Term
| Please name a synonym for sensory receptor. |
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Definition
| Sensory receptor aka sense organ |
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Term
| What is the function of a sensory receptor? |
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Definition
| Sensory receptor/ sense organ transduce/convert stimulus energy into an action potential/nerve signal/nerve impulse |
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Term
| Sensory receptors attach to what type of neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes a sensory unit? |
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Definition
| Sensory unit = unipolar neuron + associated receptors |
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Term
True or False?
There is much overlap in receptors, making it hard to classify receptors as one classification system |
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Definition
True
One system classification cannot adequately organize all their diverse characteristics |
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Term
| What is the defined area in which a receptor can receive input? (Stimuli outisde of that area will not able to affect the receptor) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term used to define nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term used to define nerve fibre? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term used to define nerve cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term used to define a stretch receptor? |
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Definition
| Stretch receptor aka muscle spindle |
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Term
True or False?
GTOs are more sensitive to passive stretch than a muscle spindle. |
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Definition
False
GTOs are much less sensitive to passive stretch than a muscle spindle but are more sensitive to contraction |
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Term
| What is the shape of a muscle spindle? |
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Definition
| Muscle spindle are fusiform shaped |
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Term
| What stretch receptors detect the rate of change in muscle length (stretch) as well as the static length of the muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
1B fibres attach to muscle spindles |
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Definition
False
>1B fibre attaches to GTO
>1A fibre attaches to muscle spindle |
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Term
| What is another term used to describe extrafusal muscle cell? |
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Definition
| Extrafusal muscle cell aka skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What type of muscle cell can be found inside a muscle spindle? |
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Definition
| Inside a muscle spindle lies intrafusal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Tract: Bundle of nerve fibres/axon in the CNS |
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Term
| Where does the paleospinothalamic pathway project? |
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Definition
Paleospinothalamic pathway projects in the:
> CORTEX
> RETICULAR FORMATION
> THALAMUS
> LIMBIC SYSTEM |
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Term
| Which tract relays somatosensory information? |
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Definition
Dorsal colum-medial lemniscus tract (DC)
Somatosensory info:
> fine touch
> stereogenesis
> proprioception
> vibratory sensations |
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Term
| What relays somatosensory from the face, mouth, and head? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tract relays pain, temperatures, tickle, itch, and crude touch? |
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Definition
| Anterolateral spinothalamic tract relays pain, temperatures, tickle, itch and crude touch |
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Term
| Name the two divisions of the anterolateral spinothalamic tract. |
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Definition
Spinothalamic tract
> Neospinothalamic tract
> Paleospinothalamic tract |
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Term
True or false?
Decussation occurs at the 2nd Order neuron. |
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Definition
True
2nd order neuron: neuraxis (SC + brainstem) to thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuraxis = brainstem + spinal cord |
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Term
| Describe the pathway of the 3rd order neuron |
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Definition
| 3rd order neuron: thalamus to somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe) |
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Term
| Describe the pathway of 1st order neuron. |
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Definition
1st order neuron: receptor to SC or brainstem (together called the neuraxis)
*2 major somatosensory pathways are the DC and anterolateral pathway* |
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Term
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Definition
| Fasciculus: bundle of axon |
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Term
True or false?
Sensory is associated with the Dorsal Column pathway as motor is associated with the ventral column pathway.
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Definition
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Term
| What is an aka for the medial lemniscus? |
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Definition
Medial lemniscus aka Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal tract
*Medial lemniscus is located in the dorsal column pathway* |
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Term
Sensory relays information to the sensory cortex aka the?
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Definition
| Sensory cortex (of parietal lobe) aka post-central gyrus |
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Term
| What do lower motor neurons attach to? |
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Definition
| LMN attach to skeletal muscle |
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Term
True or false?
Direct pathways are also commonly known as pyramidal pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe where the pyramidal pathway starts |
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Definition
Pyramidal aka direct pathway
from motor cortex of the frontal lobe |
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Term
What is the starting point of the indirect pathway?
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Definition
Indirect pathway aka extrapyramidal pathway
from basal ganglia and cerebellum |
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Term
| What type of fibres make up the motor (descending) and sensory (ascending) pathways? |
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Definition
Projection fibres make up the motor and sensory pathways
*projection fibres: longitudinal nerve fibres*
*motor aka descending*
*sensory aka ascending* |
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Term
| What tract controls our voluntary movements? |
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Definition
| Pyramidal/lateral corticospinal tract/direct motor tract controls our voluntary movements |
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Term
| What makes up the lateral corticospinal tract? |
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Definition
| Lateral corticospinal tract/ direct motor tract/ pyramidal tract consists of UPPER MOTOR NEURONS (UMN) |
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Term
| What is another word used to define lower motor neurons? |
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Definition
lower motor neurons aka alpha motor neurons
*alpha motor/LMN go to skeletal m* |
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Term
UMN synapse to what structure?
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Definition
| UMN synapse to LOWER MOTOR NEURONS (UMN) aka ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS |
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Term
| Where are the cell bodies of LMN located? |
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Definition
cells bodies of LMN are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
*LMN innervate skeletal muscle*
*UMN and LMN have long axons*
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Term
True or false?
Each hemispheres control the ipsilateral sides of the body.
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Definition
False
The right and left hemispheres control each other's contralateral side of the body |
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Term
| What do you call the outer layer of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
Outer layer of the cerebrum = cerebral cortex
*cerebral cortex is approximately 3mm thick* |
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Term
| What divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres? |
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Definition
Shallow grooves called SULCI
*deep groove=fissure* |
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Term
| What word defines impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Broca's area is part of which lobe? |
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Definition
| Broca's area = frontal lobe |
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Term
| The parietal lobe receives what type of information? |
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Definition
Parietal lobe
Receives info of the contralateral side of the body from:
> Receptors in skin
> Muscles
> Joints
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Term
| Damage in the temporal lobe results in... |
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Definition
Wernicke's aphasia
*temporal lobe: interprets auditory and olfactory stimuli* |
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Term
What is associated with Broca's area?
What is associated with Wernicke's area? |
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Definition
Broca's area = expression
Wernicke's area = comprehension |
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Term
| What is interpreted by the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| Occipital lobe: interprets visual stimuli |
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Term
True or false?
A contrecoup is a blow/injury causing concussion in a part or region opposite to where the blow is received. |
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Definition
True
*contrecoup causes rupture/disorganisation of the parts affected*
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Term
| Where does a coup injury occur? |
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Definition
| Coup injury occur at site of impact with an object |
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Term
| What do you call the sudden onset of a self-limiting episode of physical/psychological dysfunction from an abnormal burst of neuronal firing in the CNS? |
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Definition
Seizure aka Ictus
*sudden onset and self-limiting* |
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Term
True or false?
Epilepsy is defined as a neurological condition of various causes affecting the brain and results in single spontaneous seizures. |
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Definition
False
Epilepsy are RECURRENT spontaneous seizures, not SINGLE spontaneous seizures |
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Term
| What type of fibers connect and transmit impulses between gyri in the same hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fibres transmit impulses from the gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite cerebral hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fibres form tract transmitting nerve impulses between the cerebrum to other parts of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
The BG also includes the substantia nigra of the midbrain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system is the major center for processing emotional response and for learning and memory? |
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Definition
Limbic system
> wraps around the brain stem and lies beneath the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Which part of the limbic system is involved in learning, memory and complex cognitive processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the limbic system plays an important role in emotional behaviours, especially fear? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the limbic system is involved in controlling the ANS and endocrine systems and organizes behaviours? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the structures forming the limbic system |
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Definition
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
BG |
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Term
| Where is the cerebellum located? |
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Definition
> Below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
> Posterior to the PONS and the medulla oblongata |
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Term
| What makes up the brain stem? Where is the brain stem located? |
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Definition
> Brain stem = Medulla oblongata (caudal) + pons (intermediate) + midbrain (superior)
> superior to the SC |
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Term
| Where are most of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functions of the brain stem? |
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Definition
Fct: vital (life sustaining) functions of the ANS
*contains motor and sensory tracts connecting the SC and brain*
* made of medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain* |
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Term
| Which interdependent high motor centres of the brain regulate movement? |
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Definition
| Motor cortex, cerebellum and BG |
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Term
| Which HMC is engaged in voluntary motor control and fine motor control (ie: dexterity) as well as complex BL activities, and learning new skills? |
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Definition
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Term
| What word describes the dysfunction of the cerebellum in which there is the inability to coordinate mm in execution of voluntary movement (ie: clumsiness of mvmt)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dysfunction of the cerebellum is defined as the inability to perform point-to-point mvmts due to errors in distance estimation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dysfunction of the cerebellum is defined as the inability to perform rapid alternating repeated mvmts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What word defines disturbance of speech and language due to emotional stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is characterized by syllables of words separated by noticeable pauses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines activities broken down into simpler component pieces that must be done slowly with great concentration, rather than a smooth coordinated movement? An attempt to achieve with great precision results in an intention tremor. |
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Definition
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Term
Complete the sentence
The BG essentially dampen erratic motions, maintain m tone and postural stability and the .... .... needed for all motor activities |
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Definition
| The BG essentially dampen erratic motions, maintain m tone and postural stability and the background positioning needed for all motor activities |
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Term
True or false?
The BG overall effect is dysinhibition. |
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Definition
False
BG overall effect is inhibition
> dysfunctions involve dysinhibition |
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Term
| What word defines rigidity persisting throughout the range of movement of a particular joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| What word defines rigidity in a rhythmic, interrupted resistance which can be encountered when the hypertonic m is stretched? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false?
Spasticity is an involuntary, velocity-independent, increased resistance to stretch. |
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Definition
False
Spasticity is an involuntary, velocity-dependent, increased resistance to stretch. |
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Term
True or false?
Rigidity is a heightened resistance to passive movement of a limb that is independent of the velocity of stretch and results from co-contraction of agonists and antagonists. |
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Definition
True
Rigidity is a heightened resistance to passive movement of a limb that is independent of the velocity of stretch and results from co-contraction of agonists and antagonists |
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