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Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology for Veterinary Technicians
93
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/11/2009

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Term
function of cerebral cortex
Definition
higher learning, problem solving, etc.
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
takes info from cerebral cortex and transmits it to the brain stem. this is an efferent, motor function.
Term
thalamus
Definition
relay station from brain stem to cerebral cortex. has an afferent, sensory function.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
intersection between nervous and endocrine system
Term
cerebellum
Definition
responsible for balance, and position
Term
three parts of the brainstem
Definition
midbrain, pons, medulla
Term
midbrain
Definition
for head movement; works with cerebellum
Term
pons
Definition
has heavy vascular supply; regulates rate and depth of breathing
Term
medulla
Definition
contains respiratory control center, cardiac center (heart rate,) baso (pressure) control
Term
BAR stands for
Definition
bright, alert, responsive
Term
2 cranial nerves that don't originate from the brainstem
Definition
olfactory and optic
Term
2 most common reasons for a visit to the vet (besides preventative care)
Definition
lethargic, not eating
Term
difference between stuporous and comatose
Definition
stuporous = animal appears to be asleep and can be aroused with strong stimulation such as pain. comatose = animal does not respond to any stimuli
Term
cranial nerves that are pure motors
Definition
O.T.A.A.H. = oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal
Term
mixed cranial nerves
Definition
Thank God For Vegas = Trigeminal, Glossopharyngeal, Facial, Vagus
Term
Pure sensory cranial nerves
Definition
O.O.V. = olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear
Term
purpose of accessory nerve
Definition
helps move head and neck
Term
____ are bundled into fibers to form nerves
Definition
axons
Term
what is the purpose for the 'bitter' part of the tongue?
Definition
gag reflex
Term
what taste do cats not have?
Definition
sweet
Term
the components of the taste bud not including the nerve fibers are able to regenerate how often?
Definition
every 2-3 days
Term
how do we taste something?
Definition
When food enters the mouth it is dissolved in saliva. Chemical is detected by sensory hairs and relayed to taste cells, which stimulate nerve fibers. Taste 'impulses' travel along facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves through the thalamus to the cerebrum.
Term
Describe how sensory neurons are stimulated by a)salty things or b)sour things
Definition
In both cases, the membrane of the taste cell is depolarized, which causes calcium channels to open, which causes neurotransmitters to be released and stimulate a sensory neuron. With salty taste, Sodium ions cause depolarization. With sour taste, Hydrogen ions cause depolarization.
Term
Which nerve controls jaw movement and tone?
Definition
MOTOR of Trigeminal nerve
Term
Which muscles are most affected by the MOTOR of the Trigeminal nerve?
Definition
masseter and temporalis(forehead)
Term
What is a good way to assess jaw tone?
Definition
Open the mouth - there should be resistance. Observe muscle size.
Term
If a dog is unable to close its mandible, what nerve is affected?
Definition
MOTOR of trigeminal
Term
True or False: loss of muscle must be accompanied by loss of function in order to be a problem with the nerve
Definition
true
Term
nerve responsible for tongue movement
Definition
hypoglossal
Term
how should tongue movement be assessed?
Definition
observe position of tongue in the mouth, use of tongue by animal, retraction of the tongue when it is touched.
Term
Nerves responsible for gag and swallow reflex
Definition
mixed function of glossopharyngeal and vagus
Term
How to assess gag and swallow reflex
Definition
insert finger into pharynx - patient should gag, and then typically swallow. if swallow reflex is tested separately, gently push on external laryngeal area.
Term
Just like taste needs saliva to dissolve substances, smell needs ____ to dissolve odors
Definition
mucus
Term
how to assess olfactory nerve
Definition
observe general behavior, expose an odor without using sound (example: alcohol balls.)
Term
how do we smell things?
Definition
odors carried by the air are dissolved in mucus. the chemical is received by olfactory cells with stimulate nerve impulses that travel along the olfactory nerve, through the thalamus to the cerebrum
Term
semicircular canals are located at ___ angles to eachother
Definition
right
Term
what does an animal with vestibular issues look like?
Definition
tilted head, abnormal gait, twitching eyes
Term
how is vestibular disease managed?
Definition
In the clinic, need padded cage to prevent self injury. Anti-inflammatory, appetite inducing and vomit suppressor medications are given.
Term
what is an ERG?
Definition
electroretinogram - done on patients getting cataracts removed to make sure the retina/optic nerve is functioning
Term
nerve responsible for hearing and balance
Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term
two things responsible for the COLLECTION of sound waves
Definition
pinna and ear canal
Term
at what point do sound waves turn into mechanical vibrations?
Definition
tympanic membrane
Term
which auditory ossicle touches the tympanic membrane?
Definition
malleus
Term
how do we hear something?
Definition
vibrations carried through auditory ossicles through oval window and enter the cochlea. Waves are created in the endolymph, which moves over sensory hairs, physically opening ion channels that depolarize the cell membrane. calcium enters the cell and causes release of neurotransmitters, which depolarize the nerve fiber leading to the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cerebrum.
Term
what ion do these channels permit into the cell?
Definition
potassium
Term
how to assess hearing
Definition
create audible stimulus that the patient cannot see or feel. may use increasing levels of sounds.
Term
conduction deafness is due to
Definition
loss of sound transmission in external and middle ear
Term
nerve deafness is due to
Definition
congenital defect of the cochlea, associated with white coat color
Term
two parts that make up the vestibule
Definition
saccule and utricle
Term
the vestibule detects _____
Definition
movement of the head and linear motion
Term
semicircular canals sense _____ movement of the head
Definition
rotary
Term
path of nerve impulses from the vestibule and semicircular canals
Definition
vestibulocochlear nerve -> cerebellum for coordination -> cerebrum
Term
how does the vestibule detect position of the head and linear motion?
Definition
the utricle and saccule are filled with endolymph. the otoliths are suspended in a gel that coats the sensory hairs. The otoliths move and stimulate the hairs, which causes nerve impulses to be sent via the vestibular nerve.
Term
how do the semicircular canals sense rotary movement?
Definition
the canals are at right angles to each other in order to detect movement along all three axes (roll, pitch, and yaw.) The endolymph within the canals moves as the body moves. As the fluid moves over the cupula, a bundle of hair cells, vestibular nerve fibers are stimulated, which send the impulse to the cerebellum.
Term
how to assess balance
Definition
body posture, position of the head, ability to maintain balance as animal's position is changed ('righting' reflex)
Term
name six muscles responsible for movement of the eye
Definition
lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
Term
how do we see things?
Definition
light travels through the cornea, pupil, lens, and then through nerve cells to rods and cones on the back of the eye. photosensitive substances in the rods and cones become excited and impulses are sent through the optic nerve to the brain
Term
difference between rods and cones
Definition
cones = color and bright light. rods = black and white, low light levels
Term
what determines the ability to see color?
Definition
proportion of cones to rods
Term
true or false: rods and cones contain vitamin A
Definition
true
Term
how to assess vision
Definition
following or tracking test: toss a dry cotton ball in the air.
maze test: perform a maze in a well lighted, then dimly lit or dark room
Term
three nerves responsible for oculomotor function
Definition
oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
Term
what exactly is oculomotor function?
Definition
movement of the eye in all directions, and retraction of the globe
Term
oculomotor is motor to the _____ eyelid
Definition
upper
Term
how to assess oculomotor function
Definition
note position of iris/pupil. hold the animal's head stationary and observe their ability to track your hand. Menace test: check the menace reflex and put something very close to their eye to see if the globe retracts. Palpebral reflex: touching eyelid or preorbital skin will result in closure of the eyelid or blink Pupillary light reflex
Term
what is strabismus?
Definition
abnormal position of the iris/pupil. (strabismus is normal in siamese cats.)
Term
reactions of pupillary light reflex test
Definition
cornea and lens should be clear, otherwise this reflex won't work. in bright light, parasympathetic circular muscle oculomotor to constrict pupil. in low light, sympathetic radial muscle cervical sympathetic nerve to dilate pupil.
Term
what does the pupillary light reflex actually assess?
Definition
'health of the retina' and optic nerve, autonomic innervation of the eye
Term
what is anisocoria?
Definition
unequal pupil size.
Term
why do both pupils respond if only one is stimulated?
Definition
the pupil that indirectly responds does so because of the optic chiasm.
Term
what is ptosis and an abnormality in what nerve causes it?
Definition
droopy upper eyelid; may also cause miosis and elevation of the 3rd eyelid. oculomotor
Term
two nerves responsible for facial expression and sensation
Definition
trigeminal (sensory) and facial (motor)
Term
how to assess facial espression and sensation
Definition
observe muscle tone and movement of face; apply light stimulus and observe response
Term
true or false: the autonomic part of the nervous system includes motor and sensory nerves
Definition
false - only motor
Term
example of photoreceptors
Definition
rods & cones
Term
example of chemoreceptors
Definition
taste and smell
Term
examples of mechanoreceptors
Definition
touch receptors, stretch receptors, baro receptors
Term
Are cranial nerves part ofthe PNS or CNS?
Definition
PNS
Term
Ependymal cells - location, morphology, function?
Definition
line the fluid filled cavity of the brain and spinal cord. Have cilia - in the ventricles, they make CSF
Term
Astrocytes - shape, location, function
Definition
star shaped, commonly found between nerves and blood vessels, role in the blood-brain barrier (selective permeability,) metabolize glucose, respond to brain tissue injury
Term
oligodendrocytes- location, function
Definition
found in the brain and spinal cord, in rows along axons- form myelin
Term
function of microglia
Definition
scavengers of the CNS - phagocytize bacteria and debris, support neurons. in necropsy, diseased brain identified by large number of these cells
Term
how are axons repaired after injury?
Definition
axon portion distal to the injury degenerates, proximal end of injured axon regenerates into tube of sheath cells, schwann cells degenerate, schwann cells regenerate
Term
cerebrospinal fluid- appearance, location, ingredients, function.
Definition
- clear, colorless, similar to egg white
- circulates in subarachnoid space
- contains electrolytes, glucose, and some protein molecules.
- excrete waste products (Co2, metabolites, drugs) communication mechanism, protection (cushion, buoyancy to reduce pressure at brainstem)
Term
how often is CSF produced?
Definition
constantly
Term
how many ions does the sodium potassion pump move in and out at once?
Definition
3 (+) out, 2 (+) in
Term
specific role of astrocytes in the blood brain barrier
Definition
release chemicals that trigger the formation of tight junctions. - makes the CNS a protected space, only permitting certain substances
Term
satellite cells
Definition
in the PNS - similar to astrocytes - absorb metals and toxins that may injure the neuron
Term
what part of a neuron may be myelinated?
Definition
the axon ONLY - not the dendrites or the cell body
Term
how are the endothelial cells of the capillaries of the CNS different than in other areas of the body?
Definition
these endothelial cells have tight junctions instead of gap junctions in order to keep the CNS a protected space. Also, the capillaries are surrounded by glial cell membranes.
Term
what can a sample of CSF tell us?





















































































































































what can the collection and analysis of the CSF tell us?
Definition
blood brain barrier may break down due to trauma, inflammation, infection, wide changes in blood pressure
Term
what can the collection and analysis of the CSF tell us?
Definition
Term
what can the collection and analysis of the CSF tell us?
Definition
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