Term
| immune system attacks own tissue resulting in inflammation. Any age. Flare up and then fine for long period of time. Symmetrical inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what else happens in RA suffers? |
|
Definition
Autoimmune disease Synovium thickens
Erosion of cartilage
All joints – fingers and toes especially
begins in fingers & feet
Can hurt eyes, lungs, membrane of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hands bend outward at fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a facial rash that resembles the wings of a butterfly
unfolding across both cheeks — occurs in many but
not all cases of lupus. Autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| name 2 treatments for RA? |
|
Definition
Meds: • Celebrex • NSAIDS
Splints:Whole body treatment program
•Stabilization
•Function
•Pain relief |
|
|
Term
| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) |
|
Definition
Reduce progression
Family involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100+ types stiffness in joints, pain, swelling
-cartilage at joins wears away; degenerative; higher in women due
lack of estrogen. May be affecting only one side of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary and Secondary
>>>>Secondary due to injury |
|
|
Term
| signs & symptoms of Degeneration of articular cartilage? |
|
Definition
1.Crepitus (grating noise within joint)
2.Deformity
3.Bone Spurs close gap “protect” the joint |
|
|
Term
| types of OA of the Spine? |
|
Definition
Spondylosis
Spondylolisthesis
Treatment: stability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uric acid crystals
"Attacks" cause acute inflammation
Dietary restrictions:
1. avoid alcohol
2. drink lots of water
3. limit animal products - foods high in purines which result in increased uric acid |
|
|
Term
| loss of blood supply to bone is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe AVASCULAR NECROSIS |
|
Definition
>Natural to Small fractures
>Can occur to big fractures
– head of the humerus or femur
– scaphoid |
|
|
Term
| common sites of Osteoperosis? |
|
Definition
| Common sites: weight bearing, vertibrae, pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Fragile brittle bones Symptoms: swelling, joint pain, kyphosis (hump forward) describes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| over activity of ______ causes Osteoperosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes Osteoperosis? |
|
Definition
1. Corticosteroid
2. Poor diet
3. Hormone reduction |
|
|
Term
| what should be avoided treating Osteoperosis patients? |
|
Definition
| Avoid: >Spinal flexion >High impact activities |
|
|
Term
| what is frequent when wounds go all the way to the bone? |
|
Definition
OSTEOMYELITIS
A bone infection
Treatment:
•Antibiotics
•Amputation |
|
|
Term
| c/o pain after activity and lump on adolescents could indicate what? |
|
Definition
OSGOOD SCHLATTER’S DISEASE
Excessive pull by Patellar Ligament Imbalance: Weak (immature) bones & strong muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Open Reduction Internal Fixation --rods, steel inside body – more frequently used |
|
|
Term
| what is Fixating a fracture? |
|
Definition
| holding pieces of bone together, diff than casting. External fixator see hardware externally. (Halo) |
|
|
Term
| bones require what 3 things? |
|
Definition
| Vit D, Calcium and Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| reduced mineral content in children can result in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduced mineral content in adults & bone softening are symptoms of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what four joints are most affected by OA (Osteoarthritis)? |
|
Definition
| HIP, KNEE, SHOULDER, HANDS |
|
|
Term
| Synovial fluid fills the joint space, providing ___ & _____ for the bone ends. |
|
Definition
| lubrication and nutrition |
|
|
Term
| What type of bone cell re-absorbs bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are bony spurs that develop in the margins of the arthritic joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grating noise within the joint occurs as a restore of bone rubbing on bone. |
|
|
Term
| what typically occurs at the knee due to quadriceps muscle weakness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PT for patients with OA is focused on improving the ______ status of patients though exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spondylosis is a catch all word for conditions involving arthritis of what joint(s)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ __________ plays a large role in PT programs for patients with spondylosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spondylolysis is often due to repeated microtrauma to the ___________________. |
|
Definition
pars interarticularis of lumbar region
(contact sports) |
|
|
Term
| Spondylolisthesis occurs what a vertebrae slides ___ on the vertebrae below it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteotomy is typically performed to _______ bones when there is deformity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolonged use of what medication causes osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteomalacia causes _____ and weakening of the bone in Adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 20. Legg calve perthes disease occurs due to avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply & disintegration of the bone) of what bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paget’s disease occurs when osteoblasts are unable to replace bone tissue quickly enough and so _______ tissue is deposited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteomyelitis is inflammation of the bone caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary TB affects the spine and ___ bones most commonly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fusion of a joint is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 reasons to get a hemiarthroplasty? |
|
Definition
| One-sided jnt replacement: repl femoral head of hip due to multiple frature of femur, tumor on femoral neck or head; OA w/destruction of femoral head |
|
|
Term
| High tibial osteotomy corrects what deformity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 motions to avoid after a posterior THA? |
|
Definition
| cross legs, sit in low or soft chair, no hip flex beyond 90 degrees |
|
|
Term
| What motions are avoided after an anterior/lateral approach for a THA? |
|
Definition
| Avoid hip ADD, ext, lat ROT |
|
|
Term
| Revision of a TKA likely will need to occur after how many years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is relieved by a TSA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the “ball” located at during a reverse total shoulder? |
|
Definition
| Site of glenoid on scapula |
|
|
Term
| Why might a surgeon perform a total elbow? |
|
Definition
| Restore stability & function |
|
|
Term
| RA involves synovitis with_____of the synovium (jnt membrane) and excessive production of ___________ ________ |
|
Definition
thickening
synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
| Some joints may become ___by fibrous tissue or bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle atrophy can be extensive and may result from _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ulnar drift results for disruption of the collateral ligaments of the ___ joints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non articular signs of RA include _____ _______ related to anemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of RA involves the _________ instead of focusing on particular joints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients with RA respond better to heat or cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| JRA is indentifies in children under ____ years old. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with systemic JRA tend to demonstrate a ___ progression of the disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of AS (Ankylosing Spondylitis)often start with pain and stiffness in the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The goal of therapy in patients with AS is often focused on maintaining __________ of the spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No ______ factor is present in the blood of patients with Psoriatic arthritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PT programs in patients with psoriatic arthritis focuses on improving function of the _____ & spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scleroderma results in thickening and loss of ___ of the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gentle stretching in patient with scleroderma minimizes ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A malar rash is typically called a _____________ in patients with SLE. |
|
Definition
| “butterfly” rash aka Lupus |
|
|
Term
| Increase in substance P results in heighted _______ in those with fibromyalgia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many points must be hypersensitive in patients with fibromyalgia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients with myofascial pain syndrome have trigger points that cause pain to be ________ to another site in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CRPS involves a disturbance of the _________ control of the affect limb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most patients with CRPS have had some form of ___ before the onset of the disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common symptom of Sjorgren’s syndrome is __ and mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MD results in __ and atrophy of muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior lower leg muscles in patients with MD often look ___ due to increase in fibrous tissue content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patient with MG have antibodies which attack the _________ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main symptom of MG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What minerals are required for bone growth? |
|
Definition
| calcium, magnesium & phosphorus per video 99% of calcium held in bones! |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the bones of people with Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| overactivity of osteoclasts. low bone mass, structural deterioration hip, spine, wrist fragility |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the bone is attacked in patients with RA? |
|
Definition
inflammation & pain begin in hands & feet. Body’s immune system attack tissue in joints. Joints swell when antibodies go there. Stiffness, loss of mobility. Some just get swelling of synovium – stiff. Cartilage and bone decay; perm disfigurement
can also target eyes, lungs & heart membrane. Inflamm organ tissue or blood veins |
|
|
Term
| Infection of the bone is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a sprain and a strain? |
|
Definition
| Sprain injures ligament; A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon, the tissue that connects muscles to bones |
|
|
Term
| Myasthenia gravis is a dysfunction of what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the muscle in patients with Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
| Progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles due to recessive gene defect in X chromosome |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outside of the brain and spinal cord, which is the CNS, what's everything else? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| what does Autonomic Nervous System do? |
|
Definition
Controls all tissues that are NOT skeletal muscle
Innervates smooth muscle (glands, cardiac, GI)
Sympathetic (awake, excited)
Parasympathetic (sleep) |
|
|
Term
| name 3 things that Cerebrospinal Fluid does? |
|
Definition
•protect from blood borne pathogens
•cushions and protects from shock
•collects brain waste products |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the brain controls the right side of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 6 parts of the brain. |
|
Definition
brainstem
cerebellum
limbic system
hypothalamus
thamlamus
cortex |
|
|
Term
| high center of brain / control center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exec asst to cortex. Cortex is the superman of thought. Reason, remember, process. Regulator!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| master controller of homeostasis – regulates bodies systems, temp, heart rate, digestion, blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| learning & emotion part of brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of brain that controls balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of brain that controls breathing, cardiac, sleep wake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of muscle coordination which may affect speech, eye movements, the ability to swallow, walking, picking up objects and other voluntary movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transient Ischemic Attack
temporary reduction of blood flow to brain |
|
|
Term
| How long should symptoms last after a TIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENT = a STROKE
The brain needs 12-15% of the total body’s blood supply. When blood flow is interrupted a CVA occurs. |
|
|
Term
| CVAs named by location in brain where occurs. Where is most common CVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 causes of CVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 signs of Right CVA? |
|
Definition
outbursts
crying/laughing
left side neglect
impulsive, poor reasoning |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 signs of Left CVA? |
|
Definition
difficulty communicating
delayed processing; sequentially
cautious
Anxious,Frustrated,Impulsive |
|
|
Term
| How long is measurable CVA recovery? |
|
Definition
Fastest: first week
Measurable week 1 to 3 months
Typically continued functional gains 6 mo - 1 year. |
|
|
Term
| name four treatments for stroke? |
|
Definition
perception training
ROM, jnt mobility & motor control
correct repetition
balance & functional tasks |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson’s disease affects what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
basal ganglia
-movement & behavior dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| With Parkinson's, what portion of the brain is affected? |
|
Definition
| Gray matter within cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 signs of Parkinson’s disease? |
|
Definition
•Bradykinesia (slower movement)
•Resting tremor
rigid muscles |
|
|
Term
| Treatments for Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
AROM
Bradykinesia: focus on reaction and movement
Gait & Balance training |
|
|
Term
| What causes Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? |
|
Definition
>Demyelination of the CNS No Cure
T-cells switch off the immune response the immune system reacts against myelin, a sheath that protects nerve fibers. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the neurons with MS? |
|
Definition
| insulation of nerves (myelin) get hard (plaque) and damaged so disrupts message sending resulting in diff walking, vision & pain. Not fatal; likely genetic. Autoimmune disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•long range planning
•improve function, strength, endurance; reduce spasticity
AVOID Hot tem
Try to slow down the decline of function |
|
|
Term
| What causes spina bifida? |
|
Definition
| Failure of the neural tube/vertebral column to close during pregnancy. one of the most common birth defects in U.S. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 categories of spina bifida? |
|
Definition
OCCULTA
MENINGOCELE
MENINGOMYELOCELE
MYELOCHISIS |
|
|
Term
| describe Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) aka Lou Gehrig’s disease. |
|
Definition
| Degenerative disease of NS both upper & lower motor neurons. 40-60 y/o |
|
|
Term
| Which neurons are affected in ALS? |
|
Definition
| Glutamate. Most ALS people have high amt of glutamate in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and that destroys neurons |
|
|
Term
| What can therapy do for ALS patients? |
|
Definition
| Reduce pain, education, asst equip, exercise programs. Balance, stretching, strengthening, mobility, low impact aerobic, breathing, postural drainage, chest PT |
|
|
Term
| What is the life expectancy after ALS diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| 3-10 yrs weaker & weaker die fr respiratory failure or malnutrition & dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows imaging of regional blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uses a contrast dye for improved imaging
Often CT Scan early on can be negative |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound are commonly used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More sensitive to acute stroke |
|
|
Term
| difference between complete and incomplete spinal cord injury? |
|
Definition
complete - complete loss of function below injury site
incomplete - some feeling or movement |
|
|
Term
| examples of traumatic brain injury are: |
|
Definition
Head injury
MVA and concussion |
|
|
Term
| name 3 personality changes with ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. |
|
Definition
1. Aggressive personality
2. Decreased short term memory
3. Poor judgment |
|
|
Term
| Is CEREBRAL PALSY a progressive or non-progressive disease? |
|
Definition
Non progressive w/multi causes
and various degrees of impairments
• Motor
• Mental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds brain & spinal cord. Formed within 4 ventricles of brain |
|
|
Term
| Myelination of the central nervous system is not complete until the child is how many years old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ages at which certain developmental motor abilities should be reached are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what make up the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| medulla, pons and midbrain |
|
|
Term
| The protective outer covering of the CNS is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connection in brain that ensures that the brain has alternative ways of receiving blood supply if one artery becomes blocked Disadv: passing meds |
|
|
Term
| Build-up of pressure in the brain is called ______. |
|
Definition
hydrocephalus
(med emergency) lack of CSF drainage |
|
|
Term
| The brainstem is the most __ part of the brain, present in lower animals as well as humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cranial nerves do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basal ganglia produces which neurotransmitter most prevalently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of the cerebellum is postural control, balance and ________. |
|
Definition
| coordination also called Little Brain |
|
|
Term
| Language is housed in Wernicke’s and _ __ area of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the spinal cord, nerve roots exit the spinal canal __ to the vertebrae of the same number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vestibular system focuses on the position of the body in relation to __________in relation to environment to keep the body in stable position. |
|
Definition
| gravity & position of eyes |
|
|
Term
| The function of the autonomic nervous system is to keep the body in a state of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arnold chiari malformation may cause a blockage in the flow of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asperger’s is included in a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders falling on the __ spectrum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients with Alzheimer’s disease have _____ of neurofibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ALS results in degeneration of both upper and lower ____ neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A CVA that results in diminished oxygen to the brain is known as an ___ CVA (stroke). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients with CJD present with rapid progressive ____ accompanied by multiple other neurological and mental signs. |
|
Definition
dementia
(Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease)-get fr transplants & grafts |
|
|
Term
| Physical therapy for dementia patients is focused on the neurological and ___ manifestations of the disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical therapy is indicated in those with epilepsy that have sustained a __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Guillain Barre usually occurs after a respiratory or GI ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapy for Guillain Barre is paced according to the recovery of the____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ (involuntary jerky movements) is a common sign of Huntington’s disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The focus of PT on patients with Huntington’s disease is to keep them _ as long as possible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During therapy with an MS patient, what should be avoided? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extent of neurological damage in patients after drowning is typically related to length of time of __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuropathy affects motor ___ and autonomic systems in the peripheral nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In patients with Post Polio Syndrome, spared motor neurons become __ and stressed and stop working. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Avoid stretching the ____ of the fingers in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) to prevent loosening of the tenodesis grip. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The duration of __ is often used as a predictor outcome in those with TBI. |
|
Definition
posttraumatic amnesia
TBI – traumatic brain injury
BI – brain injury |
|
|
Term
| Patients who have had a TBI are assessed for consciousness using the ___ scale. |
|
Definition
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
cks general motor response, eye opening, verbal commands. 3 categories. 15 if least affected; 3 if most severe. |
|
|
Term
| CP is the result of damage to the brain before, during or immediately after __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injection with __ may allow stretching more easily and with less pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a patient with meningomyelocele, the meningies and the __ protrude through the defect and the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of ADHD? |
|
Definition
| hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, combined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
struggle with social interaction
difficulty with communication
restricted repetitive patterns
Sensory reactiveness (too high/low) |
|
|
Term
| Describe Physical Therapy Intervention with Autistic and Aspberger's patients. |
|
Definition
Interaction with the child “on their level”
Awareness of sensory stimulation
Overstimulation; Make it fun |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 causes of mental illness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer’s is characterized by what pathological 2 things in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| learning & emotion, FOOD, L/T memor |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| Exec asst to cortex. Cortex is the superman of thought. Reason, remember, process. Regulator!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Psychosis: mental impairment marked by hallucinations and delusions
No reasoning through psychosis… Go with the flow when treating.
Listen to the patient but then try to redirect the patient during treatment.
No specific cause |
|
|
Term
| How can PTAs help depressed patients? |
|
Definition
1. Make meaningful bonds with patients…
2. Ask about their lives…take time to listen.
3. Touch is important. |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat a bipolar patient? |
|
Definition
since Mania and depression vary in intensity per individual, Plan treatment times to maximize patient’s participation
Highly variable day to day – check again tomorrow |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety Disorders affect how many people? |
|
Definition
Approximately 18% of population
Symptoms mimic physical illness |
|
|
Term
| What types of phobic disorders exist and how do PT treat? |
|
Definition
Irrational fears cause avoidance of specific things or situations
Social Phobia: persistent intense fear of being watched or judged.
Can be during public eating, speaking, or writing
Careful of patients in group setting or with others in treatment room |
|
|
Term
| What may cause PTSD in patient? |
|
Definition
•Patients who have been in ICU
•Especially those who have been ventilator dependent
PT must be aware Patients are fearful trying to return to normal function |
|
|
