Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Obstructive
2. Communicating |
|
|
Term
| What is obstructive hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| CSF circulation is blocked |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The aquaduct of sylvius is the most common spot for this block |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can cause this blockage? |
|
Definition
| - Stenosis from a tumour or infection |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in communicating hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| Reabsorption of CSF by the subarachnoid villi is impaired |
|
|
Term
| What occurs because of this block? |
|
Definition
| Ventricles expand (causing the skull to flex in neonates) |
|
|
Term
| What results from this ventricle expansion? |
|
Definition
| Brain damage: lethargy, impaired balance, memory problems, incontinence |
|
|
Term
| How does a shunt help eliminate hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| Allows the CSF to drain, therefore reducing pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of spina bifida? Is it inherited or aquired? |
|
Definition
- Failure of the bony processes of vertebrae to fuse
- Congenital defect |
|
|
Term
| What does this lack of fusion allow? |
|
Definition
| It allows herniation of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. occulta
2. meningocele
3. myelomeningocele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SB without herniation of the cord contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SB with herniation of the meninges of the spinal cord and CSF only |
|
|
Term
| Describe SB myelomeningocele? |
|
Definition
| SB with herniation of the meninges of the spinal cord, CSF, as well as nerves |
|
|
Term
| Which is most dangerous? Why? |
|
Definition
| Myelomeningocele; because nerves are involved, so repair is more difficult and dangerous |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 aspects of the etiology/signs of SB? |
|
Definition
1. Alpha fetoprotein leaks into amniotic fluid
2. Familial incidence
3. Folic acid deficiency |
|
|
Term
| When is a folic acid deficiency especially indicative of SB? |
|
Definition
| Especially before week 6 of gestation |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 causes of cerebral palsy? |
|
Definition
1. Genetic
2. Abnormal fetal formation
3. Infection/damage in the perinatal period |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of CP? |
|
Definition
| Hypoxia in the perinatal period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Difficult delivery of the baby can cause:
1. Hemorrhage
2. Aspiration
3. Vascular occlusion |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) High bilirubin crossing the BBB also contributes to CP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things can arise from this? How could each cause CP? |
|
Definition
1. Premature shift from Fetal Hb to adult - not enough oxygen
2. Rh incompatibility - damage due to immunological attack |
|
|
Term
| What else can cause harm during the perinatal period? At what point does it cause the most harm? |
|
Definition
| Hypoglycemia of the brain; During birth |
|
|
Term
| What are the two signs of CP? |
|
Definition
- Motor development delay
- Persistence of infant reflexes (moro) |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 types of impaired motor function seen. Which is most common? |
|
Definition
- Diplegia
- Hemiplegia (most common)
- Quadraplegia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement is affected symmetrically, on both sides of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement is affected asymmetrically, on one side of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement is affected in all 3 lymps |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of CP? |
|
Definition
1. Spastic
2. Dyskinetic
3. Ataxic |
|
|
Term
| What does spastic CP involve? |
|
Definition
| Damage to pyramidal tract development |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes this CP form? |
|
Definition
- "scissors gate": on toes
- Hyperreflexia |
|
|
Term
| What does dyskinetic CP involve? |
|
Definition
| Damage to the extrapyramidal neurons, basal nucleus or cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes this CP form? |
|
Definition
- Choreiform (jerky) involuntary movements
- Loss of fine control |
|
|
Term
| What does ataxic CP involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characterizes this CP form? |
|
Definition
| Lack of balance and coordination |
|
|
Term
| What are seizure disorders? |
|
Definition
| Uncontrolled excessive neuron activity in the brain |
|
|
Term
| List characteristics of seizure disorders |
|
Definition
- Lower neuron threshold
- Neuronal activity spreads, and ends spontaneously
- 75% of cases are people under 25% |
|
|
Term
| List the two etiological components of seizure disorders |
|
Definition
- Genetic (maybe)
- Head injury |
|
|
Term
| List 4 precipitating factors of seizure disorders |
|
Definition
1. Flashing lights
2. Alkalosis
3. Hyperglycemia
4. Fever |
|
|
Term
| What is status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
| When the brain is in a state of persistent seizure; recurrent seizures with LOC |
|
|
Term
| List 4 other complications of seizure disprders |
|
Definition
- Hypoxia
- Hypoglycemia
- Acidosis
- Decreased BP |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of general seizures? |
|
Definition
1. Absence (petit mal)
2. Tonic/clonic (grand mal) |
|
|
Term
| List characteristics of petit mal |
|
Definition
- brief loss of awareness, eyelid twitching, staring
- no memory of event
- more common in children |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 stages of grand mal seizures |
|
Definition
| 1. Prodromal 2. LOC 3. Ictal 4. Clonic 5. Post -ictal |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the prodromal stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the ictal phase? |
|
Definition
- Tonic muscle contraction
- Expiration/clenched jaws |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the clonic stage? |
|
Definition
- Jerky contraction/relaxation events
- Incontinence |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the post-ictal stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the properties of partial seizures |
|
Definition
- No LOC but decreased awareness
- Repeated activity
- Unusual sensations (tingling, ringing, flashing) |
|
|
Term
| What is a jacksonian seizure? |
|
Definition
| A seizure that exhibits a progressive spread of clonic contractions |
|
|
Term
| List 3 treatments for seizures |
|
Definition
- Anti convulsive drugs
- Sedatives |
|
|
Term
| What are the side affects of anti-convulsants? |
|
Definition
- Low WBC
- Gingival hyperplasia |
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