Term
| Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insula of limbic cortex represents what |
|
Definition
| Mood, emotional component of pain, "sensory cortex" of limbic |
|
|
Term
| Parahippocampal cortex represents what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior cingulate cortex represent what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limbic lobe is missing layers __ & __ and, therefore, is relatively ___ |
|
Definition
| Layers II & IV, therefore agranular |
|
|
Term
| Does the limbic cortex receive direct sensory input: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the limbic cortex receive sensory input from multimodal areas: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe limbic cortex's connection to the amygdala |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleus accumbens & ventral caudate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Parahippocampal gyrus contains what cortices (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main cortical input to hippocampus is through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granular & dysgranular zones of insula receive input from what thalamic nuclei (3) |
|
Definition
| VPMpc (taste), VPLpc/VPI (visceral), posterior thalamus (pain) |
|
|
Term
| Infralimbic cortex represents what |
|
Definition
| Visceromotor zone; sadness; anti-depressants affect this area |
|
|
Term
| Posterior cingulate cortex represents what |
|
Definition
| Navigation, self-reference |
|
|
Term
| Which monoaminergic systems heavily innervate limbic lobe (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limbic cortices participate in loop circuits involving what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the amygdala homogenous: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, 25 nuclei so far described |
|
|
Term
| Parts of the amygdala (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Basal & lateral, 2) central, 3) corticomedial |
|
|
Term
| Corticomedial amygdala input & output |
|
Definition
| Input=olfactory system; output=hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Basallateral amygdala input & output |
|
Definition
| Input=limbic cortex; output=limbic cortex, striatum, forebrain cholinergic groups |
|
|
Term
| Central amygdala input & output |
|
Definition
| Input=basal amygdala, insula, perirhinal; output=brainstem pattern generators |
|
|
Term
| Function of the amygdala (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Associative learning to emotional stimuli, 2) recognition of emotional stimuli, 3) emotional responses, 4) sexual behavior |
|
|
Term
| Only component sending axons back to the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Destruction of the amygdala leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kluver-Bucy syndrome features (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Psychic blindness, 2) hypersexuality, 3) lack of fear, 4) hyperorality, 5) memory/learning deficits |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the amygdala is sexually dimorphic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main source of hippocampal axons in the fornix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major output target of the hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major input of the hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Papez circuit starting from the hippocampus (7) |
|
Definition
| Hippocampus → fornix → mammillary body → anterior nucleus → cingulate gyrus/cingulum → entorhinal cortex → hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| London taxi drivers have bigger what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In light of patient HM, what kind of memory does the hippocampus do (2) |
|
Definition
| Episodic & spatial/contextual |
|
|
Term
| Psychomotor epilepsy involves what areas (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Amygdala, 2) hippocampus, 3) medial temporal lobe, 4) insula |
|
|
Term
| Herpes simplex infects what part of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's begins with neurons where and moves toward what |
|
Definition
| Parahippocampal gyrus and moves toward hippocampus, amygdala, and limbic corices |
|
|
Term
| What is implicated in autism |
|
Definition
| Cingulate & limbic striatum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anterio & lateral to hypothalamus & beneath the anterior commissure |
|
|
Term
| Systems of the basal forebrain (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventral striatopallidal, 2) magnocellular corticopetal |
|
|
Term
| Ventral striatopallidal sytem connects __ to __ |
|
Definition
| Appetitive centers of hypothalamus to basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Function of the ventral striatopallidal system |
|
Definition
| Goal-directed appetitive behavior |
|
|
Term
| Function of the magnocellular corticopetal system |
|
Definition
| Attention & consolidation of memory |
|
|
Term
| Embryologically, the basal forebrain flanks what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs of abuse target which part of the basal forebrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magnocellular corticopetal system uses what neurotransmitters (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system of the basal forebrain has a decline in neurons in Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
| Magnocellular corticopetal system |
|
|
Term
| Striatal region contains what structures (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Nucleus accumbens, 2) olfactory tubercle, 3) ventral part of the putamen & head of the caudate |
|
|
Term
| Striatum, caudate & putamen have what kind of GABAergic neurons |
|
Definition
| GABergic medium-sized spiny neurons |
|
|
Term
| Pallidal region lies __ [anatomical direction] to the striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure separates pallidus from globus pallidus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of GABAergic neurons are found in the pallidal region |
|
Definition
| GABAergic multipolar neurons |
|
|
Term
| Input to the ventral striatum (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Limbic, 2) hippocampus, 3) amygdala, 4) midline thalamic nuclei, 5) orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Serotonin, 2) NE, 3) dopamine, 4) histamine |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: from what region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine: from what region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the raphe nuclei located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: where do axons project to in the brain |
|
Definition
| Probably everywhere: cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which bioamine is "sprinkled" in a paracrine fashion at non-synaptic axon varicosities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Products of serotonin metabolism (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts serotonin into 5-HIAA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too little ___ in the diet can deplete serotonin and predispose toward ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One way serotonin levels can be monitored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low 5-HIAA is assoicated with (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Depression, 2) suicide, 3) violence |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: receptors (all but one) are what kind of receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which serotonin receptor is the odd one out and what is it |
|
Definition
| 5-HT3 is a ligand-gated cation channel similar to nicotinic ACh |
|
|
Term
| Effects of agonism of 5-HT receptors (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Psychosis (LSD), 2) anti-migraines, 3) anxiolytic |
|
|
Term
| Effects of antagonism of 5-HT receptors (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anti-schizophrenia, 2) anti-emetic, 3) anti-psychosis, 4) anti-depressants |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin reputake inhibitors inhibit what |
|
Definition
| Serotonin reputake transporter (SERT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Weight loss, 2) OCD, 3) euphoria |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of vesicular transporters of 5-HT could |
|
Definition
| Reverse flow through SERT and put serotonin in the synapse (e.g., MDMA, fenfluramine) |
|
|
Term
| Are SSRI's for depression immediate: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, up to two weeks before anti-depressant effects seen |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin syndrome results in what state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin syndrome triad of symptoms |
|
Definition
| 1) Cognitive (confusion, headache, agitation, …), 2) autonomic (shivering, sweating, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, …), 3) somatic (clonus, hyperreflexia, tremor, insomnia) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the locus ceruleus located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: where do axons project to in the brain |
|
Definition
| Probably everywhere: cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arousal & acute stress response |
|
|
Term
| NE: stimulates what trophic hormone release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: exaggerated may contribute to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: depletion implicated in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate-limiting step of NE synthesis: ___ → ___ by what enzyme |
|
Definition
| Tyr → L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) |
|
|
Term
| Too little ___ in the diet can deplete NE and predispose toward ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: receptors are what kind of receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α1-adrenergic antagonist has what effect (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Lower BP, 2) reduce PTSD |
|
|
Term
| α2-adrenergic agonists have what effects (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Lower BP, 2) reduce ADHD, 3) suppress NE release |
|
|
Term
| Where are β1-adrenergic receptors found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are β2-adrenergic receptors found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| β-adrenergic antagonist has what effects (3) |
|
Definition
| Reduction of: 1) tremor, 2) agitation, 3) aggression |
|
|
Term
| NE reuptake inhibitors inhibit what |
|
Definition
| NE reputake transporter (NET) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of NET inhibitors (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tricyclics, 2) ritalin, 3) cocaine, 4) MDMA, 5) amphetamines |
|
|
Term
| MAO inhibitors have what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wine, cheese, chocolate, soy sauce, and other fermented foods can have what effect |
|
Definition
| Raise blood pressure via competition of tyramine with MAO that puts NE back into the synapse |
|
|
Term
| In general, inhibition of NE production or transport or release or receptors has what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, stimulation of NE release or inhibition of metabolism or inhibition of reuptake has what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Nigrostriatal, 2) mesolimbic, 3) mesocoritical, 4) tuberoinfundibular |
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway goes to the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway goes to nucleus accumbens & amygdala |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway goes to cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway goes to the pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway plays a critical role in movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway plays a key role in pleasure & addiction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway is involved in "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway is involved in "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway is involved in antipsychotics leading to prolactin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's interesting about D2 antipsychotics and their potency |
|
Definition
| Antipsychotic potentcy correlates with D2 receptor binding affinity (i.e., lower potency → higher dosage) |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine reuptake inhibitors inhibit what |
|
Definition
| Dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Cocaine, 2) amphetamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychosis (paranoia, delusions) |
|
|
Term
| In general, inhibition of dopamine production or vesicularization or receptor blockage will have what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, stimulation of dopamine production or vesicularization or reuptake inhibition will have what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a side-effect of anti-Parkinson's drugs that may necessitate withdrawal of said drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortical localization of function started with what study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who started the clinicoanatomical correlation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross functional subdivisions of the brain (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Motor, 2) sensory, 3) association, 4) limbic |
|
|
Term
| What gross function subdivision of the brain takes up an increasingly larger percentage of the cerebral cortex as brain size increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major neuronal cell morphologies (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common type of neuron in cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyramidal cells found in which layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyramidal cells dominant in which layers |
|
Definition
| III & V, and somwhat in II |
|
|
Term
| Axon of pyramidal cell goes where |
|
Definition
| Through cortex into white matter |
|
|
Term
| Pyramidal cells receive majority of contact where |
|
Definition
| Dendritic spines [spines specifically, not shaft] |
|
|
Term
| Interneurons: pyramidal or granular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter for most granular cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer pyramidal layer aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner payrmidal layer aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer is superficial: Layer I or VI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horizontal fibers running in layer V |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horizontal fibers running in layer IV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stria of Genari: inner or outer band of Baillarger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neocortex has how many layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Archicortex has how many layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paleocortex has how many layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are layers of the same thickness everywhere |
|
Definition
| Heck no, that would be way too simple: neuroscientist job security |
|
|
Term
| Brodmann's map based on what |
|
Definition
| Histological similarities/differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Columns in sensory area will have what in common |
|
Definition
| Same receptive field or modality |
|
|
Term
| Interhemispheric axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| III (outer pyramidal layer) |
|
|
Term
| Short association axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| II (outer granular layer) |
|
|
Term
| Long association axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| III & V (pyramidal layers) |
|
|
Term
| Local circuit axons are chemically unique how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticothalamic axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticobulbar axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| III & V (pyramidal layers) |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| III & V (pyramidal layers) |
|
|
Term
| Corticostriate axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| V (inner pyramidal layer) |
|
|
Term
| Corticopontine axons arise from which layer |
|
Definition
| V (inner pyramidal layer) |
|
|
Term
| Which projection axons arise from the same layers as long association fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Majority of thalamocortical axons end in which layer |
|
Definition
| IV (inner granular layer) |
|
|
Term
| Monoaminergic axons end in which layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter for most pyramidal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Betz cells are __ cells found in layer __ |
|
Definition
| Pyramidal in layer V (inner pyramidal layer) |
|
|
Term
| Are the bands of Baillarger always visible |
|
Definition
| No, only under certain stain(s) (e.g., Weigert stain) |
|
|
Term
| Somatotopic map of internal capsule: anterior or posterior limb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatotopic map of internal capsule: near genu represents what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatotopic map of internal capsule: near retrolental part represents what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatotopic map of internal capsule: anterior to posterior: face → arm → leg or leg → arm → face |
|
Definition
| Face (anterior) → arm → leg (posterior) |
|
|
Term
| Which monoamine is involved in neuroblast migration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cortical layer is formed first |
|
Definition
| Trick question? Layer I (plexiform) prior to any neuronal migration, otherwise layer VI is the first to form from migration |
|
|
Term
| Which cortical layer is formed last |
|
Definition
| Trick question? Layer II (layer I is already there so II is the last to form) |
|
|
Term
| Where do cortical interneurons migrate from |
|
Definition
| Medial ganglionic eminence |
|
|
Term
| Polymicrogyria: what can you say about cortical layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lissencephaly: what can you say about cortical layers |
|
Definition
| Absence of II, and reduction of III & IV |
|
|
Term
| Lissencephaly: genetic association with proteins that do what |
|
Definition
| Interact with microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Cortical dysplasia/dyslexia is a developmental disorders in what area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 primary areas of the cortex |
|
Definition
| 1) Somatosensory, 2) olfactory, 3) auditory, 4) visual, 5) gustatory, 6) motor |
|
|
Term
| How many modalities do primary cortical areas deal with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many modalities do secondary cortical areas deal with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many modalities do association cortical areas deal with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Notable thalamic nucleus to association cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many minicolumns per hemispher |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many minicolumns per hypercolumn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order in terms of organization: module, minicolumn, hypercolumn |
|
Definition
| Minicolumn → hypercolumn → module |
|
|
Term
| Do cortical module connectivity match Brodmann's map: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Intellectual, 2) spatial/construction, 3) speech/language, 4) learning/memory, 5) recognition, 6) emotion/self/personality, 7) executive |
|
|
Term
| __% of right-handed have language on left |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of left-handed have language on left |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-verbal: left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Objects/entities: left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative emotions: left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corpus callosum connects hemispheres except which parts (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Callostomy of corpus callosum: minor or major deficits |
|
Definition
| Minor ["surprisingly subtle deficits"] |
|
|
Term
| Which area of the visual field maps to the occipital pole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of the visual field maps to the cuneus gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of the visual field maps to the lingual gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name type of visual field defect: complete lesion of the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name type of visual field defect: incomplete lesion of the optic nerve |
|
Definition
| Diffuse visual field defect |
|
|
Term
| Name type of visual field defect: incomplete lesion of the lateral optic radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name type of visual field defect: complete lesion of the optic radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion anterior to optic chiasm: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion posterior to optic chiasm: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
| Contralateral for BOTH eyes |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal V3 responds to: large scale motion or object recognition |
|
Definition
| Large scale motion [concerned with "where"] |
|
|
Term
| Ventral V3 responds to: large scale motion or object recognition |
|
Definition
| Object recognition [concerned with "what"] |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal V3 gets input from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral V3 gets input from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Balint's syndrome is lesion where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left area V4 processes what |
|
Definition
| Color, texture, shapre, and writing symbols |
|
|
Term
| Right area V4 processes what |
|
Definition
| Holistic, non-verbal perception; face recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to recognize objects due to lesion of ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Alexia & agraphia result from lesion to where |
|
Definition
| Left posterior inferior temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interaction of emotion and executive |
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the cortex mature last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area is last to get myelinated: sensorimotor, parietal assoc., temporal associ., preforontal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage: problem is interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Interaction: lack of concern/empathy, imapired emotional regulation/judgment/reactions |
|
|
Term
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage: problem is interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Knowledge: cognitive intellect and working memory |
|
|
Term
| Superior medial prefrontal cortex damage: problem is interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Movement and emotional expression: supplemental motor area |
|
|
Term
| How does akinetic mutism differ from aphasia |
|
Definition
| People with aphasia demonstrate an intent to speak: gesturing, writing, etc.; akinetic mutism will look and eat, but not express any intent |
|
|
Term
| Difference in left or right superior medial PFC lesion: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is generally worse: PFC damage in child or adult |
|
Definition
| Child: disruption of critical social learning processes |
|
|
Term
| Emotions exhibit what differences from other psychological states/functions (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Embodied, 2) less voluntary control, 3) less encapsulated |
|
|
Term
| Executive & frontal lobe functions (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Plannin, 2) decision making, 3) judgment, 4) social conduct, 5) moral reasoning, 6) self-perception/awareness, 7) creativity/artistic expression, 8) "fluid" intelligence, 9) memory |
|
|
Term
| Frontal lobe areas/sectors (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventromedial, 2) dorsolateral, 3) medial superior |
|
|
Term
| Damage to this area would affect which: interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Ventromedial sector: interaction |
|
|
Term
| Damage to this area would affect which: interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Ventromedial sector: interaction |
|
|
Term
| Oribital PFC lesions associated with (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Blunted emotion experience & control, 2) apathy, 3) indecisveness, 4) poor judgment, 5-7) lack of planning, initiative, insight, 8) social inappropriateness |
|
|
Term
| Diminished capacity to respond to punishment: ventromedial, dorsolateral, superior medial sector lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to this area would affect which: interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Ventromedial sector: interaction |
|
|
Term
| Common sites of traumatic brain injury (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventromedial PFC, 2) temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Damage to this area would affect which: interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Dorsolateral sector: knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Damage to this area would affect which: interaction, knowledge, movement |
|
Definition
| Medial superior sector: movement |
|
|
Term
| Likely to recover: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Likely to recover: yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes, this patient did after 3 months |
|
|
Term
| Memory can be divided into (2) |
|
Definition
| Explicit & implicit memory |
|
|
Term
| Explicit memory can be divided into (2) |
|
Definition
| Semantic & episodic memory |
|
|
Term
| Episodic memory can be divided into (2) |
|
Definition
| Short- & long-term memory |
|
|
Term
| Long term memory can be divided into (2) |
|
Definition
| Anterograde & retrograde memory |
|
|
Term
| Anterograde memory can be divided into (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Implicit memory can be divided into (2) |
|
Definition
| Procedural & priming memory |
|
|
Term
| Vocabulary is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What you had for breakfast is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What you remembered 10 years ago is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to ride a bicycle is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Performing a specific motor task is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recognizing a specific sound a second time is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reading a phone # from paper and typing it in a phone is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterograde & retrograde require what |
|
Definition
| A point in time (e.g., a stroke) to differentiate which is forward (anterograde) and backward (retrograde) in time |
|
|
Term
| Orientation to and action upon selected sensory percepts and cognitive operations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attention requires interaction with what |
|
Definition
| Sensory, sensory processing, memory, & executive function |
|
|
Term
| At neuronal level, learning & memory involve (2) |
|
Definition
| Alterations in: 1) firing patterns, 2) cellular morphology |
|
|
Term
| Herpes simplex encephalitis (medial temporal lobe amnesia) impairs what memories (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Long-term memory, 2) anterograde completely impaired, 3) graded retrograde impairment |
|
|
Term
| Herpes simplex encephalitis (medial temporal lobe amnesia) does not affect what (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Sensory, 2) motor, 3) perception, 4) attention, 5) language, 6) intellect, 7) short-term memory, 8) implicit memory |
|
|
Term
| What type of memory impairment: have to repeat a name many times to remember it |
|
Definition
| Moderate anterograde verbal memory impairment |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome involves what circuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temporal taggin deficit means |
|
Definition
| Confusion of events in time: confusing today's breakfast with 10 years ago and favorite breakfast and from a TV show and…… |
|
|
Term
| Hippocampus important for long term memory: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilateral damage in posterior cortical regions, tempral, parietal, and occipital lobes |
|
Definition
| Progressive semantic dementia |
|
|
Term
| Is working memory normal in temporal lobe amnesia: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does implicit memory require consciousness: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Alzheimer's preserve procedural memory: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does amnesia preserve procedural memory: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is implicit memory stored |
|
Definition
| It is embedded in the neural circuitry that produces the behavior, hence "implicit" |
|
|
Term
| Dimensions of memory impairment classification (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cognitive context, 2) content or domain, 3) onset and course |
|
|
Term
| Which memory impairment clasification: is the amnesia isolated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which memory impairment clasification: verbal or spatial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which memory impairment clasification: sudden, gradual, or stepwise onset |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which memory impairment clasification: subsequent course been stable, resolving, progressive, or fluctuating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amnesia syndrome: leaving a car running |
|
Definition
| Frontal dysexecutive amnesia |
|
|
Term
| Which amnesia syndrome: missing appointments |
|
Definition
| Frontal dysexecutive amnesia |
|
|
Term
| Which amnesia syndrome is pictured on the right (normal on left) showing atrophy of hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amnesia syndrome: sudden retro- & anterograde amnesia with duration <24 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause/precipitate transient global amnesia (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Emotional events, 2) stress, 3) physical activity |
|
|
Term
| DDx list for gradual/chronic progressive amnesia (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Alzheimer's, 2) dementias, 3) tumor, 4) multiple sclerosis, 5) medications, 6) epilepsy [a somewhat abbreviated list] |
|
|
Term
| Memory aids for those with amnesia |
|
Definition
| 1) Organization, 2) alarms, 3) environmental cues, 4) notebook |
|
|
Term
| Memory strategies for those with amnesia (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Education, 2) procedural learning, 3) hyperspecific learning [abbreviated list] |
|
|
Term
| Rotary pursuit is an example of what memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dictionary of words that denote meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conceptual meanings of words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grammatical structure of sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of phonemes that results in a word |
|
|
Term
| Key characteristics of language (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Infinitely generative, 2) large lexicon, 3) linked to nonverbal contex & meaning, 4) must apply/use rules [abbreviated list] |
|
|
Term
| Children learn __ words/day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which comes first: L1 or R1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voice onset time = L1-R1 or R1-L1 |
|
Definition
| VOT = R1-L1 = phonation - lips open |
|
|
Term
| Acquired disturbance of the comprehension & formulation of verbal messages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impairment in coherence of thought |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Avolitional state with no attempt to initiate speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Speech not articulated clearly due to central or peripheral motor defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No articulation due to central motor defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraphasia: "hot" for "wet" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraphasia: "taber" for "table" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraphasia: production of novel words, likely due to multiple phonmeic errors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraphasia: inappropriate repitititition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraphasia: repitition of last word of a sentence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraphasia: fluent, highly paraphasic speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: non-fluent speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: fluent speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: easily initiated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: paraphasic errors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: reptition & naming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: comprehension preserved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia: alexia & agraphia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe impairment in nearly all speech & linguistic capacities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe impairment of verbatim repitition with near normal spontaneous speech w/phonemic errors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like Wernicke's aphasia but verbatim repetition is more spared |
|
Definition
| Transcoritcal sensory aphasia |
|
|
Term
| Like Broca's aphasia but verbatim repetition is more spared |
|
Definition
| Transcortical motor aphasia |
|
|
Term
| Aphasia resulting from damage to left inferotemporal region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aphasia resulting from damage to left basal ganglia (caudate nucleus in particular) |
|
Definition
| Subcortical/atypical aphasia |
|
|
Term
| Progressive fluent aphasia |
|
Definition
| Progressive atophy of left temporal polar cortex sparing Heschl's gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Diseases that cause aphasia |
|
Definition
| 1) MCA stroke, 2) trauma, 3) tumor, 4) neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's, Pick's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, others) |
|
|
Term
| What aspects should be assesed to get initial diagnosis of aphasia (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fluency, 2) repetition, 3) aural comprehension [know Venn diagram in lecture notes and attached to this card] |
|
|
Term
| Which tends to recover more with aphasia: comprehension or production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General neuronal organization (type, organization, & orientation) |
|
Definition
| Large pyramidal neurons in vertical columns with apical dendrite perpendicular to surface |
|
|
Term
| EEG orientation, negative deflection is: upward or downward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPSP: positive or negative EEG deflection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPSP: positive or negative EEG deflection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPSP: depolarizing or hyperpolarizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPSP: depolarizing or hyperpolarizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate: excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA: excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In hippocampus, GABA interneurons oppose what |
|
Definition
| Excitatory phyramidal cell output |
|
|
Term
| Thalamo-cortical circuit: between what is the GABA neuron |
|
Definition
| Interlaminar thalamic cell → thalamic relay neuron (TRN) |
|
|
Term
| Bursting activity of thalamic relay neurons is mediated by __ channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters of reticular activating system (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of nucleus basalis of Meynert |
|
Definition
| Modulates consciusness & attention |
|
|
Term
| One EEG electrode covers __ cm² |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG characteristic: awake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG characteristic: N1 sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG characteristic: N2 sleep (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Sleep spindles, 2) K-complexes, 3) postiive occipital sharp transients (POST) |
|
|
Term
| What EEG characteristic: N3 sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG characteristic: REM sleep |
|
Definition
| Low voltage EEG, no muscle tone, REMs, saw tooth waves |
|
|
Term
| What is depicted in this EEG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature is depicted in this EEG pointed by arrows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature is depicted in this EEG pointed by arrows |
|
Definition
| Positive occipital sharp transients (POST) |
|
|
Term
| What feature is depicted in this EEG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature is depicted in this EEG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is depicted in this EEG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature is depicted in this EEG within the boxes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature is depicted in this EEG within the oval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular activating system dysfunction would classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spikes or spike-waves would be classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG feature is depicted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG feature is depicted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG feature is depicted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EEG feature is depicted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of the US will have at least 1 seizure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of the US will have recurrent seizures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% lifetime risk of epilepsy in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of the US currently have active pilepsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple: generlized or focal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complex: generlized or focal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atonic, tonic, clonic, tonic-clonci, myoclonic: generlized or focal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence: generlized or focal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dormant basket cell hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Loss of GAB inhibition in thalamus leading to unopposed excitation |
|
|
Term
| Mossy fiber sprouting hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Mossy fibers synapse on themselves producing positive feedback and ustained depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Complex partial seizure: "short" or "long" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence seizure: "short" or "long" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EEG taken during a seizure |
|
|
Term
| Absence seizure pathophysiology |
|
Definition
| Hyperexcitable cortex & thalamus produce an excessive reverberating loop |
|
|
Term
| Which seizure is depicted: complex or absence |
|
Definition
| Complex: longer and focal [compared to absence seizure] |
|
|
Term
| Which seizure is depicted: complex or absence |
|
Definition
| Absence: shorter and generalized [compared to complex seizure] |
|
|
Term
| Absence seizure has what EEG feature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is acquired: complex or absence seizure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is genetic: complex or absence seizure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complex or absence seizure: staring, unresponsive, often automatic movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complex or absence seizure: staring, unresponsive, no aura, no post-ictal confusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preferred treatment for partial seizures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Inhibit excitation, 2) promote inhibition, 3) vagal stimulation, 4) surgery |
|
|
Term
| Preferred treatment for absence seizures |
|
Definition
| Inhibit hyperpolarization on intralaminar thalamic neurons with Calcium antagonists |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of Alzheimer's expected to do in the future: decrease, same, increase |
|
Definition
| Increase through increased life eexpectancy |
|
|
Term
| 65% of demetia is due to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acquired new impairments in several aspects of thinking that interfere with dialy life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particular difficulties with dementia (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Proper names, 2) problem solving |
|
|
Term
| Is dementia inevitable outcome of aging: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, dementia is more than normal loss due to aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Alzheimer's, 2) vascular, 3) Parkinson's, 4) Pick's, 5) medications, 6) depression, 7) alcohol, 8) drugs, 9) tumors, 10) hydrocephalus [Alzheimer's is but one cause of dementia] |
|
|
Term
| Sporadic Alzheimer's: lowly or highly heritable |
|
Definition
| Low: 0.2-0.3 heritability factor |
|
|
Term
| Difference observed by Alzheimer between neurosyphilis and, what is now, Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
| Lack of fever in Alzheimer's |
|
|
Term
| Hisopathological features of Alzheimer's (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Plaques, 2) neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| Age-related, irreversible, gradual/insidious decline in thinking due to death of brain cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average survival post-diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically, can you definitively make an Alzheimer's diagnosis: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, brain biopsy and histological staining required; clinical Dx is "probable Alzheimer's" |
|
|
Term
| Image shows what histopathological feature of Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Image shows what histopathological feature of Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormally phosphrylated tau protein form what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is left of a neuron after neurofibrillary tangle has its effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spherical, amyloid core, granular deposits and remants of neuronal processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is social conversation normally intact in Alzheimer's: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles are largely found where |
|
Definition
| Anterior parahippocampal gyrus, specifically entorhinal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in entorhinal cortex: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in precentral gyrus: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in postcentral gyrus: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in Heschl's gyrus: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in visual cortex: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in frontal association cortex: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in inferior parietal lobule: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibrillary tangles typically found in lateral surface of temporal lobe: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuritic plaques are heavily found where |
|
Definition
| Parietal & temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
| Neuritic plaques heavily found in entorhinal cortex: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, very little is found there |
|
|
Term
| Which is better correlated with dementia: neurofibrillary tangles or neuritic plaques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layers are neurotangular tangles found in entorhinal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary genes implicated in Alzheimer's (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APP, PS1, PS2 are implicated more in: familial or non-familial Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APOE is implicated more in: familial or non-familial Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block ACh degradation to maintain ACh in synapses |
|
|
Term
| AMDA antaognist vs. cholinesterase inhibitor |
|
Definition
| NMDA antagonist has fewer side effects |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Chilinesterase inhibitor, 2) NMDA antagonist, 3) neuroprotection (e.g., vitamin E), 4) IVIg targeting β-amyloid |
|
|
Term
| NMDA antagongist act on which neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order of memory loss in Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
| Recent → anterograde → retrograde (more recent) → retrograde (older) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keep image stable at the fovea |
|
|
Term
| Types of eye movements (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fixation, 2) vestibular, 3) saccade, 4) smooth pursuit, 5) vergence |
|
|
Term
| Saccadic eye movements start where in the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pursuit eye movements start where in the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is likely ipsilateral: saccadic or pursuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is likely contralateral: saccadic or pursuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccidic & pursuit pathways meet where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of horizontal gaze is where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of vertical gaz is where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the vestibulo-ocular reflex go through the PPRF: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parinaud's syndrome due to lesion where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parinaud's syndrome features (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Supranuclear loss of upgaze, 2) light-near dissociation of the pupillary light reflex, 3) convergence-retraction nystagmus, 4) lid retraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paramedian pontine reticular formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rostral intersitial nucleus of the MLF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aneurysm of the posterior communicating can lead to what palsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oculomotor nucleus lesion: MR paresis: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oculomotor nucleus lesion: SR paresis: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oculomotor nucleus lesion: IR paresis: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oculomotor nucleus lesion: IO paresis: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oculomotor nucleus lesion: unreactive dilated pupils: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oculomotor nucleus lesion: eyelid ptosis: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trochlear nucleus lesion: SO paresis: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abducens nucleus lesion: conjugate horizontal gaze: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN III lesion: hypertropia, hypotropia, esotropia, exotropia |
|
Definition
| Hypotropia & exotropia [down & out] |
|
|
Term
| CN IV lesion: hypertropia, hypotropia, esotropia, exotropia |
|
Definition
| Hypertropia [eye points upward] |
|
|
Term
| CN VI lesion: hypertropia, hypotropia, esotropia, exotropia |
|
Definition
| Esotropia [eye points inward] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN IV palsy: head tilted __ [ipsi- or contralateral] to lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FAT scan good for finding what palsy |
|
Definition
| FAT=family album tomotgraphy [look for head tilt in pictures]; CN IV palsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Change in intracranial pressure can lead to which palsy |
|
Definition
| CN VI due to stretching [Kellie-Munroe doctrine] |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke's encephalopathy can lead to which palsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clivus chordoma can lead to which palsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuronal pathway between PPRF and extraocular muscle (3) |
|
Definition
| Omnipause → burst → ocular motor |
|
|
Term
| Burst neurons fire when: desire to move eye or not |
|
Definition
| Burst neurons fire when desire to move eye |
|
|
Term
| Omnipause neurons fire when: desire to move eye or not |
|
Definition
| Omnipause neurons fire continuously until desire to move eye then they stop |
|
|
Term
| Burst neurons are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Omnipause neurons are found where |
|
Definition
| Pontine reticular formation |
|
|
Term
| Neural integrators for saccades are found where for horizontal movement (2) |
|
Definition
| Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi & medial vestibular nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Neural integrators for saccades are found where for vertical movement |
|
Definition
| Interstitial nucleus of Cajal |
|
|
Term
| Horizontal saccade palsy: what is the palsy |
|
Definition
| PPRF lesion and cannot voluntarily saccade |
|
|
Term
| Horizontal saccade palsy: how to overcome |
|
Definition
| Horizontal vestibulocular reflex can overcome it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frontal or parietal eye field lesion: inability to send the commands to make saccades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saccadic palsy [frontal eye fields lesions] |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is pictured |
|
Definition
| Internuclear ophthalmoplegia [left MLF lesion] |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is pictured |
|
Definition
| Internuclear ophthalmoplegia [left MLF lesion] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical saccadic palsy [riMLF lesion] |
|
|
Term
| Onset of polyglutamine disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyglutamine disease features (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ataxia, 2) chorea, 3) loss of cognition, 4) psychiatric disabilities |
|
|
Term
| Polyglutamine disease cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyglutamine disease: most common |
|
Definition
| SCA3 [SpinoCerebellar Ataxia] aka Machado-Joseph disease |
|
|
Term
| SCA3: what is the protein involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SCA3: __ to __ repeats is normal; over __ is disease causing |
|
Definition
| 12-40 repeats normal; 55-86 is disease causing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's cases are usually: sporadic or familial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Tremor, 2) slow movement, 3) rigidity, 4) poor balance |
|
|
Term
| Which is more prevalent: polyglutamine or Parkinson's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic inclusions composed of insoluble fibrils formed form α-synuclein |
|
|
Term
| What histopathological feature is circled in red |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: α-synuclein (SNCA) has what genetic inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: LRRK2 has what genetic inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: parkin has what genetic inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
| Recessive [E3 ubiquitin ligase] |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: PINK1 has what genetic inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: DJ-1 has what genetic inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
| Recessive [Oxidative stress] |
|
|
Term
| Monogenetic accounts for __ to __% of Parkinson's cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Role of mitochondria in Parkinson's |
|
Definition
| Not sure, but mitochondrial dysfunction with autophagy are thought to have a role in the etiology |
|
|
Term
| Many genetic links are found for Parkinson's, is environment important: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of Alzheimer's are sporadic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's: when does synapse loss occur |
|
Definition
| Synapse loss precedes neuronal loss |
|
|
Term
| Aβ induced neurotoxicity requires what protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APP is on which chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APP cleavage yields what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α-secretase cleavage of Aβ: produces Aβ or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| γ-secretase cleavage of Aβ: produces Aβ or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations in α-secretase cleavage of Aβ: produces Aβ or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No, worst peptide for causing Alzheimer's |
|
|
Term
| Mutations in PS1 have what effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PS1 is on which chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PS2 is on which chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8 transmembrane-bound aspartyl protease that is a part of the γ-secretase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranes of ER and Golgi |
|
|
Term
| Mutations of PS1/2 are generally: loss- or gain-of-function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with microtubules |
|
|
Term
| What detaches tau from microtubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tau unique to Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
| No, Alzheimer's, Down's, Pick type C, and many others |
|
|
Term
| An unusual feature of tau splicing and it's pathogenicity |
|
Definition
| Both exon and intron mutations can lead to pathology |
|
|
Term
| In APP mouse models, what is the relationship been visible plaque formation and memory deficits, and what does that mean |
|
Definition
| Memory deficits precede visible plaque meaning Aβ oligomers has a role |
|
|
Term
| If tau is knocked out in APP mouse model, is this __ [neuroprotective or neurotoxic] in this mouse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tauopathy model in Drosophila: did that require tangle formation: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tauopathy model in Drosophila: relation to the cell cycle |
|
Definition
| Cell cycle progression required, absence of mutation when cdk2 inhibited |
|
|
Term
| APP+tau+PS1 mutant shows what with respect to estrogen |
|
Definition
| Estrogen depletion worsens pathology |
|
|
Term
| APP+tau+PS1 mutant shows what with respect to androgens |
|
Definition
| Androgen depletion accelerates pathology |
|
|
Term
| APP+tau+PS1 mutant shows what with respect to Aβ-antibodies |
|
Definition
| Early antibody use clear Aβ deposits, but late use could not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of strokes are ischemic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collaterals of the brain (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) External-internal carotid through the eye, 2) circle of willis, 3) pia anastamoses (ACA & MCA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial anterior circulation infarct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total anterior circulation infarct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior circulation infarct |
|
|
Term
| __ + __ = __ [fill in with PACi, LACI, TACI, POCI] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PACI is infarction to what |
|
Definition
| Cortex & deep white matter |
|
|
Term
| LACI is infarction to what |
|
Definition
| Deep cortical & white matter |
|
|
Term
| POCI is infarction to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has/have no loss of consciousness: PACi, LACI, TACI, POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has/have stunned/coma: PACi, LACI, TACI, POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has/have impaired conciousness: PACi, LACI, TACI, POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cognition problems for PACI |
|
Definition
| Aphasia if on dominant side; neglect on non-dominant side |
|
|
Term
| What cognition problems for LACI |
|
Definition
| Aphasia if on dominant side; neglect on non-dominant side |
|
|
Term
| What cognition problems for TACI |
|
Definition
| Aphasia if on dominant side; neglect on non-dominant side |
|
|
Term
| What cognition problems for POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocular motility problems for PACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocular motility problems for LACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocular motility problems for TACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocular motility problems for POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual field problems for PACI |
|
Definition
| Contralateral: homonymous & hemianopia |
|
|
Term
| Visual field problems for POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor impairment for PACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor impairment for LACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor impairment for TACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor impairment for POCI |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral face != contralateral arm = contralateral leg |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar impairment for PACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar impairment for LACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar impairment for TACI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar impairment for POCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articulation impairment for PACI [aphasia & dysarthria] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articulation impairment for LACI [aphasia & dysarthria] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articulation impairment for TACI [aphasia & dysarthria] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articulation impairment for POCI [aphasia & dysarthria] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three questions to ask about stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If consciousness is severely impaired or is affected early, where does that suggest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if disturbances of cognition are present, where does that suggest |
|
Definition
| Cerebrum, probably cortex |
|
|
Term
| If visual field defect is present, where does that suggest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If unilateral paralysis is present, where does that suggest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If difference in sensory modality loss, where does that suggest |
|
Definition
| Brain stem [pain/temp is dorsolateral; vibration is medial] |
|
|
Term
| Midline cranial nerves (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral cranial nerves (6) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midbrain cranial nerves (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine cranial nerves (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontomedullary junction cranial nerves (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medullary cranial nerves (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine/medullary cranial nerves (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-brain stem cranial nerves (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic midbrain vascular syndrome has what features (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) III palsy, 2) contralateral hemiperesis |
|
|
Term
| Classic pons vascular syndrome has what features (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) VI palsy, 2) VII palsy, 3) contralateral hemipersis |
|
|
Term
| Classic medulla vascular syndrome has what features (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) V palsy, 2) X palsy, 3) cerebellar signs, 4) Horner's, 5) contralateral limb pain/temp loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waddling appears in what condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsum of hand forward and swing leg around suggests what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slowly building steps build toward a run with inability to slow down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do muscle diseases tend to affect proximal or distal muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things that affect the neuromuscular junction (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Myasthenia gravis, 2) nerve gases/toxins |
|
|
Term
| Fasciculations: LMN or UMN sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyporeflexia: LMN or UMN sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypotonia: LMN or UMN sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common cause of mononeuropathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common causes of plexopathy (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common cause of root LMN problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common causes of anterior horn cell problems (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperreflexia: LMN or UMN sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypertonia: LMN or UMN sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Babinski: LMN or UMN sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dissociated sensory loss means what |
|
Definition
| Loss of some modalities but not others |
|
|
Term
| If dissociated sensory loss, then where can NOT the lesion be |
|
Definition
| Cortex, thalamus, or rostal brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Wide base when walking suggests where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Truncal ataxia suggests where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to touch finger to nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of opposing muscle synergy (biceps vs. triceps → jerky arm movements) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slurred speech, scanning speech |
|
|
Term
| Temporal eye field is about __° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nasal eye field is about __° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior eye field is about __° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior eye field is about __° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EYE ANATOMY: REVIEW PREVIOUS HOS & NEURO [NOT COVERED HERE AGAIN] |
|
Definition
| EYE ANATOMY: REVIEW PREVIOUS HOS & NEURO [NOT COVERED HERE AGAIN] |
|
|
Term
| Where are rods absent or nearly so (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fovea, 2) optical disc |
|
|
Term
| Method of mapping visual field |
|
Definition
| Perimetry [review notes for how this is done] |
|
|
Term
| Glaucoma affects what part of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Papilledema affects what part of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optic neuritis affects what part of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compressive & toxic neuropatheis affects what part of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopaminergic input to the ventral striatum comes from (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Medial part of pars compacta (of substantia nigra), 2) ventral tegmental area |
|
|
Term
| Neurons in the medial pars compacta & ventra tegmental area show respones to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Output of ventral pallidum (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventral pallidum, 2) pars reticulata |
|
|
Term
| Ventral pallidum & pars reticulata send output projections to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the MD outputs to cortices have in common with the ventral striatum |
|
Definition
| Same cortices: forms a circuit (cortex → ventral striatum → ventral pallidum/pars reticulata → MD → cortex) |
|
|
Term
| Activation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus linked to |
|
Definition
| Food & drug (only those) rewards |
|
|
Term
| Habenula __ [inhibits or stimulates] dopamine release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Habenula response to what type of inputs (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Negative/unpleasant, 2) non-reward/disappointment |
|
|
Term
| Depression: hypo- or hyperfrontality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hallucinations & delusions: hypo- or hyperfrontality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heroine, nicotine, & alcohol act where |
|
Definition
| Mesolimibc dopaminergic system |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines & cocaine act where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more in the magnocellular system: ACh or GABA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial septum/vertical diagonal band outputs to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horizontal diagonal band outputs to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleus basalis of Meynert outputs to where |
|
Definition
| Cerebral cortex & amygdala |
|
|
Term
| ACh from magnocellular innervates which cortical layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA from magnocellular innervates which cortical layers |
|
Definition
| Inhibitory cortical neurons |
|
|
Term
| Inputs to the magnocellular system (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Various cortices, 2) ventral putamen & nucleus accumbens, 3) amygdala, 4) ventral tegmental area, 5) locus ceruleus |
|
|
Term
| GABAergic inputs from ventral putamen & nucleus accumbens innervate which magnocellular neurons: cholinergic or GABAergic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory inputs from cortices innervate which magnocellular neurons: cholinergic or GABAergic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased dopamine into nucleus accumbens changes ACh output of the magnocelular how |
|
Definition
| Increases ACh release in the cortex [so, more dopamine = more ACh through a double-inhibition] |
|
|
Term
| Decreased cortical ACh is associated with: impairment of attention or hypervigilance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased cortical ACh is associated with: impairment of attention or hypervigilance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is magnocellular system lost in Alzheimer's: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypervigilence with excessive focusing on inappropriate stimuli is seen in what condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would nicotine withdrawal be accompanied by poor concentration |
|
Definition
| Return to normal levels of ACh receptors that were elevated due to nicotine |
|
|
Term
| V5 is involved in what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Motion perception, 2) assemblage of objects in space |
|
|
Term
| Balint's syndrome features |
|
Definition
| 1) Simultanagnosia, 2) optic ataxia, 3) ocular apraxia |
|
|
Term
| Balint's syndrome can result from what kind of infarction |
|
Definition
| Watershed between MCA & PCA |
|
|
Term
| Left auditory belt does which: temporal or spectral aspects |
|
Definition
| Temporal aspects (sequence, duration of sounds, intervals between sounds) |
|
|
Term
| Right auditory belt does which: temporal or spectral aspects |
|
Definition
| Spectral aspects (frequency, pitch, harmonics) |
|
|
Term
| Sensory aphasia due to damage of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory aprosodia due to damage of |
|
Definition
| Right side "Wernicke's area" |
|
|
Term
| Which side is important for retrieval of names of objects: left or right |
|
Definition
| Left [caudal=common names; anterior=proper names] |
|
|
Term
| Which side is important for retrieval of non-verbal information about objects: left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the postcentral gyrus, deep in the central sulcus is: proprioception or touch+pressure+vibration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the postcentral gyrus, superficial in the central sulcus is: proprioception or touch+pressure+vibration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions of postcentral gyrus lead to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Agraphesthesia, 2) astereognosis |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to parietal operculum lead to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Constructional apraxia [right dorsomedial], 2) tactile agnosia [ventromedial] |
|
|
Term
| Right inferior parietal lobule damage is a common reesult of what storke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right inferior parietal lobule damage lead to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Contralateral limb neglect, 2) contralateral loss of visual awareness |
|
|
Term
| Left inferior parietal lobule damage lead to (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Agraphia, 2) acalculia, 3) finger agnosia, 4) right-left disorientation [=Gerstmann's syndrome] |
|
|
Term
| Medial parietal lobule has a probable role in |
|
Definition
|
|
