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Neurology
Pathophysiology 2
45
Health Care
Graduate
09/22/2009

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Term
Neurological diseases
Definition
Stroke, migraine, seizures, dementia, Parkinsons, carpal tunnel, Bell's Palsy
Term
Stroke
Definition
An acute blockage or hemorrhage of a blood vessel leading to the brain, causing inadequate blood supply.
Term
Stroke: Symptoms
Definition
Weakness, paralysis of parts of the body, speech difficulties, if severe, loss of consciousness and death.
Term
TIA: Transient ischemic attack
Definition
Brief episode of cerebral ischemia, with blurry vision, slurring speech, numbness, paralysus. Red Flag, often predictive of more serious cerebral accident
Term
TIA: pathophys
Definition
Can be an embolism hitting one hemisphere, very occluded arotid artery.
Term
TIA: Treatment
Definition
Should be urgently admitted to hospital to be watched for stroke.
If Lge artery: will cut out plaque: endorectomy or place a stint
Antiplatelet drugs
If middle sized artery, -caused by atrial fibrillation: ANtiplatelet drugs (Coumadin, Warfarin, Heparin)
Term
2 Types of stroke
Definition
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
Term
Types of ischemic stroke
Definition
Due to blockage of blood flow.
Lge vessel disease
Middle sized artery disease
Small vessel disease
Term
Large vessel disease
Definition
Atherosclerosis. Arteries narrowed from plaque. When narrowed, more easily occluded by a thrombus. Usually damages cortex.
Term
Middle sized artery disease
Definition
Due to embolic event.
Atrial fibrillation: Atria don't contract, blood stagnates, in HT, form thrombus in atrium. Dislodges, from L. atrium, travels up aorta to carotid or vertebral artery. Usually damages cortex.
Deep vein thrombosis. Embolism from leg to R. HT-perforated septum- goes to L. HT, then to brain (cryptogenic stroke) -Not Common
Term
Small Vessel disease
Definition
Tiny arteries that penetrate deep into brain get occluded from degenerative changes from poorly controlled hypertension.
These arteries close up. Called Lacuna strokes. Knock off one axon or a nerve pathway. Results in pure motor or sensory deficit. Some vessels are silent, may not know.
Term
Ischemic stroke treatment
Definition
For Lge vessel: platelet inhibitors.
Anticoagulants best for atril fibrillation stroke.
1. IV thrombolytic agent to dissolve clots. Only up to 3 hours.
2. Intra- arterial thrombolytic agent: 6 hours. Admin TPA directly into artery.
3. Mechanical retrieval device: more than 6 hours: Insert drill into thrombus, pull out the clot.
Term
Less common causes of stroke: young people
Definition
Drugs: methamphetamines- lead to hemorrhagic
Carotid dissection: apiece of wall comes off, attracts thrombosis, occludes blood supply to brain: ischemic
Risk factors for carotid dissection: violent cough, vomiting, high veloc. chiropractic
Term
Hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
Blood vessel bursts, blood leaks out in or around brain. Usually worse prognosis than ischemic.
Intercerebral, subarachnoid or subdural.
Term
Main arteries supplying brain
Definition
Carotid: anterior circulation
Vertebral basilar system: 2 join at back to form basilar artery: posterior circulation
Term
Cranial Nerve 7 palsy
Definition
Bell's palsy. Facial droop, often can't close eyes
Term
Cranial nerve 3 palsy
Definition
Eyelid droops, eyeball turns to side and down. Major cause is vasculitic: diabetes, stroke, HTN
Term
Cranial Nerve 6 Palsy
Definition
Controls lateral eye mvt. Get a cross eye, double vision when looking to side. Extra cause: High intracranial pressure.
Term
Cranial nerve symptoms: Vertigo
Definition
8
Term
Cranial nerve symptoms: Diplopia
Definition
3, 4, 6
Term
Cranial nerve symptoms: Facial numbness
Definition
5
Term
Cranial nerve symptoms: Dysphagia
Definition
9, 10
Term
Cranial nerve symptoms: Brainstem stroke, sideways tongue
Definition
12
Term
Cranial nerve symptoms: Brainstem stroke: uvula deviates to one side
Definition
9, glossopharyngeal
Term
Thunderclap headache
Definition
A red flag for Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Intensity is maximal at onset, sudden onset.
Term
Subarachnoid hemorrhage signs
Definition
Thunderclap headache, nausea, vomiting, rapidly decreasing level of consciousness, stiff neck, high BP, signs of blood and xanthochromium on lumbar puncture,
Term
Stroke Symptoms:Anterior cerebral artery
Definition
Paralysis mainly of opposite leg and mild arm involvement
Sensory deficit
Altered mentation, confusion, judgement and impaired insight, gait apraxia, bowel and bladder incontinence
Term
Stroke Symptoms: Middle Cerebral artery
Definition
Common!
Paralysis of opposite side: arm face worse than leg
Sensory deficits
Blindness in half of visual field
Aphasia, Inability to recognize known abjects (agnosia)
Term
Aphasia types
Definition
Disarthria, Expressive aphasia, Receptive aphasia
Term
Disarthria
Definition
Speech deficit: problem of mechanical mvt in mouth and tongue from cranial nerve disorder. No damage in language cortex
Term
Expressive aphasia
Definition
Use of spoken language knocked out. Problem with language cortex
Term
Receptive aphasia
Definition
Can't understand language
Term
Stroke Symptoms: Posterior cerebral artery
Definition
Blindness in 1/2 visual field
3rd nerve paralysis
Lack of visual recognition
Altered mental state with impaired memory
Cortical blindness(normal, eye, problem in interpreting signal)
Term
Stroke Symptoms: Vertebrobasilar system
Definition
Vertigo (world is spinning)
Nystagmus
Dysphagia
Facial numbness
Dysarthria
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
Diplopia and visual field defects, double vision
Bilateral spasticity
Syncope, drop attacks
Term
Dementia
Definition
Multiple cognitive deficits including memory impairment- progressive loss of cognitive ability and memory due to neurological problems
Term
Dementia: causes
Definition
Most common is Alzheimers
Term
Alzheimers symptoms
Definition
Apraxia, amnesia, aphasia, agnosia
Apraxia: Problems carrying out intricate manual tasks
amnesia: loss of memory
agnosia: inability to recognize things or people
Term
Alzheimers diagnosis
Definition
Excluding other causes. Deposition of plaque in brain, neurofibrillary tangles, beta amyloid.
Tangles damage microtubules and kill neurons, plaques damage brain
Term
Alzheimers causes
Definition
genetic mutations (Down's),
Term
Alzheimers stage 1
Definition
Memory and cognitive deficit
Term
Alzheimers stage 2
Definition
Psycho behavioral problems: depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, agitation, paranoid delusions
Term
Alzheimers risk factors
Definition
Similar to MI, Heart disease:
Diabetes, HTN, high cholersterol, obesity, gender: female, age, repeated head trauma, genetic mutations
Term
Alzheimers Protective factors
Definition
Higher education, active mind and body, mind challenging exercises
Term
Delirium
Definition
Acute confusional state, global depressed brain function, language, math, memory...
Usually irreversible
Insidious onset
Term
Delirium causes
Definition
(Being drunk), pneumonia, diabetes, hypoglycemia, drugs, end stage LV disease, renal failure
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