Term
| What area of the brain releases ADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleus releases oxytocin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What areas of the hypothalamus deal with hunger and satiety? |
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Definition
| hunger - lateral area, ventromedial area - satiety |
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Term
| What part of the thalamus does pain/temp, position and proprioception? |
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Definition
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Term
| What areas of the hypothalamus deal with the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? |
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Definition
| anterior - parasymp, posterior - symp |
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Term
| What part of the hypothalamus does circadian rhythm? |
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Definition
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (you need sleep to be charismatic) |
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Term
| What part of the hypothalamus does facial sensation and taste pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the thalamus is responsible for vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the thalamus does hearing? |
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Definition
| MGN - need hearing to appreciate Music |
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Term
| What is the limbic system responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
What nerves input into the cerebellum...
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Definition
| Contralateral input from middle cerebellar peduncle, ipsilateral from inferior cerebellar peduncle, input from climbing and mossy fibers |
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Term
| What is the output of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| purkinje fibers output to deep cerebellar nucei, which then out put via the superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Which part of the cerebellum deals with voluntary movement of extermities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cerebellum deals with ataxia/coordination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the basal ganglia make up the striatum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the basal ganglia make up the lentiform? |
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Definition
| putamen and globus pallidus |
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Term
| what part of the striatum does cognitive stuff? motor? |
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Definition
| caudate is cognitive, putamen is motor |
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Term
| What happens in the excitatory pathway of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| SNc dopamine binds D1 which stimulates, loss of dopamine --> parkinson's |
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Term
| What happens in the inhibitory pathway of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| SNc's dopamine binds D2 which inhibits the inhibitory pathway, so loss of dopamine from this part --> parkinsons |
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Term
| So overall what does dopamine do in the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| excite the excitatory and inhibit the inhibitory |
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Term
| What is seen in Parkinson's? |
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Definition
| Lewy bodies (alpha-synuclein) and SNc DA loss |
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Term
| What is hemiballismus and what does it result from? |
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Definition
sudden wild flailing of 1 arm + 1 leg; contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesions leads to loss of inhibition of thalamus through globus pallidus
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Term
| What is Huntington's disease? |
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Definition
| results in chorea, aggression, dementia and depression due to increased CAG repeats, neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate tox |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden, jerky, purposeless movements due to lesion in basal ganglia |
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Term
| What are the slow, writhing movements that can be asscoiated with basal gangla lesions called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between an essential, resting and intention tremor? |
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Definition
| essential - when holding posture, ppl often self medicate with alcohol but can fix w BB; resting tremor - usually distal (pill rolling); intention - zig zag motion when pointing towards something (cerebellem f'd up) |
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Term
| What is the other name for the motor speech area? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the other name for the associative auditory cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| The motor homunculus divides up the cerebral cortex into different motor areas, what artery would be involved with decreased sensation/motor movement in the lower extremity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What results in Kluver-Bucy syndrome (talks too much, too much sex, doesn't care)... |
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Definition
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Term
| What results in disinhibition and deficits in concentration/orientation and judgement; reemergence of primitive reflexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesion can result in complete disregard of the contralateral side of the world? ("That's not my leg") |
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Definition
| right parietal lobe lesion |
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Term
| What lesion would you suspect if a patient is unconscious? |
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Definition
| Reticular activating system |
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Term
| What lesion can lead to Wernike-Korsakoff (ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion) or Korsakoff (memory loss, confabulation) syndromes? |
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Definition
| Mamillary bodies (tx with Thiamine) |
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Term
| When a patient has a lesion in this area, they may have an intention tremor or fall towards the side of the lesion... |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesion can lead to hemiballismus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesions results in anterograde amnesia (inability to make new memories)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What way do the eyes look in a paramedian pontine reticular formation lesion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesions results in the eyes looking towards the lesion? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Broca's aphasia, a patient can _______ but they don't _________, while in Wernicke's aphasia a patient ________ but they don't ___________ |
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Definition
| understand but don't talk; talk but don't understand |
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Term
| What connects the Broca's and Wernicke's Areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would a lesion in the anterior spinal artery result in? |
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Definition
| conta hemiparesis, medial lemniscus (contra proprioception), and ipsi hypoglossal n. |
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Term
| What would a lesion of the PICA artery result in? |
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Definition
| contra pain and temp loss, ipsi dysphagia/hoarseness/decreased gag, ipsi facial pain and temp, etc. |
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Term
| What would a lesion of the AICA result in? |
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Definition
| ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral facial pain and temp, insiplateral dystaxia |
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Term
| What would a lesion of the posterior cerebral artery result in? |
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Definition
| contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing, supplies occipital cortex |
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Term
| What could a middle cerebral artery lesion lead to? |
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Definition
| contralateral face and arm paralysis, aphasia, left-sided neglect |
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Term
| What common area of aneurysm causes cn III palsy? |
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Definition
| posterior communcating artery |
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Term
| What does damage in the watershed zones lead to? |
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Definition
| anterior cerebral/middle cerebral and middle cerebral/posterior cerebral arteries damage leads to upper leg/upper arm weakness, defects in high order visual processing |
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Term
| what does basilar artery infarction lead to? |
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Definition
| locked in syndrome (patient is aware and awake but most voluntary muscles of the body are paralyzed) |
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Term
| When doing a lumbar puncture one should keep the needle in between... |
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Definition
| L3/L4 interspace or L4/L5 interspace |
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Term
| The lateral corticospinal tracts are responsible for... |
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Definition
| carrying voluntary motor movement commands |
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Term
| the spinothalamic tract is responsible for carrying... |
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Definition
| pain and temperature sensation |
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Term
| What do the dorsal columns carry? |
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Definition
| vibration, touch, pressure, propriotection |
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Term
| Which dorsal column takes care of the upper body? lower body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do ascending pathways for pressure, touch, vibration and proprioception cross over? |
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Definition
| in the medulla then go to the contralateral medial lemniscus |
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Term
| Where do neurons for pain and temperature cross over? |
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Definition
| at the spinal cord level they came from, then ascend in spinothalamic tract |
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Term
| How does the lateral corticospinal tract arise? |
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Definition
| to take care of voluntary motor fxn it comes from the primary motor cortex, descends ipsilaterally until crossing over at the medulla, then descends contralaterally |
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Term
| What kinds of things will you see with an UMN lesion? |
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Definition
| weakness, increased reflexes and tone, increased babinski and spasticitiy |
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Term
| What things will you see in a LMN lesion? |
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Definition
| weakness, atrophy, fasciculation, reflexes adn tone down |
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Term
| What two diseases lead to destruction of anterior horns causing flaccid paralysis? |
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Definition
| poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffman disease |
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Term
| What disease results from mostly cervical region white matter damage, leading to scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus, urinary incontinence, etc... |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease has both upper and lower motor neuron signs with no sensory deficits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in tabes dorsalis (3 syphilis)? |
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Definition
| degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal columns - impaired proprioception, locomotor ataxia |
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Term
| What causes bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation? Might lead to a patient with serious burns or other injuries on arms due to lack of sensation... |
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Definition
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Term
| When can lead to ataxic gait, hyperreflexia, impaired position and vibration sense,...? |
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Definition
| vit B12 neuropathy, vit E def, and Friedrich's Ataxia |
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Term
| What neuro problem will result from fecal-oral transmission, leading to CSF with lymphocytic pleocytosis with slight elevation of protein and destruction of lower motor neurons... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of Werdnig Hoffman syndrome? |
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Definition
| aut rec inheritance leads to degeneration of anterior horm - LMN involvement only, death by 7 mo |
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Term
| What are the effects of AML/Lou Gehrig's? |
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Definition
| both LMN and UMN, can be defect in superoxide dismutase 1, progressive and fatal, Riluzole treatment usually gives them some time |
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Term
| this results in degeneration of the dorsal columns and dorsal roots, leaving a patient without proprioception and with locomotor ataxis, Charcot's joints, shooting pain, argyll robertson's pupils, etc... |
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Definition
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Term
| Ciliary muscle contraction causes ____________ because the lens ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What does brimonidine do? |
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Definition
| decreases aqeuous humor synthesis |
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Term
| What do beta blockers do for a patient with glaucoma? |
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Definition
| decreases aqueous humor synthesis |
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Term
| Why does pilocarpine work for glaucoma (it increases aqueous humor synth)? |
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Definition
| because it opens the trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm |
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Term
| Who should tramadol not be used in? |
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Definition
| patients that get seizures |
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Term
| What is the method of action of phenytoin? |
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Definition
| increase Na channel inactivation --> can use 1st line for tonic-clonic seizures and to prevent status |
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Term
| What is carbamazepine used for? |
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Definition
| 1st line for tonic-clonic seizures, also used for trigeminal neuralgia, increases Na channel inactivation |
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Term
| What does Lamotrigine do? |
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Definition
| block voltage gated Na channels |
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Term
| what is the MOA of gabapentin? |
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Definition
| seen as a GABA analog, but primarily inhibits HVA Ca channels |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks Na channels to increase GABA action |
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Term
| What is important about phenobarbitol and seizures? |
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Definition
| first line in pregnant women, increases gaba action |
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Term
| What is valproic acid used for? |
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Definition
| simple and complex partial seizures, tonic clonic first line, absence and myoclonic seizures |
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Term
| what is ethosuximide 1st line for? |
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Definition
| absence seizures, blocks thalamic t-type Ca channels |
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Term
| What are benzodiazepines first line for? |
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Definition
| acute status epilepticus, also used for seizures of eclampsia |
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Term
| what drug inhibits GABA re-uptake |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug will irreversibly inhibit GABA transaminase? |
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Definition
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