Term
| As a diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, there must be 1 positive symp + 1 or more of any...what is an example of a positive symptom? |
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Definition
| delusions - hallucinations - catatonia |
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Term
| Name a negative symptom of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| affective flattening, alogia, avolition |
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Term
| name a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in terms of duration, continuous signs of disturbance persists for ___ months including 1 month of positive symptoms in schizophrenia |
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Definition
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Term
True or false?
in diagnosing schizophrenia, schizoaffective and mood disorder must be included because the treatments are the same |
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Definition
| False - treatments are different so schizoaffective and mood disorder must be excluded |
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Term
| What is schizotypal personality disorder? |
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Definition
| where one displays some symptoms of schizo but not a lot of them |
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Term
| what percentage of homeless in US is diagnosed with schizophr |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the greatest genetic risk for schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| both parents schizophrenic = 40% risk |
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Term
| What are some gestational and/or birth complications related to risk of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| flu, nutrition, etc - winter birth |
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Term
| a paranoid schizophrenic exhibits more ___ symptoms, while disorganized schizophrenic displays ____ symptoms |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the disconnection hypothesis? |
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Definition
| schizophrenia is not due to high or low levels of NT, but more with connection b/t neurons (stimuli->response) not properly connected or not functional |
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Term
| What are the 5 brain pathophysiology seen in schizophrenia? |
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Definition
1) slight reduction in neocortical gray matter vol
2) decreased neuronal size in corticolimbic structures
3) diffuse ventricular enlargement
4) reduced dendritic spine density and increased neuronal disarray in neurons of the prefrontal cortex
5) decreased metabolic activity especially in prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| Name (and explain)the 5 major hypotheses for schizophrenia |
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Definition
1)dopamine hypo
2) glutamate hypo
3) other transmitters
4) neurodevelopmental
5) neurodegeneration |
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Term
True or false?
we do not know what depression is caused by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in depression/affective disorders, at least ___ symptoms persist for ___ weeks |
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Definition
| 5 symptoms for at least 2 weeks |
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Term
| depression does not involve delusions or ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Newer antidepressants are more selective and decreases the side effect of ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 9 symptoms of major depression? |
|
Definition
1) depressed mood
2) anhedonia
3) significant weight gain or loss
4) insomnia or hypersomnia
5) psychomotor agitation or retardation
6) fatigue or loss of energy
7) feeling worthlessness or unfounded guilt
8) indecisive, unable to think or concentrate
9) recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
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Term
| what % of people resolve their depression w/o treatment? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| depression is __ times more likely in women |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an increased risk of depression - postpartum lasts for ___ months |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| unipolar means the involvement of cycles of ________ only |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name some unipolar major affective disorders |
|
Definition
1) atypical
2) melancholic
3) dysthymia |
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder is depression during _______ months and is based on amount of ______ on neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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|
Term
| premenstrual dysphoric disorder relates to levels of ____ and ___ |
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Definition
| progesterone and estrogens |
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Term
| a manic episode can be described as ... |
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Definition
| a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood with at least 3 distinct symptoms |
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Term
| the 3 distinct symptoms that must be present in manic episode are |
|
Definition
- inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- more talkative or pressure to keep talking
- subjective feelings that thoughts are racing
- distractability
- increased goal-directed behavior
- psychomotor agitation
- excessive involvement in risky activities
- mood disturbances sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment i noccupational or social functioning or hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others |
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Term
| some suspected pathophysiologic mechanisms for unipolar depression include what hypotheses? |
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Definition
1) neurotransmitter/receptor/second messenger hypo
2) neuroendocrine factors
3) sleep-related factors/circadian variables |
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|
Term
| describe the monoamine mechanism for neurotransmitter hypothesis of depression |
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Definition
| monoamine defiency theories rely on low levels of 5ht and NE in the brain or blocking the transporter for 5HT or NE |
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Term
| what is the theory behind stress induced depression? |
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Definition
| alteration in neuronal growth factor production decreases connection between neurons |
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Term
| about 1/2 patients with depression exhibit cortisol hypersecretion that abates when mood stabilizes...describe the hypo that relates to this... |
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Definition
| due to too much CRF due to faulty negative feedback loop |
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Term
| seasonal depression may involve ____ and ____ components |
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Definition
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Term
| What is tolerance and what are 5 reasons behind it? |
|
Definition
increasing does needed to produce orriginal response
1) dispositional - change in drugs pharmaokinetics
2) functional - change in body's response to drug
3) learned - environmentally dependent
4) cross-tolerance - exposure to one drug causes tolerance to another
5) reverse tolerance - sensitization |
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Term
| What is physical dependence? |
|
Definition
| where one must take drug to prevent withdrawal...may occur due to tolerance but not always the case |
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|
Term
| abstinence syndrome's severity is often determined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some traits of the user that affects abuse liability? |
|
Definition
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