Term
| Learning and memory are derived from what processes (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Formation of new synaptic contacts, 2) permanent alterations in synaptic efficiency, 3) generation of new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Neuron doctrine, 2) functional localization, 3) neural networks |
|
|
Term
| Neuron doctrine tenets (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Not a syncytium, 2) transfer of information, 3) transfer by chemical or electrical signals, 4) neurotransmitters/receptors determine excited or inhibited signal |
|
|
Term
| Functional localization is established by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural network aspect says what about interconnectivity |
|
Definition
| Lots of synapses with high local interconnectivity with some long ocnnections to other areas |
|
|
Term
| Major regions of the CNS (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Spinal cord, 2) medulla oblongata, 3) pons & cerebellum, 4) mesencephalon, 5) diencephalon, 6) telencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diencephalon components (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Thalamus, 2) hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Telencephalon components (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebral cortex, 2) basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Optic nerve & retina are outgrowths of what part of the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans have a rotated CNS (compared to quadrapeds) at what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structures have white matter superficially (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Spinal cord, 2) medulla, 3) pons, 4) midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Which structures have grey matter superficially (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebellum, 2) cerebrum, 3) diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Gray matter is organized in some basic ways (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Nuclei, 2) collections of nuclei, 3) laminae, 4) loose, low-density (reticular) |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei are defined because they have |
|
Definition
| Distinct functional units with a particular system, and heavily interconnected |
|
|
Term
| Laminae are most prevalent in which structures (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebral cortex, 2) cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bundle of white matter that connects different CNS regions and many nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anatomically distinct, rounded bundle of white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bundle that runs between the two sides of the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when a tract crosses sides of the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are axons randomly arranged within a tract: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, regions are grouped together |
|
|
Term
| Do most neural systems have ___ [just the right number or too many] for a particular job |
|
Definition
| Most systems have more neurons than are necessary for the job |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Information, 2) regulation, 3) command |
|
|
Term
| Which are the valleys of the cerebrum: sulci or gyri |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the ridges of the cerebrum: sulci or gyri |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is anterior to the central sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is posterior to the central sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lobe contains the precentral gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lobe contains the postcentral gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary motor cortex in what gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sensory cortex in what gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sulcus separates the lateral lobe from parietal & frontal lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sulcus separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ notch separates the temporal lobe from the occipital lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temporal lobe primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hearing, 2) language processing, 3) visual processing, 4) memory |
|
|
Term
| Frontal lobe primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Intelligence, 2) personality, 3) motivation, 4) motor control |
|
|
Term
| Parietal lobe primary responsibilities (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) General sensation, 2) language, 3) spatial orientation |
|
|
Term
| Occipital lobe primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fissure divides the primary visual cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gyrus located superficial from the corpus callosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limbic lobe primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Emotions, 2) basic drives, 3) smell, 4) memory |
|
|
Term
| If you pry the lateral lobe away, what do you see deep in the lateral sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insula primary responsibilities (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Taste & visceral sensation, 2) emotional aspect of pain, 4) biologically significant visual & auditory |
|
|
Term
| Hippocampus primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amygdala primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal ganglia primary responsibility |
|
Definition
| Regulation & coordination of movement |
|
|
Term
| Thalamus process what going to and from the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| Sensory & motor information |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus integrates what (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic, 2) endocrine, 3) limbic |
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus includes the ____ body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pineal body is included in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of the dorsal surface of the midbrain (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Superior colliculus, 2) inferior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| Feature of the ventral surface of the midbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum primary responsibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the cranial dura mater |
|
Definition
| 1) Endosteal, 2) Meningeal |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the spinal dura mater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the dura has sensory neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli contain which layer of the dura mater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CSF exists between which meninges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What meninx becomes the filum terminale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which meninges enter sulci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gestation age in which first sign of nervous system appears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ectoderm secretes what autocrine factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Notochord secretes what that prevents BMP4 action (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If ectoderm does not sense BMP4, what is the cell's fate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signals that have a dose-dependent effect on the fate of cells are what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found superficially between the basal & alar plates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural crest cells become what cells (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Primary sensory neurons, 2) ANS post-synaptic neurons, 3) chromaffin cells, 4) melanocytes, 5) peripheral glia |
|
|
Term
| Defects in neural crest cells are collectively called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defects in neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| Examples of neurocristopathies (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cleft palate, 2) Hirschprung's disease |
|
|
Term
| Neurogenic placodes become |
|
Definition
| Neurons and lgia of the cranial ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Which is the default state of neural plate: anterior or posterior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these two requires growth factors (the other grows instead): brain or spinal cord |
|
Definition
| Spinal cord [brain is the default] |
|
|
Term
| What induces the forebrain to split into two bilateral hemispheres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the neural tube first close |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defect in SHH singalling leading to primitive forebrain failing to diverticulate into two telencephalic vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Septo-optic dysplasia has absence of what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural tube defect examples (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anencephaly, 2) spina bifida |
|
|
Term
| Defective closure of anterior neuropore is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Categories of spina bifida (4; mildest to severest) |
|
Definition
| 1) Occulta, 2) meningocoele, 3) meningomyelocoele, 4) craniorachischisis |
|
|
Term
| Initial vesicles of the neural tube (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Prosencephalon, 2) mesencephalon, 3) rhombencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What splits into the telencephalon & diencephalon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What splits into the cerebellum, pons, & medulla oblongata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apical side of the neural plate eventually becomes what cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the neural tube is mitotically active |
|
Definition
| Subventricular zone (aka subependymal) |
|
|
Term
| Neurons migrate through what zone to get to the mantle zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal side of the neural plate eventually becomes what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells span neural tube that neurons migrate along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome due to interference with what process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Error in control of brain cell proliferation on one side leading to larger volume of the hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the cerebral cortex's 6 layers, which contains the oldest cells [superficial or deep layer] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of cells arrives at the marginal zone first during neuronal migration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axon outgrowth pathfinding mechanisms (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cell adhesion molecules, 2) electrical guidance, 3) chemotropism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooth brain from lack of sulci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick brain from broad gyri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Numerous small abnormal gyri with shallow/absent sulci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal neurons in abnormal location from stalled migration |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine interfers at what stage of development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metachromatic leukodystrophy |
|
Definition
| Failure to form myelin; progressive weakness, blindness, hypotonia, & dementia during childhood |
|
|
Term
| When does myelination begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stages of neuroembryology (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Neural plate, 2) neuralation, 3) vesicle formation, 4) neuronal proliferation, 5) neuronal migration, 6) axon outgrowth, 7) neuronal differentiation, 8) myelination |
|
|
Term
| Significant increase in brain weight between newborn & adulthood due to (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hypertrophy of neurons, 2) hyperplasia of glia, 3) neural process & synapse formation, 4) myelination |
|
|
Term
| Exogenous causes of brain malformations (6; categories) |
|
Definition
| 1) Nutritional, 2) radiological, 3) viral, 4) chemical, 5) pharmacological, 6) ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Brain constitutes __% of total body metabolism at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major metabolic demand of neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do neurons require insulin for glucose uptake: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow of normally functioning neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow to induce irreversible brain damage |
|
Definition
| <20 mL/min/100 gm for several minutes |
|
|
Term
| What process keeps cerebral blood flow within a certain range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does CO2 affect cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| Vasodilator ∴ increases flow |
|
|
Term
| How does O2 affect cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| Drop in O2 increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonged ischemia causes blood flow away from high [CO2] |
|
|
Term
| How does pH affect cerebral blood flow (both directions from normal) |
|
Definition
| Drop in pH increases blood flow; rise in pH decreases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow ratio to gray matter over white matter |
|
Definition
| About 2.5 (70-80 vs 30 mL/min/100 g) |
|
|
Term
| When does SNS activity become important to cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| When outside compensatory range of autoregulation |
|
|
Term
| How does viscosity affect cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
| Blood flow inversely proportional |
|
|
Term
| How does cerebral blood flow under polycythemia compare to normal |
|
Definition
| Decreased with polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| How does cerebral blood flow under anemia compare to normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location where CSF can be found (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventricles, 2) cerebral aqueduct, 3) central canal, 4) arachnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Choroid plexus, 2) ependyma, 3) cerebral pia, 4) cerebral exracellular spaces, 5) subarachnoid spaces |
|
|
Term
| How does CSF leave the lateral ventricles |
|
Definition
| Interventricular foarmen of Monro |
|
|
Term
| How does CSF leave the third ventricle |
|
Definition
| Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Arachnoid granulations, 2) leptomeningeal vessels, 3) perineural sheaths of cranial & spinal nerves, 4) ependyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased intracranial volume → increased intracranial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain hitting opposite side of skull from blunt trauma thus causing injury on the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Should a lumbar puncture be performed on patients with increasd intracranial pressure: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are capillary endothelial cells fenestrated: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial meningitis changes CSF how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage changes CSF how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does more oligoclonal bands in CSF than blood serum indicate |
|
Definition
| Ig's in CNS ∴ autoimmune disease (e.g., MS) |
|
|
Term
| Are capillary endothelial cells in the choroid plexus fenestrated: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are chorodal epithelial cells fenestrated: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yellow staining of brain from unconjugated bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Causes of kernicterus (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Excess bilirubin, 2) inability to conjugate bilirubin, 3) immaturity/disruption of the BBB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory demyelination of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Circumventricular organs (7) |
|
Definition
| 1) Postrema, 2) subcommissural organ, 3) subfornical organ, 4) vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, 5) median eminence, 6) neurohypophysis, 7) pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| Describe anastamoses in the brain |
|
Definition
| Limited at the arterial level; nearly none at the arteriolar and capillary level |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anterior spinal medullary a., 2-3) posterior spinal aa. |
|
|
Term
| Name for the weak supply from C8-T9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each vertebral a. supplies __% to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each internal carotid a. supplies __% to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Terminal branches of the internal carotid artery (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anterior cerebral a., 2) middle cerebral a. |
|
|
Term
| Which side is most likely to have a stroke: left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Great radicular a. serves ___ [anterior or posterior] of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infarcts of the MCA tend to be what shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Artery of cerebral hemorrage aka |
|
Definition
| Lateral-most branch of lenticulo-striate branches of MCA |
|
|
Term
| Which area of sensory & motor homunculus is covered by the MCA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of sensory & motor homunculus is covered by the ACA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joins the ACA's at the optic chiasm |
|
Definition
| Anterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| Strokes in PCA tends to result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ophthalmic a. & facial a. |
|
|
Term
| MCA/ACA watershed stroke covers what semsory & motor homunculus area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to abduct arms and flex elbows from watershed stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentrate at points where turbulence is greatest |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral aneurysms hemhorrages in what space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Injury caused by interruption of blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit that is brief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Ischemic, 2) hemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| Major types of ischemic stroke (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Atherothrombotic, 2) cardioembolic, 3) lacunar stroke, 4) "other" |
|
|
Term
| Thrombus for an atherothrombotic stroke formed how |
|
Definition
| Atherosclerotic plaque opens causing platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| Indication a stroke might be cardioembolic |
|
Definition
| Multiple strokes in different arterial territories |
|
|
Term
| Lacunar strokes formed from penetrating branches of (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) MCA, 2) anterior choroidal, 3) PCA, 4) posterior communicating, 5) basilar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area arounda region of ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Molecular basis of ischemic injury |
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial injury → free radicals → cell membrane injury → leukotrienes, leukocyte activation → cell death |
|
|
Term
| Types of hemorrhagic stroke (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Intracerebral, 2) subarachnoidal |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Rebleeding, 2) vasospasm → ischemic stroke |
|
|
Term
| Major modalities of somatic sensation (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Discriminative touch, 2) proprioception, 3) temperature, 4) nociception |
|
|
Term
| Cool and "warm" are descriptions of: nociception or temperature sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cold and "hot" are descriptions of: nociception or temperature sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal root ganglia neurons are what order neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of peripheral terminals of DRG neurons (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which modalities are have encapsulated peripheral terminals |
|
Definition
| 1) Discriminative touch, 2) Proprioception |
|
|
Term
| Which modalities are have bare peripheral terminals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unique stimulus that activates a specific receptor at a low energy level |
|
|
Term
| Elementary attributes of stimuli (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Modaility, 2) location, 3) intensity, 4) duration |
|
|
Term
| Classification of afferent DRG axons (4; as we should know them; slowest to fastest) |
|
Definition
| 1) C, 2) Aδ, 3) Aβ, 4) Group I |
|
|
Term
| What axon type: proprioceptors of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axon type: mechanoreceptors of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axon type: cool temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axon type: sharp pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axon type: warm and cool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axon type: aching pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory pathway uses a relay of how many nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First-order neurons are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second-order neurons are found where |
|
Definition
| Segment of spinal cord gray matter or in the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Third-order neurons are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron |
|
|
Term
| Surround inhibition of second-order neurons does what to the signal |
|
Definition
| Sharpens contrast between stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Types of mechanoreceptors (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Meissner's corpuscle, 2) Merkel's disk, 3) Pacinian corpuscle, 4) RUffini ending |
|
|
Term
| Meissner's corpuscles detect what mechanical movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel's disks detect what mechanical movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles detect what mechanical movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ruffini ending detect what mechanical movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanoreceptors have fast adaptation |
|
Definition
| 1) Meissner's corpuscle, 2) Pacinian corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| Which mechanoreceptors have slow adaptation |
|
Definition
| 1) Merkel's disk, 2) Ruffini ending |
|
|
Term
| What function is required to convert a bunch of mechanical sensation into something like "texture" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spatial discrimination of finger tips __ mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spatial discrimination of the back __ mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persistence of respones to long-lasting stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Fast-conducting type Ia, 2) slower-conducting type II |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle spindle type is active during steady-state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle spindles ___ [inhibit or excite] α motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi tendon organs ___ [inhibit or excite] α motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhibits α motor neurons: muscle spindles or Golgi tendon organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which excites α motor neurons: muscle spindles or Golgi tendon organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of temperature receptors: random or uniform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Thermal, 2) mechanical, 3) polymodal |
|
|
Term
| Temperature range of thermal nociceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stepping on a tack activates what two nociceptors (and in what order |
|
Definition
| Mechnical for immediate → polymodal for aching/dull pain |
|
|
Term
| How are silent nociceptors special |
|
Definition
| Not active unless injury has occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Sensory-discriminative [location, duration, intensity, etc.], 2) affective [emotional] |
|
|
Term
| Repeated application of noxious mechanical stimuli leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary hyperalgesia properties (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased threshold, 2) increased magnitude, 3) spontaneous activation, 4) small increase in receptor field size |
|
|
Term
| C fiber fire repetivitely and increased excitability of central neurons leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary hyperalgesia properties (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased threshold, 2) increased magnitude, 3) spontaneous pain, 4) large increase in receptive field size, 5) increased response to innocuous stimuli |
|
|
Term
| How to visceral sensory receptors differ structurally from somatosensory |
|
Definition
| They are indistinguishable |
|
|
Term
| Most visceral nociceptors are believed to be what kind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 basic causes of CNS lesions |
|
Definition
| 1) Trauma, 2) ischemia, 3) neoplasm, 4) neurodegeneration, 5) toxins, 6) infection, 7) nutrition, 8) genetic |
|
|
Term
| 3 L's of localization of lesions |
|
Definition
| 1) Level, 2) location, 3) laterality |
|
|
Term
| Alternating/crossed signs |
|
Definition
| Right face & left body; vice versa; etc. |
|
|
Term
| Major sensory pathways (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Spinothalamic, 2) trigeminothalamic, 3) DCML, 4) dorsal spinocerebellar, 5) ventral spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
| Major motor pathways of the corticobulbarspinal system (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Corticospinal, 2) corticobulbar |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory pathways follow what neuronal pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory has which neuron that decussates |
|
Definition
| Second-order neuron decussates |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory has which neuron in the thalamus |
|
Definition
| Third-order neuron is in the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for discriminative touch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for conscious proprioception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for visceral pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for non-conscious proprioception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for voluntary movement |
|
Definition
| Corticobulbospinal system |
|
|
Term
| Which pathway for fractionated hand movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory has which neuron as the sensor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic tract decussates where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML through which spinal cord fasciculi (2; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fasciculus cuneatus, 2) fasciculus gracilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML second-order neuron starts where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML travels through two fasciculi starting at what vertebral level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML second-order axons travel through what tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Source of most receptors in the spinocerebellar tract (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Golgi tendon organs, 2) muscle spindles |
|
|
Term
| Why don't lesions of the spinocerebellar tract produce obvious signs |
|
Definition
| Goes to cerebellum [← non-conscious proprioception] |
|
|
Term
| One sign of spinocerebellar lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Divisions of the corticobulbospinal system (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Corticospinal system, 2) corticobulbar system |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal tract to muscles of |
|
Definition
| Hand muscles primarily, some to trunk/shoulder/hips |
|
|
Term
| Corticobulbar tract to muscles of |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve motor nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Corticobulbarspinal system follows what neuronal pattern |
|
Definition
| Two neurons: upper- and lower-motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal system: interneuron connection between upper and lower motor neurons typically are: excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal system: upper motor neurons found where |
|
Definition
| Cerebral cortex [not just motor cortex] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to corticospinal upper motor neurons usually manifest as |
|
Definition
| Paresis and loss of inhibitory influence (hypertonia, spasticity, hyperreflexia, Babinski sign) |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal fibers that do NOT decussate in the medulla form what in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal fibers that do decussate in the medulla form what in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do anterior corticospinal fibers decussate |
|
Definition
| Ventral white commissure of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal system: lower motor neuron location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to coritcospinal lower motor neurons usually manifest as |
|
Definition
| Weakness/paresis/paralysis, abolished/weak deep tendon reflexes, muscle atrophy, hypotonia, fasciculation |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of which corticospinal motor neuron with loss of deep tendon reflex: upper or lower motor neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion of which corticospinal motor neuron with exhaggeration of deep tendon reflex: upper or lower motor neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two systems affect the corticobulbarspinal system |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebellum [error correction], 2) basal ganglia [patterned learning] |
|
|
Term
| Why do individual muscles span multiple spinal levels |
|
Definition
| LMN's are in columns [that just so happen to span multiple levels] |
|
|
Term
| Visceral pain feels like skin pain because |
|
Definition
| Both first-order neurons innervate on the same second-order neuron |
|
|
Term
| Biceps reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triceps reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellar reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achilles reflex test what spinal cord segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In "general somatic afferent," general refers to |
|
Definition
| General senses: pain, nociception, etc. |
|
|
Term
| In "special somatic afferent," special refers to |
|
Definition
| Special senses: smell, vision, etc. |
|
|
Term
| General somatic efferent includes what CN's (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General visceral efferent includes what CN's (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General visceral afferent includes what CN's (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General somatic afferent includes what CN's (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special sensory afferent includes what CN's (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special visceral efferent includes what CN's (5) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special visceral afferent includes what CN's (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special somatic afferent includes what CN's (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which "class" (GSE, GVE, etc.) does not exist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Medulla, 2) pons, 3) midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Alar plate grey matter forms what "classes" (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) General visceral afferent, 2) general somatic afferent |
|
|
Term
| Basal plate grey matter forms what "classes" (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) General visceral efferent, 2) general somatic efferent |
|
|
Term
| Which "class" migrates around general sensory efferent |
|
Definition
| Special visceral efferent |
|
|
Term
| If the neural tube forms a ring, then how do the "classes" in the brainstem become linear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CN's do not come from the brainstem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the only CN that decussates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions affecting the brainstem midline will usuaually also affect what |
|
Definition
| General somatic efferent motorneurons |
|
|
Term
| Lesions affecting the lateral brainstem will usuaually also affect what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclei in the medulla (4; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mesencephalic, 2) Edinger-Westphal, 3) oculomotor, 4) trochlear |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei in the pons (9; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vestibulocochlear, 2) mesencephalic, 3) spinal trigeminal, 4) main sensory of trigeminal, 5) solitarius, 6) superior salivatory, 7) motor trigeminal, 8) facial, 9) abducens |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei in the medulla (7; lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vestibulocochlear, 2) main sensory of trigeminal, 3) solitarius, 4) inferior salivatory, 5) dorsal motor vagal, 6) ambiguus, 7) hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| Spinal cord levels in which lateral horn is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end of the spinal cord has the highest percent of cross-sectional area of grey matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the gray area between dorsal & ventral horns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the posteromarginal nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the substantia gelantinosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the nucleus proprius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the basal nucleus/base of dorsal horn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the intermediate zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the reticular core of ventral horn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the LMN groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rexed's laminae for the central gray |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleus proprius contains what order neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (nucleus dorsalis) is in which of Rexed's laminae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (nucleus dorsalis) found at which spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (nucleus dorsalis) relays what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral horn contains what at T1-L2 levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral horn contains what at S2-4 levels |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic PSNS bodies |
|
|
Term
| Which is more ventral in the ventral horn: flexors or extensors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more dorsal in the ventral horn: flexors or extensors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more medial in the ventral horn: truck or limb muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more lateral in the ventral horn: truck or limb muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal accessory nucleus is found at what spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phrenic nucleus is found at what spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onuf's nucleus is found at what spinal cord levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nucleus is sexually dimorphic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSNS & somatomotor control of bowel/bladder is loacted where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS control of bowel/bladder is loacted where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion at what level results in reflex/spastic bowel & bladder |
|
Definition
| T12 [loss of SNS, PSNS, somatomotor control] |
|
|
Term
| Some spinal tracts (e.g., lateral corticospinal tract) are ordered (superficial to deep): sacral-to-cervical or cervical-to-sacral |
|
Definition
| Sacral (superficial) to cervical (deep) |
|
|
Term
| DCML is ordered (medial to lateral): sacral-to-cervical or cervical-to-sacral |
|
Definition
| Sacral (medial) to cervical (lateral) |
|
|
Term
| Large sensory fibers enter through: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small sensory fibers enter through: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large sensory fibers include what fiber types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small sensory fibers include what fiber types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle spindle fibers would enter in on: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi tendon organs would enter in on: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles would enter in on: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meissner's corpuscles would enter in on: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nociceptors would enter in on: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermoreceptors would enter in on: medial or lateral bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is very common for sensory fibers to do upon entering the spinal cord (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bifurcate, 2) ascend or descend |
|
|
Term
| What fiber type of sensory neurons participates in myotatic reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What motor neuron participates in myotatic reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exaggerated deep tendon reflex indicates what |
|
Definition
| Lesion/disease of UMN disrupting the LMN inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Golgi tendon reflexes involve what sensory fiber type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal reflex involves what sensory fiber type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal columns contain fibers that are ___ [ipsilateral or contralateral] to what they sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML second-order neurons aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial lemniscus assumes a more ___ position as it ascends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximate spinal level in which fasiculus cuneatus forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standing feet together, arms at side: close eyes → sways/falls if dorsal column lesion |
|
|
Term
| One possible treatment for intractable visceral pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aδ and C fibers of spinothalamic system that ascends 1-2 levels before entering dorsal horn |
|
|
Term
| Affter pain/temperature first-order neurons of spinothalamic end in which Rexed's laminae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crude touch first-order neurons of spinothalamic end in which Rexed's laminae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic tract second-order neurons are in which Rexed's laminae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some spinothalamic tract C fibers end in which Rexed's laminae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal spinal cord lesions affect sacral spinothalamic fibers last |
|
|
Term
| Second-order nuclei of spinothalamic tract (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Posteromarginal nucleus, 2) substantia gelantinosa, 3) nucleus proprius |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of the spinothalamic tract at, say, T12 would manifest to what level |
|
Definition
| L1-2 because of Lissauer's tract |
|
|
Term
| Separate pathways of the spinocerebellar pathway (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, 2) cuneocereellar tract, 3) ventral spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract function |
|
Definition
| Fine coordination of posture & movement of individual lower limb muscles |
|
|
Term
| Second-order neuron of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract is found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper limb equivalent of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower limb equivalent of the cuneocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| Cuneocerebellar tract: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cuneocerebellar tract function |
|
Definition
| Fine coordination of posture & movement of individual upper limb muscles |
|
|
Term
| Second-order neuron of the cuneocerebellar tract is found hwere |
|
Definition
| Accessory cuneate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| First-order neuron fibers travel in what fasciculus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract function |
|
Definition
| Whole lower limb posture & movement |
|
|
Term
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract: ipsilateral or contralateral |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral but through a double decussation |
|
|
Term
| Which tract has a double decussation |
|
Definition
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract [once in spinal cord, the other in pons] |
|
|
Term
| Upper limb equivalent of the ventral spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateropulsion can occur in a lesion to what tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major motor pathways we care about up to this point (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Corticobulbarspinal, 2) hypothalamospinal, 3) raphespinal |
|
|
Term
| Signs of corticospinal UMN lesions (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paresis, 2) spasticity, 3) hyperreflexia, 4) clonus, 5) abnormal superficial reflexes, 6) Babinski |
|
|
Term
| Signs of corticospinal LMN lesions (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paralysis, 2) paresis, 3) hypotonia, 4) hyporeflexia/areflexia, 5) fasciculations, 6) muscle atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamospinal pathway contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamospinal pathway functions (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Thermoregulation, 2) pain modulation, 3) EPI secretion by adrenals |
|
|
Term
| Descending bulbospinal pathway function |
|
Definition
| Modulation of pain by inhibiting pain receptor synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to hypothalamospinal pathway above T1 |
|
|
Term
| Descending bulbospinal pathway through what tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons the spinal cord is not damaged during normal movement of the vertebrae (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Central position within canal, 2) epidural fat, CSF, & meninges, 3) dural sheaths & denticlate ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Causes of spinal stenosis (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Disc herniation, 2) spondylosis, 3) tumors, 4) dislocation, 5) fluorosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arthritic degeneration, new bone growth into spinal canal |
|
|
Term
| Fluorosis as it relates to spinal stenosis |
|
Definition
| Leads to calcification of spinal longitudinal ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Side of vertebral disc most likely to herniate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the pain of a herniated disc (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Chemical radiculitis, 2) disc & periosteal nociceptors |
|
|
Term
| Back pain is considered what kind of pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common disc herniation sites (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) C6-7, 2) L4-5, 3) C6-7 |
|
|
Term
| If the L5-S1 disc herniates, which spinal nerve is usually compressed |
|
Definition
| S1 [lumbars are usually the next level down] |
|
|
Term
| Cellular effects of spinal cord injury (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) White & grey matter transection, 2) edema, 3) swelling, 4) necrosis/apoptosis, 5) scarring |
|
|
Term
| Anterior spinal artery supplies roughly ___ [fraction] of the cross-sectional area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior spinal arteries supply what structures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dorsal columns, 2) posteromarginal nucleus, 3) substantia gelatinosa, 4) nucleus proprius |
|
|
Term
| Anterior spinal artery supplies what structures (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ventral horn, 2) intermediate zone, 3) most lateral corticospinal tract, 4) anterolateral system, 5) vestibulospinal tract, 6) bulbospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Which spinal artery affects the cord unilaterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spinal artery affects the cord bilaterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superficial lesion of the cord affects which first: sacral or cervical |
|
Definition
| Sacral [different layering for the dorsal columns] |
|
|
Term
| Deep lesion of the cord affects which first: sacral or cervical |
|
Definition
| Cervical [different layering for the dorsal columns] |
|
|
Term
| Ascending loss of pain/termperature, and motor paresis indicates ___ [superficial or deep] lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending loss of pain/termperature, and motor paresis indicates ___ [superficial or deep] lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central cord syndromes characterized by (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bilateral loss of pain & temperature, 2) sacral sparing, 3) greater motor impairment in upper vs. lower extremities (UMN=exaggerated reflexes, LMN=atrophy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemisection of the spinal cord [largely academic] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syrinx formed in cervical/thoracic cord that destroys ventral white commissure and, possibly, lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Syringomyelia symptoms (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bilateral loss of pain & temperature over shoulder & lateral arm, 2) possible CN XI damage, 3) possible phrenic nucleus damage |
|
|
Term
| Anterior cord syndrome symptoms (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Complete bilateral motor paralysis, 2) complete bilateral loss of pain & temperature, 3) spares 2-point discrimination, vibration, kinesthesia |
|
|
Term
| Posterior cord syndrome symptoms (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of 2-point discrimination & kinesthesia, 2) Romberg sign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord syndrome from DRG cell death & demyelination in dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinal stenosis of dorsal & ventral roots |
|
|
Term
| Cauda equina syndrome symptoms (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Weakness of the leg & foot (LMN signs), 2) saddle anesthesia (S1-5 dermatomes), 3) loss of patellar & achelles reflexes (ventral root damage), 4) urinary retention, 5) loss of tone in external anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Conus medullaris syndrome symptoms (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bladder & bowel problems, 2) sexual dysfunction, 3) UMN signs, 4) loss of perianal winking |
|
|
