Term
| interaural intensity (level) difference |
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Definition
| mechanism for sound localization sensitive to high frequency sounds |
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Term
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Definition
the point at which signals from the two ears converge.
located in brainstem, behind cochlear nucleus |
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Term
| feedback mechanism in sensory system that affects how well physical signal can reach receptor neuron |
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Definition
| tightening of muscles on ossicles |
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Term
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Definition
| has highest refractive power (focusing ability) |
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Term
| mAchR neurotransmitter receptor |
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Definition
| involved in inhibitory feedback onto outer hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
in extrastriate cortex
involved in encoding objects (form vision) |
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Term
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Definition
effector enzyme
causes cGMP levels to drop in response to a flash of light in rods |
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Term
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Definition
| the fovea, a small region of the retina, has a large representation in cortex compared to the peripheral retina |
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Term
| ions that flow into retinal cells to cause depolarization |
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Definition
| Na and Ca flow into rods/cones |
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Term
| ions that flow into cochlea cells to cause depolarization |
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Definition
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Term
| how extrastriate cortex is casually-related to the perception of motion |
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Definition
| microstimulation of columns of direction-selective neurons that preferred a given direction and the perception for motion was biased in the direction of the stimulated column |
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Term
| divergence for retinal cells |
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Definition
foveal cones diverge to 2 midget cells
cones in many regions of retina synapse onto multiple bipolar cell types
bipolar cells synapse onto many amacrine/ganglion cell |
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Term
| divergence in cochlea cells |
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Definition
| inner hair cells make synapses onto multiple spiral ganglion cells |
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Term
| guanylyl cyclase activating proteins (GCAPS) |
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Definition
| part of a calcium dependent feedback mechanism (they are inhibited by bound Ca and become active when Ca drops during the flash response) that stimulates guanylyl cyclase to cause generation of cGMP, re-opening cation channels and reversing the light response |
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Term
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Definition
| present dark stimulus to cell's receptive field surround |
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Term
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Definition
| present light stimulus to cell's receptive field surround |
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Term
| stages of processing in hyperpolarization of cone's receptive field surround |
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Definition
cones in surround are depolarized by dark stimulus
increased glutamate release
excitation of horizontal cells
increased feedback inhibition onto recorded cone
hyperpolarization of recorded cone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
metabotropic glutamate receptor
glutamtate closes cation channel and hyperpolarizes cells via G protein cascade
reverses sign of cone |
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Term
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Definition
ionotropic glutamate receptors
glutamate opens cation channel and depolarizes cell
preserves sign of cone |
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Term
| interaural time difference |
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Definition
mechanism for sound localization sensitive to low frequency sounds
the intensities are different in each ear due to different length delay lines between left and right nuclei that project to the olivary cell |
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Term
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Definition
in primary visual cortex (V1, striate cortex)
regions excited by dark and light overlap |
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Term
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Definition
cell in primary visual cortex (V1, striate cortex)
regions excited by dark and light sit side-by-side |
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Term
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Definition
| do not receive input from both eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| nearby regions of cortex should have receptive fields that code nearby regions of space |
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Term
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Definition
| color-opponent receptive fields |
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Term
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Definition
| receives direct inhibitory feedback from the brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region that contains a complete point-to-point representation of auditory space |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for membrane depolarization that causes Mg2+ to leave another channel |
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Term
| cation that enters cell to induce postsynaptic LTP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism for sound localization does not work well with pure tones |
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Term
| Layer IV of primary visual cortex |
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Definition
| ocular dominance columns (cell stimulated by one eye but not the other) |
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Term
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Definition
| recording from right hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| are stained by cytochrome oxidase |
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Term
| most numerous receptor in human retina |
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Definition
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Term
| highest sensitivity to dim light |
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Definition
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Term
| receptor represented by more than one cell type, each with different spectral sensitivities |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| first step of amplification in rod phototransduction cascade |
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Definition
| R* activates hundreds of transducins (G*) |
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Term
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Definition
largest dendritic field diameter
excitation causes hyperpolarization
intrinsic photo-sensitivity (can block rods and cones)
are involved in circadian rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
LGN and pretectum stained with rodamine, then injected with HRP antibodies. it gets to ganglion by axons from the optic nerve.
stains all ganglion cells (red)
antibodies bind selectively to giant cell ganglions (green)
giant ganglion cells projecting to LGN (yellow) |
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Term
| analogy between 2-point discrimination in somatosensory system and acuity in visual system |
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Definition
hand is like fovea--small receptive field and high acuity
back is like retinal periphery--large receptive field and low acuity |
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Term
| Calcium-Dependent feedback mechanisms that shut off rod light response |
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Definition
1. CNG channels become more sensitive (require less cGMP to open)
2. R* phosphorylated and quenched by arrestin
3. guanylyl cyclase produces more cGMP, opening the CNG channels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory feedback from horizontal cells to cones |
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Term
| OFF bipolar center-surround receptive field |
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Definition
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Term
| ON bipolar center-surround receptive field |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bipolar cells terminate here |
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Term
| ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA |
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Definition
| ON and OFF ganglion cells |
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