Term
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Definition
*gathers info about environment from PNS - depends on PNS for input
*responsible for cognition, learning, memory, plans and executes voluntary movement
**brain and spinal cord (encased in bone) |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
*interface between CNS and environment
**spinal and cranial nerves - segmental orientation
-afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons and tracts
-pairs of nerves- sensory input, motor output |
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Term
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Definition
*convey information to cell body (soma)
*receive input from other neurons
-increase surface area of neuron allowing communication with other neurons |
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Definition
| *conveys output of cell to next neuron or muscle (motor neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
| *control center (same as in other cells) |
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Term
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Definition
*contains mitochondria and membrane bound vesicles filled with neurocrine molecules
-neurotransmitters released from excitation |
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Term
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Definition
| *cell body, axon, dendrite |
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Term
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Definition
*2 extensions off cell body
*transmission of special senses |
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Definition
*axon split into 2 branches - one to periphery and one to spinal cord
*PNS sensory neuron (think dorsal root ganglion) |
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Term
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Definition
*one long axon with many dendrites
*motor neurons, pyramidal cells, purkinje cells |
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Term
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Definition
| *carry info about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli from sensory receptors to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| *carries motor info from CNS to peripheral tissues (muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
*neurons that lie entirely w/in CNS
*communicate with other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
*PNS
*form myelin - ensheaths unmylenated axons (only does one)
*trophic support
*support of growth and repair - forms channels of regrowth |
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Term
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Definition
*CNS
*forms myelin - many axons can be mylenated by one
(equivalent of schwann cell in PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
*CNS
*mechanical and metabolic support
*response to injury - glial scars |
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Term
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Definition
*CNS
*phagocytosis - help remove cellular products of damage
*very moblie |
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Term
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Definition
*collections cell bodies (little myelin)
*CNS - cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum (mantle or covering layers of cells), nuclei (collection of CNS cell bodies)
*PNS - ganglia (collection of PNS cell bodies - dorsal root ganglia - except basal ganglia in brain) |
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Term
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Definition
*collections of axons (myelin turns white)
*CNS: fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle, lemniscus, commissure, tract
*PNS: nerve roots and rami |
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Term
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Definition
*2 cerebral hemispheres, 1 lateral centricle in each
*cerebral cortex w/ gyri and sulci
*interconnection of hemispheres wia corpus callosum
*several large masses of subcortical nuclei (basal ganglia: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus)
*divided into lobes based on anatomy and function |
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Term
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Definition
*between brain stem and cerebrum
*thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle, pituitary and pineal gland
*together with telencephalon referred to as forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
*midbrain
*cerebral aqueduct - canal connecting thrid and fourth ventricles
*tectum
*cerebral peduncles |
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Term
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Definition
*pons and cerebellum
*cerebellum= "little brain" 2 cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (connects them)
*cerebellar cortex with folia and fissures
*fourth ventricle between cerebellum and pons |
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Term
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Definition
*medulla oblongata
*together with mesencephalon and pons = brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
*coordinates information from other association areas, controls some behaviors
*skeletal muscle movements (primary motor cortex, premotor cortex)
*prefrontal association area
*higher thought processes (decision making) |
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Term
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Definition
*sensory info from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera, and taste buds
*primary somatosensory cortex
*sensory association area |
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Term
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Definition
*vision
*visual association area
*visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
*hearing*
*auditory cortex, auditory association area |
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Term
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Definition
*buried underneath fromtal and temporal lobes
*taste - gustatory cortex
*smell - olfactory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
*acts as the link between higher cognitive function (reasoning, primitive emotions such as fear)
*surrounds brainstem - parts of several lobes |
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Term
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Definition
*sensory receptors activated by a specific stimulus (adequate stimulus)
*adequate stimulus => membrane conductance change => generator potential => action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
*what the sensation is*
*indicated by which sensory neurons are activated and by where the pathways of the activated neurons terminate in the brain
*submodality = quality of stimuli (touch - warm vs cold)
*info carried by "labeled-line code" - brain associates a signal coming from a specific group of receptors with a specific modality (stimulation of a cold receptor perceived as cold)
*no matter how nerve is stimulated, modality is always the same |
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Term
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Definition
*how much sensation is present*
*frequency code - includes the total number of action potentials generated per unit time in affected sensory neurons and the total number of neurons activated |
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Term
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Definition
*Where the sensation originates*
*concept of receptive field = region of skin from which stimuli can evoke a response*
*precise location info is usually coded by the "population code" |
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Term
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Definition
*region of skin from which stimuli can evoke a response
*size varies with location
*overlap - convergence of primary sensory neurons on a single secondary neuron - 2 stimuli perceived as one
*small RF's increase discrimination - few neurons converge - 2 stimuli perceived as 2 |
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Term
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Definition
*when the stimulus starts and stops*
*adaptation - how long neuron continues to stimulate AP's when it is constantly stimulated itself
*helps define what kind of stimulus information the receptors can best encode
*"temporal pattern coding" accomplishes coding of stimulus onset, duration, and offset |
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Term
| Rapidly Adapting Receptors |
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Definition
*respond to dynamic aspects of the stimulus
*fire when first receive stimulus, cease if strength of stimulus constant - little response to intensity (phasic receptors)
-APs fire when stimulus turned on and off |
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Term
| Slowly Adapting Receptors |
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Definition
*respond to static and dynamic aspects of stimulus
*fire rapidly when first activated, then slow and maintain firing as long as stimulus is present - respond to duration of stimulus
-increased generating potentials increases intensity and increases APs
*tonic receptors |
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Term
| Exteroceptive somatosensory receptors |
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Definition
| *provide info about skin contact with external objects - sense outside body coming in |
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Term
| Proprioceptive somatosensory receptors |
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Definition
| *provide info about body/limb postition and movement - relies primarily on receptors in joins, muscles, tendons |
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Term
| Enteroceptive somatosensory receptors |
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Definition
| *monitor internal state of body and includes mechanoreceptors that detect distention of the gut or fullness of bladder |
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Term
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Definition
*sense pressure, vibration, gravity, acceleration, sound, touch
-respond to mechanical energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| *respond to pain, some itch |
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Term
| Rapidly adapting receptors |
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Definition
*signal dynamic (active or changing) stimulus properties
-e.g. movement of skin, velocity, acceleration |
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Term
| Slowly adapting receptors |
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Definition
*signal static (steady state) properties
-e.g. stimulus duration, intensity |
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Term
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Definition
*senses vibration*-deep skin layers
*rapidly adapting
*large receptive field (vibration travels easily through body)
*responding at acceleration points in skin indentation (vibration detector)
*encapsulated ending-mechanical filter detecting movement
*A-beta fiber (large, myelinated, fast conducting) |
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Term
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Definition
*responds to flutter and stroking (slow vibrations)
*rapidly adapting
*small receptive field
*A-beta fibers
*responts to velocity changes (skin movement)with not response to steady indentation, doesnt respond as much when stimulus removed
*capsule is flattened epithelial cells - superficial skin layers |
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Term
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Definition
*responds to skin stretch*
*slowly adapting
*large receptive field - stretch sensitive
*A-beta fibers
*responds to dynamic and static phase of skin indentation - shut down when pulled off skin
*pressure receptor - frequency increases with intensity
*deep layer of skin |
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