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Definition
damage to both hemispheres of parieto-occipital area of brain
causes apperceptive visual agnosia and causes difficulty like misreaching and left-sided neglect |
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Term
| Associative visual agnosia |
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Definition
Disorders of Ventral visual processing
"What"
Difficulty assigning meaning to objects
loss of link between visual perceptual and semantic meaning (name included)
neuroanatomical damage not clear, appears left hemisphere parieto-occipital lesions cause this
some patients have combo of appreceptive and associative agnosia |
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Term
| List of Disorders of Ventral visual processing- "What" |
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Definition
Visual object agnosia
Prosopagnosia
apperceptive visual agnosia
Balint's syndrome
associative visual agnosia |
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Term
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Definition
unaware of one side of their personal and/or extrapersonal space
almost always neglect of left hemispace due to right hemisphere damage
commonly due to stroke
lesions to thalamus also cause neglect |
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Term
| Primary auditory processing pathway |
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Definition
Cochlea (hair) detects sound frequencies
connect to auditory nerve
Auditory nerve connects ipsilaterally (same side) to cochlear nuclei of the medulla (brainstem)
from there each pathway projects to both ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary nuclei (each hemisphere receives info)
goes up through inferior colliculus, through medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
Finally to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe (Heschl's gyrus) |
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Term
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Definition
Frequency-specific bands organized in the primary auditory cortex
codes frequency, loudness, timbre, duration, and change of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior aspect of the superior temporal gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
damage to left hemisphere auditory processing areas
difficulty deciphering spoken words
can still detect emotional inflection |
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Term
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Definition
frontal operculum
loss of emotional intention but full understanding of words |
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Term
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Definition
Bands of axons that connect Wernicke's and Broca's area
allows close communication between these receptive and expressive language areas |
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Term
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Definition
disturbance of language usage and/or comprehension
frequently cause by strokes, tumor, brain trauma.
damage to frontal and/or temporal lobes of left hemisphere
damage to basal ganglia or thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluent spontaneous speech |
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Term
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Definition
difficulty in the flow of articulation
broken speech, halting |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in speech output |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty understanding spoken speech |
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Term
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Definition
| expressive, nonfluent aphasia with difficulties in speech production, but relatively intact auditory verbal comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability to form phonetic language sounds |
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Term
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Definition
cannot adequately understand what they are saying themselves results in paragrammatism (word salad)
Anosognosia for speech
cannot understand their speech is meaningless, causes confusion when others don't understand them |
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Term
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Definition
word salad
series of unconnected words and word sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| detected by the inability to repeat back what others say |
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Term
| transcortical motor aphasia |
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Definition
voluntary speech is halting and nonfluent- but when repeating what others say- fluent
damage tends to be either a bit anterior or superior to broca's area |
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Term
| transcortical sensory aphasia |
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Definition
severe speech comprehension problems, can't repeat what others say
lesion in the angular gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
Anomia
frequent result of widespread brain damage- dementia, traumatic brain injury |
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Term
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Definition
profound difficulty with all aspects of speech functinoing- both production and comprehension
large lesion covering large portion of left hemisphere |
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