Term
| Artery of cerebral hemorrage aka |
|
Definition
| Lateral-most branch of lenticulo-striate branches of MCA |
|
|
Term
| Down and out syndrome aka |
|
Definition
| CN III nucleus or nerve lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal spinal cord lesions affect sacral spinothalamic fibers last |
|
|
Term
| 3 L's of localization of lesions |
|
Definition
| 1) Level, 2) location, 3) laterality |
|
|
Term
| 8 basic causes of CNS lesions |
|
Definition
| 1) Trauma, 2) ischemia, 3) neoplasm, 4) neurodegeneration, 5) toxins, 6) infection, 7) nutrition, 8) genetic |
|
|
Term
| Achilles reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of baroreceptors leads to ___ [increase or decrease] of SNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D1 receptors would be __ [facilitative or inhibitive] of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D1 receptors: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D2 receptors would be __ [facilitative or inhibitive] of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D2 receptors: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of dynorphin MSN: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of enkephalin: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of GPe: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of GPi/SNR: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of PMCTX: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of STN: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of VA: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alien hand syndrome from damage to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternating signs: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternating/crossed signs |
|
Definition
| Right face & left body; vice versa; etc. |
|
|
Term
| Amygdala primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II affects what region of the brain |
|
Definition
| Subfornical region [for ADH release] |
|
|
Term
| Anterior cord syndrome symptoms (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Complete bilateral motor paralysis, 2) complete bilateral loss of pain & temperature, 3) spares 2-point discrimination, vibration, kinesthesia |
|
|
Term
| Anterior group connects to what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Parahippocampal region to fornix & mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract; 2) cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Anterior group: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior hypothalamus lesions lead to __ [hypo- or hyperthermia] due to loss of __ [MPOA or DMH] |
|
Definition
| Hyperthermia due to loss of MPOA |
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior spinal artery supplies roughly ___ [fraction] of the cross-sectional area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior spinal artery supplies what structures (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventral horn, 2) intermediate zone, 3) most lateral corticospinal tract, 4) anterolateral system, 5) vestibulospinal tract, 6) bulbospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Anti-pyretics work by __ [inhibiting or activating] the __ [PMOA or DMH] |
|
Definition
| Inhibt PMOA [by reducing prostaglandin production] |
|
|
Term
| Aphasia: affects which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apneustic center ___ [inhibits or drives] inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arcuate nucleus functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial supply of thalamus (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Posterior chorodal, 2) paramedian, 3) tuberothalamic, 4) inferolateral |
|
|
Term
| Ascending loss of pain/termperature, and motor paresis indicates ___ [superficial or deep] lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) does what |
|
Definition
| Forced attention & consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Association nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asymmetric tongue: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentrate at points where turbulence is greatest |
|
|
Term
| Auditory nuclei pathway starting with the cochlear neurons (6) |
|
Definition
| Inner hair cell → DCN/VCN → superior olivary complex → inferior colliclus → medial geniculate body/nucleus → primary auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maybe a connection with the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Back pain is considered what kind of pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial meningitis changes CSF how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lesion of sub-thalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Baroreceptor reflex pathway (4) |
|
Definition
| CN IX/X → NTS → ventrolateral medulla → CN X/SNS outflow |
|
|
Term
| Basal ganglia primary responsibility |
|
Definition
| Regulation & coordination of movement |
|
|
Term
| Basal pontine syndromes symptoms (general) |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral CN signs with contralateral UMN body signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III palsy + contralateral coarse tremors (cerebellothalamic fibers, red nucleus, substantia nigra) + |
|
|
Term
| Benedikt's syndrome etiology |
|
Definition
| Lesion of the midbrain tegmentum |
|
|
Term
| Biceps reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow of normally functioning neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow ratio to gray matter over white matter |
|
Definition
| About 2.5 (70-80 vs 30 mL/min/100 g) |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow to induce irreversible brain damage |
|
Definition
| <20 mL/min/100 gm for several minutes |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to nucleus gracilis & cuneatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to pons (3; medial to lateral) |
|
Definition
| Paramedian → short circumferential → long circumferential |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to abduct arms and flex elbows from watershed stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemisection of the spinal cord [largely academic] |
|
|
Term
| Can NTS lesions lead to necrosis of cardiac myocytes: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Categories of spina bifida (4; mildest to severest) |
|
Definition
| 1) Occulta, 2) meningocoele, 3) meningomyelocoele, 4) craniorachischisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinal stenosis of dorsal & ventral roots |
|
|
Term
| Cauda equina syndrome symptoms (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Weakness of the leg & foot (LMN signs), 2) saddle anesthesia (S1-5 dermatomes), 3) loss of patellar & achelles reflexes (ventral root damage), 4) urinary retention, 5) loss of tone in external anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Caudal basis pontis lesions would cause what symptoms (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ipsilateral facial LMN hemiplegia, 2) contralateral UMN hemiplegia |
|
|
Term
| Caudal tegmental lesions would affect what structures (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) CN VII palsy, 2) conjugate gaze palsy (via CN VI nucleus--CN VII fibers wrap around abducens nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of kernicterus (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Excess bilirubin, 2) inability to conjugate bilirubin, 3) immaturity/disruption of the BBB |
|
|
Term
| Causes of spinal stenosis (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Disc herniation, 2) spondylosis, 3) tumors, 4) dislocation, 5) fluorosis |
|
|
Term
| Cellular effects of spinal cord injury (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) White & grey matter transection, 2) edema, 3) swelling, 4) necrosis/apoptosis, 5) scarring |
|
|
Term
| Central cord syndromes characterized by (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bilateral loss of pain & temperature, 2) sacral sparing, 3) greater motor impairment in upper vs. lower extremities (UMN=exaggerated reflexes, LMN=atrophy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degradation of 1) fine movements, 2) posture |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar syndromes exhibit __ [ipsi- or contralateral] signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum hemisphere syndrome features (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Limb ataxis, 2) dysmetria, 3) dyssynergia, 4) adiadochokinesis, 5) volitional tremor, 6) hypotonia, 7) dysarthria, 8) nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuous feedback about body & limb position |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral aneurysms hemhorrages in what space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebellum vermis herniates through foramen magnum; asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| Circumventricular organs (7) |
|
Definition
| 1) Postrema, 2) subcommissural organ, 3) subfornical organ, 4) vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, 5) median eminence, 6) neurohypophysis, 7) pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Huntington's (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Onset post-child-bearing years, 2) chorea, 3) dementia |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Parkinson's (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Resting tremor, 2) bradykinesia, 3) rigidity, 4) loss of postural reflexes, 5) non-motor symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of vestibular damage: V=, A=, N=, N= |
|
Definition
| Vertigo, ataxia, nystagmus, nausea/vomitting |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine interfers at what stage of development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Move limbs in response to sound |
|
|
Term
| Complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Rebleeding, 2) vasospasm → ischemic stroke |
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: aminoglycoside antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: congenital cochlear deformation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: loud sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: otitis media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: otosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains ipsi- and contralateral fibers: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Contains ipsilateral fibers: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Contraction band necrosis |
|
Definition
| Myocardial damage during contraction from calcium entry and free radical release |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral hemianopsia/quadrantopsia caused by lesion in what nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contralateral UMN signs: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conus medullaris syndrome symptoms (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bladder & bowel problems, 2) sexual dysfunction, 3) UMN signs, 4) loss of perianal winking |
|
|
Term
| Corneal blink reflex pathway |
|
Definition
| Aδ nociception → V1 → spinal trigeminal → facial nucleus → orbicularis oculi m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal neurons in abnormal location from stalled migration |
|
|
Term
| Corticobulbar tract to muscles of |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve motor nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal fibers that do decussate in the medulla form what in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal fibers that do NOT decussate in the medulla form what in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal system: interneuron connection between upper and lower motor neurons typically are: excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal system: lower motor neuron location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal system: upper motor neurons found where |
|
Definition
| Cerebral cortex [not just motor cortex] |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal tract to muscles of |
|
Definition
| Hand muscles primarily, some to trunk/shoulder/hips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain hitting opposite side of skull from blunt trauma thus causing injury on the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Cuneocerebellar tract function |
|
Definition
| Fine coordination of posture & movement of individual upper limb muscles |
|
|
Term
| Cuneocerebellar tract: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to fornix in __ syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to medial forebrain bundle leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dandy Walker malformation of the |
|
Definition
| Vermis with cyst in 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML is ordered (medial to lateral): sacral-to-cervical or cervical-to-sacral |
|
Definition
| Sacral (medial) to cervical (lateral) |
|
|
Term
| DCML second-order axons travel through what tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML second-order neuron starts where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML through which spinal cord fasciculi (2; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fasciculus cuneatus, 2) fasciculus gracilis |
|
|
Term
| DCML to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML travels through two fasciculi starting at what vertebral level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decerebrate rigidity due to |
|
Definition
| No antagonism to the LVST |
|
|
Term
| Decorticate rigidity due to |
|
Definition
| Dis-inhibited rubrospinal fibers causes the flexion; damage to cortex excluding motor causes the extension |
|
|
Term
| Decreased osmolality activates what region of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deep lesion of the cord affects which first: sacral or cervical |
|
Definition
| Cervical [different layering for the dorsal columns] |
|
|
Term
| Defect in SHH singalling leading to primitive forebrain failing to diverticulate into two telencephalic vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defective closure of anterior neuropore is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defects in neural crest cells are collectively called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemianesthesia, dysesthesia, hyperpathia (hurts to put on a shirt) |
|
|
Term
| Dentato-rubro-thalamic pathways connects to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending bulbospinal pathway function |
|
Definition
| Modulation of pain by inhibiting pain receptor synapses |
|
|
Term
| Descending bulbospinal pathway through what tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending loss of pain/termperature, and motor paresis indicates ___ [superficial or deep] lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe anastamoses in the brain |
|
Definition
| Limited at the arterial level; nearly none at the arteriolar and capillary level |
|
|
Term
| Describe the layering & connections of the LGN |
|
Definition
| Nasal retina to layers 1, 4, 6 & temporal to 2, 3, 5 [pretty sure notes are wrong] |
|
|
Term
| Devastating damage to the thalamus could lead to what condition |
|
Definition
| Persistent vegetative state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MSN → GPi/SNR → VA → PMCTX |
|
|
Term
| Divisions of the corticobulbospinal system (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Corticospinal system, 2) corticobulbar system |
|
|
Term
| Do neurons require insulin for glucose uptake: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does MAP vary with activity: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Doll's head maneuver useful for testing VOR in what patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine-blocking agents can lead to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tardiva dyskinesia, 2) akathisia |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal columns contain fibers that are ___ [ipsilateral or contralateral] to what they sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract function |
|
Definition
| Fine coordination of posture & movement of individual lower limb muscles |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During sleep, thalamocortical neurons are in: burst or tonic mode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During wakefulness, thalamocortical neurons are in: burst or tonic mode |
|
Definition
| Both and TRN selectively puts neurons in tonic mode |
|
|
Term
| Dysphagia almost always accompanies lesions of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lesions at various sites; putamen is most common |
|
|
Term
| Effects of CN III nucleus or nerve lesion (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ipsilateral strabismus, 2) ipsilateral ptosis, 3) ipsilateral mydriasis, 4) ipsilateral loss of light reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Error in control of brain cell proliferation on one side leading to larger volume of the hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exaggerated deep tendon reflex indicates what |
|
Definition
| Lesion/disease of UMN disrupting the LMN inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Examples of neurocristopathies (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cleft palate, 2) Hirschprung's disease |
|
|
Term
| Exogenous causes of brain malformations (6; categories) |
|
Definition
| 1) Nutritional, 2) radiological, 3) viral, 4) chemical, 5) pharmacological, 6) ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Extremity ataxia from a lesion to: vermis or paravermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eye movements: CBT or reticular CPG's |
|
Definition
| Reticular CPG's [CBT does not innervate eye motor nuclei] |
|
|
Term
| Facial nucleus contains ___ [GSA, etc.] neurons for which muscles (4) |
|
Definition
| SVE for 1) facial expression, 2) stylohyoid, 3) posterior digastric, 4) stapedius |
|
|
Term
| Facial nucleus lesions can affect facial muscles but can also have what second symptom? |
|
Definition
| Hyperacusis from loss of stapedius m. |
|
|
Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome due to interference with what process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First-order neurons are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular has what function |
|
Definition
| Vestibulo-cerebellum: eye movement & body equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular lobe blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular lobe function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluorosis as it relates to spinal stenosis |
|
Definition
| Leads to calcification of spinal longitudinal ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obesity, under-devleoped genitalia, small stature, polydipsia |
|
|
Term
| Frontal lobe primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Intelligence, 2) personality, 3) motivation, 4) motor control |
|
|
Term
| Functional localization is established by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| Learning/retention of complex motor tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN IX → NTS → CN X → levator palatini/pharyngeal constrictors/larynx |
|
|
Term
| General influence of nucleus ambiguus on the heart |
|
Definition
| Conservative i.e. bradycardia, decreased inotropy |
|
|
Term
| Gestation age in which first sign of nervous system appears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin acts on which arcuate nucleus neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin: short- or long-term signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Great radicular a. serves ___ [anterior or posterior] of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemianesthesia: affects which thalamic nuclei (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemihypoacusis: affects which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemiparesis w/ abnormal movements: affects which thalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hiccups: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hippocampus primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to hypothalamospinal pathway above T1 |
|
|
Term
| Horner's syndrome: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cerebral blood flow under anemia compare to normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cerebral blood flow under polycythemia compare to normal |
|
Definition
| Decreased with polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| How does CO2 affect cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| Vasodilator ∴ increases flow |
|
|
Term
| How does O2 affect cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| Drop in O2 increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| How does pH affect cerebral blood flow (both directions from normal) |
|
Definition
| Drop in pH increases blood flow; rise in pH decreases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| How does viscosity affect cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| Blood flow inversely proportional |
|
|
Term
| How would a lesion to CN VII affect hearing |
|
Definition
| Loss of stapedius → hyperacusis |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's disease: loss of direct or indirect pathway |
|
Definition
| Indirect [can't not move] |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the direct pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal dominant of trinucleotide repeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degeneration of medium spiny striatal neurons that project to external globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's: hypokinetic or hyperkinetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypersexuality from lesion to __ [medial or lateral] hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic nucleus involved in circadian rhythms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic nucleus involved in endocrine & autonomic systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic nucleus involved in vasopressin/ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamospinal pathway contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamospinal pathway functions (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Thermoregulation, 2) pain modulation, 3) EPI secretion by adrenals |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus integrates what (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic, 2) endocrine, 3) limbic |
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic torsion dystonia inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the L5-S1 disc herniates, which spinal nerve is usually compressed |
|
Definition
| S1 [lumbars are usually the next level down] |
|
|
Term
| Important circumventricular organs (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Subfornical organ (SFO) [CSF angiotensin II], 2) organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) [serum osmolality], 3) median eminence (ME) [he added #3 in lecture] |
|
|
Term
| Increased BP leads to activation of baroreceptors so what "flips" this around to be inhibitory of SNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indication a stroke might be cardioembolic |
|
Definition
| Multiple strokes in different arterial territories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MSN → GPe → STN → GPi/SNR → VA → PMCTX |
|
|
Term
| Infarcts of the MCA tend to be what shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior colliculus relays what information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initial vesicles of the neural tube (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Prosencephalon, 2) mesencephalon, 3) rhombencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Initially idiopathic torsion dystonia was thought to be recessive, why |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervation to stapedius m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervation to tensor tympani m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insomnia can result from damage to __ [anterior or posterior] hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insula primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Taste & visceral sensation, 2) emotional aspect of pain, 4) biologically significant visual & auditory |
|
|
Term
| Interruption of baroreceptors leads to __ [diminished or exaggerated] cardiovascular responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striatal portions of the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Intralaminar has what general function |
|
Definition
| Attention [yes, this card took me 15 minutes to write since I had to vacuum quickly…hmm…] |
|
|
Term
| Intralaminar: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ipsilateral loss of pain, temp on face: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is bilateral stroke to temporal lobe necessary — or unilateral sufficient — to profoundly affect speech interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Afferents → mesencephalic nucleus → motor nucleus of V → mm. of mastication (masseter?) |
|
|
Term
| Jet lag, sleep, and seasonal affective disorders (SAD) are due in part to |
|
Definition
| Disruption of melatonin cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anosmia, hypogonadism, delayed puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yellow staining of brain from unconjugated bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Key nucleus in food intake behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, amnesia, hypersomnolence, episodic paranoia |
|
|
Term
| Know the lesions of the optic nerve, tract, & chiasm: see HOS notes |
|
Definition
| Know the lesions of the optic nerve, tract, & chiasm: see HOS notes |
|
|
Term
| Korsakoff's syndrome affects what areas |
|
Definition
| Anterior group, LD, mammillary bodies, fornix, MTT, cingulate & retrosplenial cortices |
|
|
Term
| Lacunar strokes formed from penetrating branches of (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) MCA, 2) anterior choroidal, 3) PCA, 4) posterior communicating, 5) basilar |
|
|
Term
| Lateral hemispheres have what function |
|
Definition
| Planning, initiation, & timing of movements [cerebro-cerebellum] |
|
|
Term
| Lateral hypothalamic lesions lead to: aphagia or hyperphagia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral Medullary Syndrome aka (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: CN V |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral loss of pain, temp on face |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: descending SNS tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: nucleus ambiguus |
|
Definition
| Dysphagia, displaced uvula, flaccid vocal fold |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: reticular formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: spinothalamic tract |
|
Definition
| Contralateral loss of pain, temp over body |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: vestibular nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral superior olive: time of arrival or intensity discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateropulsion can occur in a lesion to what tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Parahippocampal region to fornix, 2) retrosplenial cortex |
|
|
Term
| LD: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leading research treatment for idiopathic torsion dystonia |
|
Definition
| RNA interference to silence gene |
|
|
Term
| Learning and memory are derived from what processes (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Formation of new synaptic contacts, 2) permanent alterations in synaptic efficiency, 3) generation of new cells |
|
|
Term
| Leptin acts on which arcuate nucleus neurons |
|
Definition
| POMC [inhibits NPY neurons too] |
|
|
Term
| Leptin: short- or long-term signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion at what level results in reflex/spastic bowel & bladder |
|
Definition
| T12 [loss of SNS, PSNS, somatomotor control] |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of the spinothalamic tract at, say, T12 would manifest to what level |
|
Definition
| L1-2 because of Lissauer's tract |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of which corticospinal motor neuron with exhaggeration of deep tendon reflex: upper or lower motor neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion of which corticospinal motor neuron with loss of deep tendon reflex: upper or lower motor neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion to abducens nucleus is what palsy |
|
Definition
| Lateral gaze palsy on ipsilateral side [the direction unable to gaze toward] |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to basal pons affects CST & CBT bilaterally, name syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion to CN VI is what palsy |
|
Definition
| Lateral rectus palsy on ipsilateral side |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to pons MLF is what palsy |
|
Definition
| Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: failed adduction on ipsilateral side & abducting nystagmus on contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to pontine micturition center leads to urine ___ [retention or incontinence] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion to the lateral lemniscus: ipsilateral or contralateral hearing loss |
|
Definition
| Contralateral [although some stay ipsilateral, but contralateral dominance] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions affecting the brainstem midline will usuaually also affect what |
|
Definition
| General somatic efferent motorneurons |
|
|
Term
| Lesions affecting the lateral brainstem will usuaually also affect what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions of MD result in (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Apathy, 2) memory changes, 3) perseveration [difficulty task switching] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions of the central tegmental tract can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to abducens nucleus often damages ___ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to basal ganglia will have __ [contralateral or ipsilateral] effects on motor function |
|
Definition
| Contralateral [I don't get how CST decussation is involved here….] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to cerebellum will have __ [contralateral or ipsilateral] effects on motor function |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral [I don't get how CST decussation is involved here….] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to coritcospinal lower motor neurons usually manifest as |
|
Definition
| Weakness/paresis/paralysis, abolished/weak deep tendon reflexes, muscle atrophy, hypotonia, fasciculation |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to corticospinal upper motor neurons usually manifest as |
|
Definition
| Paresis and loss of inhibitory influence (hypertonia, spasticity, hyperreflexia, Babinski sign) |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to lateral & posterior hypothalamus may result in changes to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to VLPO results in: insomnia or profound state of sleepiness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LGN connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Primary visual areas on the banks of the calcarine fissure |
|
|
Term
| LGN: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH/PF is __ [active or inactive] during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH/PF neurons use which neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limbic lobe primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Emotions, 2) basic drives, 3) smell, 4) memory |
|
|
Term
| Limbic nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooth brain from lack of sulci |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anterior spinal medullary a., 2-3) posterior spinal aa. |
|
|
Term
| Loss of excitation of direct pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of excitation of indirect pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of inhibition of direct pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of inhibition of indirect pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower limb equivalent of the cuneocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| Lower-face LMN of the facial nucleus receives __ [unilateral or bilateral] input from UMN |
|
Definition
| Unilateral and is contralateral |
|
|
Term
| Main site in which anesthetics have unconscious effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major modalities of somatic sensation (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Discriminative touch, 2) proprioception, 3) temperature, 4) nociception |
|
|
Term
| Major motor pathways of the corticobulbarspinal system (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Corticospinal, 2) corticobulbar |
|
|
Term
| Major motor pathways we care about up to this point (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Corticobulbarspinal, 2) hypothalamospinal, 3) raphespinal |
|
|
Term
| Major sensory pathways (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Spinothalamic, 2) trigeminothalamic, 3) DCML, 4) dorsal spinocerebellar, 5) ventral spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
| Major types of ischemic stroke (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Atherothrombotic, 2) cardioembolic, 3) lacunar stroke, 4) "other" |
|
|
Term
| Mammillothalamic tract connects |
|
Definition
| Anterior group to mammillary bodies |
|
|
Term
| MCA/ACA watershed stroke covers what semsory & motor homunculus area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MD connects to which parts of the cortex (2) |
|
Definition
| Frontal & orbital cortices |
|
|
Term
| MD: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial hypothalamic lesions lead to: aphagia or hyperphagia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial Medullary Syndrome aka (2) |
|
Definition
| Dejerine's, Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome: Medial Lemniscus |
|
Definition
| Contralateral loss, 2-point discrimination, vibration, kinesthesia |
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome: motor |
|
Definition
| Contralateral UMN signs that spares the face [facial nucleus in pons] |
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome: tongue |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral LMN signs: protruded tongue toward affected side |
|
|
Term
| Medial superior olive: time of arrival or intensity discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial vestibulospinal pathway ends where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melatonin __ [inhibits or activates] insulin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melatonin is secreted during: day or night |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Memory impairment: affects which thalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metachromatic leukodystrophy |
|
Definition
| Failure to form myelin; progressive weakness, blindness, hypotonia, & dementia during childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MGN connects to which non-cortex structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MGN connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Auditory cortex in Heschl's gyrus |
|
|
Term
| MGN: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midline cerebellar syndrome (aka archicerebellar syndrome) |
|
Definition
| Truncal ataxia & nystagmus [medulloblastoma on vermis] |
|
|
Term
| Midline has what general function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midline receives what information |
|
Definition
| Pain from periaqueductal gray |
|
|
Term
| Midline: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (type of lesion + symptoms) |
|
Definition
| Caudal basal pontine lesion → CN VI & VII + CST damage → crossed hemiplegia + ipsilateral LMN signs in head + contralateral LMN signs in body |
|
|
Term
| Millard-Grubber syndrome is an example of ___ syndromes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecular basis of ischemic injury |
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial injury → free radicals → cell membrane injury → leukotrienes, leukocyte activation → cell death |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common disc herniation sites (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) C6-7, 2) L4-5, 3) C6-7 |
|
|
Term
| Most of L-DOPA is decarboxylated peripherally: solution |
|
Definition
| Increase dose [this is why first use of L-DOPA was ineffective: too low of a dose] |
|
|
Term
| Motor nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
| VA, VL [all of the 2-letter ventral nuclei] |
|
|
Term
| Motor nucleus of V contains neurons for which muscles (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mastication, 2) tensor tympani, 3) tensor veli palatini, 4) mylohyoid, 5) anterior digastric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased intracranial volume → increased intracranial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory demyelination of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Name for the weak supply from C8-T9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: increases or decreases feeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural tube defect examples (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anencephaly, 2) spina bifida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defects in neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| Neuropeptide Y is: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord syndrome from DRG cell death & demyelination in dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
| Newer treatments for Parkinson's (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) COMT inhibitors, 2) GAD gene therapy |
|
|
Term
| Non-motor functions of the cerebellum (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic, 2) behavior/mood, 3) cognition/memory |
|
|
Term
| Non-specific nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
| Midline, intralaminar [both are midline nuclei] |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei in the medulla (4; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mesencephalic, 2) Edinger-Westphal, 3) oculomotor, 4) trochlear |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei in the medulla (7; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vestibulocochlear, 2) main sensory of trigeminal, 3) solitarius, 4) inferior salivatory, 5) dorsal motor vagal, 6) ambiguus, 7) hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei in the pons (9; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vestibulocochlear, 2) mesencephalic, 3) spinal trigeminal, 4) main sensory of trigeminal, 5) solitarius, 6) superior salivatory, 7) motor trigeminal, 8) facial, 9) abducens |
|
|
Term
| Nucleus ambiguus innervates what muscles and via what CN's |
|
Definition
| Pharynx, larynx, soft palate & upper esophagus via CN IX & X |
|
|
Term
| Occipital lobe primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of both pathways, which connections are excitatory (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) VA → PMCTX, 2) STN → GPi/SNR |
|
|
Term
| Of both pathways, which connections are inhibitory (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) MSN → GPi/SNR, 2) GPi/SNR → VA, 3) MSN → GPe, 4) GPe → STN |
|
|
Term
| One possible treatment for intractable visceral pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One sign of spinocerebellar lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onuf's nucleus is found at what spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic thirst enters MPOA via the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick brain from broad gyri |
|
|
Term
| Paravermis has what function |
|
Definition
| Execution of trunk & limb movements [spino-cerebellum] |
|
|
Term
| Paravermis: trunk or extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal lobe primary responsibilities (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) General sensation, 2) language, 3) spatial orientation |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's clinical features (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bradykinesia (abnormal slowness of movement), 2) hypertonia (spasticity), 3) aboulia (diminished motivation) |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's disease: loss of direct or indirect pathway |
|
Definition
| Direct [can't move very well] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental & genetic (autosomal dominant or recessive forms) |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the direct pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's is usually: symmetric or asymmetric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's pathology: loss of __ (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dopaminergic in substantia nigra, 2) cholinergic in cortex, 3) cholinergic in brainstem, 4) serotonergic in brainstem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: hypokinetic or hyperkinetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellar reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area arounda region of ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Periaqueductal gray functions (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Analgesia, 2) adaptive behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Phrenic nucleus is found at what spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pneumotaxic center ___ [inhibits or drives] inspiration |
|
Definition
| Inhibits apneustic center ∴ inhibits inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Numerous small abnormal gyri with shallow/absent sulci |
|
|
Term
| POMC is: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine micturition center is __ [inhibited or activated] on a full bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine storage center ___ [inhibits or activates] destrusor m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine storage center ___ [inhibits or activates] Onuf's nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible effects of a lesion in red |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of pain & temp over left arm, 2) UMN signs in right forearm & hand, 3) LMN signs in right deltoid & biceps |
|
|
Term
| Possible effects of a lesion in red |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of pain & temp over left leg & abdomen, 2) UMN signs in right foot & leg, 3) bowel & bladder problems |
|
|
Term
| Possible result of head trauma that damages the supraoptic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible vision change due to pituitary tumors |
|
Definition
| Bitemporal hemianopsia ["tunnel vision"] |
|
|
Term
| Posterior cord syndrome symptoms (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of 2-point discrimination & kinesthesia, 2) Romberg sign |
|
|
Term
| Posterior hypothalamus lesions lead to __ [hypo- or hyperthermia] due to loss of __ [MPOA or DMH] |
|
Definition
| Hypothermia due to loss of DMH |
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor & non-motor [so….everything?] |
|
|
Term
| Posterior spinal arteries supply what structures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dorsal columns, 2) posteromarginal nucleus, 3) substantia gelatinosa, 4) nucleus proprius |
|
|
Term
| Postural movement involves what kind of movements |
|
Definition
| Upright posture, mainly extensors |
|
|
Term
| Premotor cortex does what |
|
Definition
| Plans movement; includes mirror neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermoregulation, salt water intake, & sleep |
|
|
Term
| Pretectal neurons innervate the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus by decussating where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary motor cortex in what gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sensory cortex in what gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Profound state of sleepiness can result from damage to __ [anterior or posterior] hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UMN defect in CN V, VII, IX, XII with inappropriate laughter & crying |
|
|
Term
| PSNS & somatomotor control of bowel/bladder is loacted where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSNS activation may have a ___ [harmful or protective] effect on brain ischemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulvinar connects to which parts of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Um, all of them: multimodal areas in parietal, temporal & occipital lobes; cingulate & frontal cortices |
|
|
Term
| Pulvinar: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyrogens __ [inhibit or activate] the __ [MPOA or DMH] through __ [which chemicals] |
|
Definition
| Pyrogens inhibit MPOA through prostaglandins (PGE2) on the EP3 receptor |
|
|
Term
| Raymond-Cestan is an example of ___ syndromes |
|
Definition
| Tegmental pontine syndromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN VI & conjugate gaze palsies, dysarthria, contralateral hemianesthesia+hemiplegia |
|
|
Term
| Reasons the spinal cord is not damaged during normal movement of the vertebrae (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Central position within canal, 2) epidural fat, CSF, & meninges, 3) dural sheaths & denticlate ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standing feet together, arms at side: close eyes → sways/falls if dorsal column lesion |
|
|
Term
| Rostral basis pontis lesions would affect what structures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) CST, 2) CBT, 3) CN VI, 4) CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Rostral tegmental lesions would affect what structures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) MLF, 2) medial lemniscus, 3) superior cerebellar peduncle, 4) spinal lemniscus |
|
|
Term
| Rubrospinal pathway function |
|
Definition
| Neck & upper limb flexors |
|
|
Term
| Second-order neurons are found where |
|
Definition
| Segment of spinal cord gray matter or in the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Sensory nuclei of the thalamus (6) |
|
Definition
| VPM, VPMpc, VPL, VPI, LGN, MGN [all of the 3-letter ventral nuclei plus geniculates] |
|
|
Term
| Separate pathways of the spinocerebellar pathway (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, 2) cuneocereellar tract, 3) ventral spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| Septo-optic dysplasia has absence of what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: increases or decreases feeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should a lumbar puncture be performed on patients with increasd intracranial pressure: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Side of vertebral disc most likely to herniate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of corticospinal LMN lesions (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paralysis, 2) paresis, 3) hypotonia, 4) hyporeflexia/areflexia, 5) fasciculations, 6) muscle atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Signs of corticospinal UMN lesions (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paresis, 2) spasticity, 3) hyperreflexia, 4) clonus, 5) abnormal superficial reflexes, 6) Babinski |
|
|
Term
| Signs of temporal lobe seizures (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tinnitus, 2) auditory "hallucinations", 3) vertigo |
|
|
Term
| Smooth pursuit mediated by what structure |
|
Definition
| Flocculus of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| SNS control of bowel/bladder is loacted where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some spinal tracts (e.g., lateral corticospinal tract) are ordered (superficial to deep): sacral-to-cervical or cervical-to-sacral |
|
Definition
| Sacral (superficial) to cervical (deep) |
|
|
Term
| Spinal accessory nucleus is found at what spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal cord levels in which lateral horn is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic tract decussates where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic tract to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arthritic degeneration, new bone growth into spinal canal |
|
|
Term
| Static labyrinth detects: linear or angular acceleration |
|
Definition
| Linear [I don't recall these two terms from HOS] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonged ischemia causes blood flow away from high [CO2] |
|
|
Term
| Stereotypic movement involves what kind of movements |
|
Definition
| Hard-wired that are present at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Injury caused by interruption of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Strokes in PCA tends to result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage changes CSF how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Summary of medial hypothalamic lesion (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Obese, 2) rage, 3) hypersexual, 4) hyperphagic |
|
|
Term
| Superficial lesion of the cord affects which first: sacral or cervical |
|
Definition
| Sacral [different layering for the dorsal columns] |
|
|
Term
| Superior colliculus relays what information |
|
Definition
| Movement of eyes & head in response to visual, auditory, & somatic stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supraoptic nucleus releases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syrinx formed in cervical/thoracic cord that destroys ventral white commissure and, possibly, lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Syringomyelia symptoms (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bilateral loss of pain & temperature over shoulder & lateral arm, 2) possible CN XI damage, 3) possible phrenic nucleus damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary movement of mouth & tongue |
|
|
Term
| Taste from solitary tract to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tegmental pontine syndrome symptoms (general) |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral CN signs with contralateral sensory body signs |
|
|
Term
| Temporal lobe primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hearing, 2) language processing, 3) visual processing, 4) memory |
|
|
Term
| Terminal branches of the internal carotid artery (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anterior cerebral a., 2) middle cerebral a. |
|
|
Term
| Thalamus process what going to and from the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| Sensory & motor information |
|
|
Term
| Third-order neurons are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thrombus for an atherothrombotic stroke formed how |
|
Definition
| Atherosclerotic plaque opens causing platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit that is brief |
|
|
Term
| Triceps reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal lemniscus to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trochlear nerve lesion symptoms |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral SO m. paralysis; tilts head toward non-lesioned side |
|
|
Term
| Truncal ataxia from a lesion to: vermis or paravermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of hemorrhagic stroke (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Intracerebral, 2) subarachnoidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Voluntary, 2) sterotypic, 3) postural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Ischemic, 2) hemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| Uncal herniation: decerebrate or decorticate regidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unescapable cardiac stresses can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper limb equivalent of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper limb equivalent of the ventral spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper-face LMN of the facial nucleus receives __ [unilateral or bilateral] input from UMN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VA connects to which non-cortex structure |
|
Definition
| Basal ganglia [lot's of A's in "basal ganglia"] |
|
|
Term
| VA connects to which parts of the cortex (2) |
|
Definition
| Medial=substantia nigra; lateral=trunk & limb regions of the premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| VA: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract function |
|
Definition
| Whole lower limb posture & movement |
|
|
Term
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral but through a double decussation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tone & posture [spino-cerebellum] |
|
|
Term
| Vermis: trunk or extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertigo & nausea: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertigo, trunk ataxia, & nausea result from damage to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Semicircular canals & static labyrinth, 2) vesibular & cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-collic reflexes (VCR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex: excitatory from S. or M. vestibular nucleus |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex: inhibitory from S. or M. vestibular nucleus |
|
Definition
| Superior vestibulospinal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex: nuclei involved (4) |
|
Definition
| 1-2) S. & M. vestibular nuclei, 3) abducens, 4) oculomotor |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR) |
|
Definition
| Stable vision during head motion |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-spinal reflexes (VSR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visceral pain feels like skin pain because |
|
Definition
| Both first-order neurons innervate on the same second-order neuron |
|
|
Term
| VL connects to which non-cortex structure |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum [lots of L's in "cerebellum"] |
|
|
Term
| VL connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Motor cortex (area 4) in pre-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| VL: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VLPO is __ [active or inactive] during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volumetric thirst enters MPOA via the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voluntary movement involves what kind of movements |
|
Definition
| Willed, purposeful & factionated |
|
|
Term
| VPI connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPI: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPL connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Non-face parts of the post-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| VPL: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPM connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Face area of post-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| VPM: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPMpc connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Anterior part of insula (primary gustatory area) |
|
|
Term
| VPMpc: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We finally know why loss of CST leads to hyperreflexia because |
|
Definition
| Loss of inhibition of interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III palsy & contralateral UMN paralysis (CST & CBT) |
|
|
Term
| Weber's syndrome etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the pain of a herniated disc (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Chemical radiculitis, 2) disc & periosteal nociceptors |
|
|
Term
| What does more oligoclonal bands in CSF than blood serum indicate |
|
Definition
| Ig's in CNS ∴ autoimmune disease (e.g., MS) |
|
|
Term
| What is absent in patients with narcolepsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III nucleus or nerve lesion |
|
|
Term
| What joins the ACA's at the optic chiasm |
|
Definition
| Anterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| What motor goes through the thalamus |
|
Definition
| All motor & movement-related information that involves the cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sensory goes through the thalamus |
|
Definition
| All but olfactory & emotion aspects of pain |
|
|
Term
| What two systems affect the corticobulbarspinal system |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebellum [error correction], 2) basal ganglia [patterned learning] |
|
|
Term
| When does myelination begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does SNS activity become important to cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| When outside compensatory range of autoregulation |
|
|
Term
| Where are most disturbances in hearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do anterior corticospinal fibers decussate |
|
Definition
| Ventral white commissure of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where do dopaminergic neurons originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is swallowing found in the medulla |
|
Definition
| Between the NTS & nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the vertical gaze center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which affects proximal extermities: ballism or chorea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of sensory & motor homunculus is covered by the ACA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of sensory & motor homunculus is covered by the MCA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which carries proprioception: ventral or dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circumventricular organ is sensitive to CSF angiotensin II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circumventricular organ is sensitive to serum osmolality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circumventricular organ is the site in which paraventricular neurons release their releasing hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which comes first: dopamine or movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which contains contralateral sensation: ventral or dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
Definition
| Ventral trigeminothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Which contains ipsilateral sensation: ventral or dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
Definition
| Dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Which degenerates in Parkinson's: SNR or SNC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which facilitates movement: direct or indirect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hair cells can be damaged by excessively loud sounds & drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhibits movement: direct or indirect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more dorsal in the ventral horn: flexors or extensors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more lateral in the ventral horn: truck or limb muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more medial in the ventral horn: truck or limb muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more ventral in the ventral horn: flexors or extensors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for conscious proprioception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for discriminative touch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for fractionated hand movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for non-conscious proprioception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for visceral pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for voluntary movement |
|
Definition
| Corticobulbospinal system |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory group is sensitive to CO2 |
|
Definition
| Ventral respiratory group |
|
|
Term
| Which side is most likely to have a stroke: left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spinal artery affects the cord bilaterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spinal artery affects the cord unilaterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stabilizes head/eyes/neck to posture changes: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Which stabilizes posture: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Which syndrome is more dorsal (right circle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which syndrome is more ventral (left circle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which thalamic nuclei connect to the post-central gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tract has a double decussation |
|
Definition
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract [once in spinal cord, the other in pons] |
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is coordination of eyes, head, nceck, saccades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is dominated by vestibular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is fractionated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is present at birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is purposeful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of stroke: subarachnoid or intracerebral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of stroke: subarachnoid or intracerebral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do individual muscles span multiple spinal levels |
|
Definition
| LMN's are in columns [that just so happen to span multiple levels] |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't damage to primary auditory cortex necessarily lose reflexes |
|
Definition
| Reflex processing is not in cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Why don't lesions of the spinocerebellar tract produce obvious signs |
|
Definition
| Goes to cerebellum [← non-conscious proprioception] |
|
|
Term
| Why L-DOPA instead of just dopamine |
|
Definition
| Dopamine does not cross blood-brain barrier |
|
|
