Term
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Definition
| awareness, level of mental alertness, and level of attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate levels of alertness and arousal throughout the day and night |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| deep within the hypothalamus (biological clock) |
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Definition
| along with the visual system calibrate the sleep-wake cycle |
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Term
| 1 neuron may recieve __________ messages from the neurons that synapse on it. |
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Definition
| Excitatory and inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| Delta wave (1/2 to 4 cycles per second) |
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Term
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Definition
| Dreams occur. Usually forget the dream |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone that can tell when they are dreaming and can alter their dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| 90 minute cycle of descending and ascending states of cortical arousal |
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Term
| 2 general stages of sleep |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have characteristic EEG patterns and physiological correlates |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic view of activity in the sleeping brain |
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Term
| Brain waves as sleep progresses |
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Definition
| Slower, higher, and more rhythmic as each stage progresses |
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Term
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Definition
| EEG shows 50% or more delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| REM and NREM breakdown for normal sleepers |
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Definition
| 75% in NREM and 25% in REM |
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Term
| Events during Stage 4 Sleep |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus tells the pituitary to release somatotrophin (growth hormone) and the immune system is active. |
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Term
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Definition
| (growth hormone) secreted by the pituitary gland in stage 4 sleep |
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Term
| Stage 4 sleep is more necessary during.... |
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Definition
| rapid growth and development |
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Term
| Stage 4 Sleep is also termed.... |
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Definition
| restorative sleep because it also increases in adults in response to intense physical exertion |
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Term
| Location of the circadian clock |
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Definition
| suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| How the circadian clock works |
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Definition
| 2 halves of the SCN lie just above the optic chiasm and receive light via neural input from the two visual fields as they cross hemispheres to the opposite sides of the brain. |
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Term
| How does the circadian clock signal sleep onset and awakening? |
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Definition
| Scientists are not sure but perhaps through qualitatively different signals, or via a gradual change in the release of neurotransmitter molecules |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
| primary mechanism for turning REM sleep on and off |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Maintain cortical arousal
2. Stimulation reaches the occipital cortex and gives rise to dream images |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs at the spinal cord so we do not act out our dream |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells "turn on" and activating at a higher level of serotonin and norepinephrine |
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Term
| 2 behavioral functions of REM sleep |
|
Definition
1. memory consolidation
2. intrapsychic function of dreaming |
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Term
| Memory Consolidation and REM Sleep |
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Definition
| Hippocampus produces theta waves. People can remember more after sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Awakening from a particularly terrifying dream |
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Term
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Definition
| Serious disorder resulting from frequent episodes of apnea (cessation of airflow) during sleep |
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Term
| Literal definition of "Apnea" |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Diagnosing criteria of Sleep Apnea |
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Definition
| If Apnea and awakening occur more than five times an hour, they are diagnosed |
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Term
|
Definition
| below-average levels of oxygenated blood, often below 60% (normal-95%) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| possible cause-young children have not yet developed the reflex for breathing. Often occurs between the ages of 2 and 4 months. |
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Term
|
Definition
| more common. Often occur in REM sleep when the upper airway collapses or the body weight of the patient on the chest compromises respiratory effort |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing is related to the brain failing to send the necessary signals to breathe |
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Term
|
Definition
| age, obesity, and being male |
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Term
| Treatment efforts for sleep apnea |
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Definition
| surgical and mechanical means |
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Term
| Most notable disorder resulting from impaired CNS control of the sleep-wake cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Greek definition of Narcolepsy |
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Definition
| "a taking hole of numbness" |
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Term
|
Definition
| irresistible daytime "sleep attacks". Can last for a few seconds to more than 30 minutes. |
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Term
| Where does narcolepsy take place? |
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Definition
| CNS disorder of the region of the brain stem that controls and regulates sleep and wakefulness |
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Term
| Most debilitating narcoleptic symptom |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brief (seconds to minutes) episode of muscle weakness &/or actual paralysis |
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Term
| Hypnagogic hallucinations |
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Definition
| a symptom of narcolepsy and occur in the transition between wakefulness and sleep onset. Can be mundane or nightmarish and can cause great anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| counseling for patient and family, developing good sleep habits with frequent naps, and meds (typically stimulants-amphetamines) for sleepiness and tricyclics (imimpramine) for cataplexy |
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Term
|
Definition
| No, but the symptoms can be controlled |
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Term
| Medications for narcolepsy |
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Definition
| Stimulants (amphetamines) for sleepiness and tricyclics (imipramine) for cataplexy |
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Term
|
Definition
| if the abnormal rhythm is confined to a particular brain area |
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Term
| Generalized seizure (grand mal) |
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Definition
| involves the entire brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| (falling sickness) syndrome in which brain seizure activity is a primary symptom |
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Term
| Grand mal (French-"big bad") |
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Definition
| most violent motoric abnormalities of stiffening and jerking episodes and loss of consciousness |
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Term
| Petit Mal (French- "little bad") |
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Definition
| cause an altered state of consciousness, but don't result in violent physical loss of control |
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Term
| 2 classifications of seizures |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 70% of people experience this before a seizure: nausea, dizziness, or numbness |
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Term
|
Definition
| after a seizure-gradually emerges into full consciousness. May have confusion, disorientation, depression, headache, or fatigue |
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Term
| Generalized Seizures (grand mal) |
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Definition
| violent. stiffening of limbs, jaw clenching, blue face, rhythmic jerking. Followed by abrupt limpness (atonia) and gradual regaining of conscious awareness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| happens after the grand mal seizure- abrupt limpness |
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Term
| A few conditions that may lead to partial seizures: |
|
Definition
| head trauma, stroke, viral brain disease-meningitis and encephalitis |
|
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Term
| 3 Types of Partial Seizures |
|
Definition
1. Simple Seizures:
2. Secondarily generalized siezure
3. Complex Partial Seizures |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial seizure that may involve sensory-motor expression or psychic expression (mood, altered consciousness) |
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Term
| Secondarily Generalized Seizures |
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Definition
| Partial Seizure. Happens when simple seizure spreads. Can generalize through the whole brain like in JACKSONIAN Seizures |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial Seizure. Most common-psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy. Emanate from the temporal lobes and are more complex than simple partial seizures because they have an element of altered psyche or awareness in addition to sensory or motor component |
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Term
|
Definition
| presurgery evaluation involving injection by radiologist of a barbiturate (sodium amytal) through patient's carotid artery to anesthetize one hemisphere at a time. Test the function of each hemisphere individually before temporal lobectomy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| behavioral management, nutritional therapy, meds, neurosurgery |
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Term
|
Definition
| phenytoin (dilantin), carbamexepine (Tegretol), or sodium valproate (Depakote) barbiturates, and benzodiazepines |
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Term
|
Definition
| used when drugs have not controlled the seizures. The pathologic brain area is simply cut out if able to be localized. |
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|
Term
| Do you have secretive fantasies about Dillon? |
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Definition
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