Term
| This structure is the ceiling and separates endolymph from cortilymph. |
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Definition
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Term
Reticular Lamina:
-Formed by phalanges of ___’ and inner ___ cells, and by inner and outer ___ cells
-Supports upper portion of ___ cells |
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Definition
| Deiters; phalanges; pillar; hair |
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Term
| The ___ ___ is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the ___ ___ neurons are found in the modiolus, the conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. |
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Definition
| spiral (cochlear) ganglion; spiral ganglion |
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Term
| Cells that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell is in the Spiral Ganglion? |
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Definition
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Term
| The auditory nerve mainly sends ___ information |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain, while ___ neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous systme and towards muscles to cause movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the information of the 8th nerve at the cochlear nucleus? |
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Definition
| The cochlear nucleus has 4 parts about phase and frequency. Each portion is processing information in a slightly different manner. |
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Term
Cochlear Nucleus Complex:
When we do an EcoG or ABR we are looking for the response of the ___ neuron. With that neuron it fires each time sound starts which is why we use a transient mode of stimulation so we can ________________. Here is where we really start measuring the ___ aud. System. We are in the ___ (a central NS). First place there is a ___ of info. Dorsal, anterior ventral, posterior, anterior CN. |
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Definition
| onset; repeat that again and again; central; brainstem; relay |
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Term
| Are you getting contralateral or ipsilateral information from the CN? |
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Definition
| Ipsi. There isn't crossover here |
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Term
| What are the 4 nuclei of the CN? |
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Definition
| Anterior ventral, dorsal, posterior ventral, and anterior |
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Term
| What kind of cells does the AVCN have? |
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Definition
| Spherical and bushy cells. Bushy cells have multiple dendrites |
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Term
| What kind of cells does the PVCN have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are octopus cells responsible for? |
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Definition
| Timing and phase information |
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Term
| The ___ ___ ___ is responsible for timing difference and localization |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the first binaural interaction take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| If SOC isn't working efficiently then you will have poor ___ because your system won't keep that info |
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Definition
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Term
SOC:
-MNTB is a primarily ___ synapse.
-MNTB goes to the __SO __SO and __ __ LL
-Process ___ and ___ difference |
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Definition
| inhibitory; M; L; VN time; intensity |
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Term
SOC:
-Time difference in the ___ SOC.
-___ info in the ipsi. and ___ in the centra condition going to medial SO
-Freq. below 3000 Hz are processed in the ___ SO. Head shadow effect is not as meaningful ___ 3000 Hz. |
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Definition
| medial; Inhibitory; excitatory; medial; above |
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Term
SOC:
-___ freq. info doesn't give us good info about timing or phase of sound so it is processed differently
-Interaural intensity difference is from the ___ SO. Use ___ freq. sound to get intensity difference. High freq. sound ___ more rapidly because of the length of the wave. Above ___ Hz.
-These 2 processes are occurring in a ___ fashion at the same time. This is where we get ___ |
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Definition
| High; lateral; high; decreases; 3000; parallel; localization |
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Term
| Where does sound go after the SOC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lateral lemniscus (LL) mainly responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ reflex causes neck muscles to move in response to sound. |
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Definition
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Term
LL:
-Would not have as ___ of a startle reflex without LL
-If you have a hyper active startle response you may be sending info to the LL to be ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
LL:
-Both part of a ___ tract and has a nucleus in it. Located posterior laterally in the ___ ___ in the lateral surface of the brain. Still in the ___.
-Has 2 main divisions: the ___ nuclei and the ___ nuclei. There is a 3rd section but isn't well known (inferior nuclei) |
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Definition
| fiber; upper pons; brainstem; ventral; dorsal |
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Term
| Where does the LL get input from? |
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Definition
| The contralateral and ipsi CN and the SOC; There are 4 different routes that info is arriving from |
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Term
Inferior Colliculus (IC):
-All ___ info synapses here. Very high in the brainstem-above ___ ventricle. If you had a growth in the 4th ventricle it would affect everything from the ___ down.
-___ stop in the IC. If you have damage here nothing will move beyond the ___. It is large portion of the BS.
-The superior colliculus contains ___ information |
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Definition
| ascending; 4th; LL; Obligatory; brainstem; visual |
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Term
| The IC provides some of the info that creates the response for a ___ reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 divisions of the IC? |
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Definition
| The oval-shaped central nucleus (CIC) (this one has aud. fibers), intercollicular nucleus (or dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus, DCIC), and external nucleus |
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Term
| What kind of information is processed in the IC? |
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Definition
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Term
| The IC has 2 different response types specific for ___ sounds and ___ sounds |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the IC get it's largest input from? Where else does it get input from? |
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Definition
| The LL; Also receives info from CN, L and M SOC, and dorsal and ventral LL, contra inferior colliculus |
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Term
| The IC crosses and is processed ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| From the IC the auditory information goes to the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ ___ ___ is a little bump on the thalamus. |
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Definition
| Medial geniculate body (MGB) |
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Term
MGB:
-Large fiber tract that connects the ___ ___ and the ___ ___. The part that is responsible for ___ input
-We have __ times as many neurons involved as we had in the aud nerve.
-If it requires that many neurons then this part has ___ processing
-IC is thought to have complex processing based on it's ___ complexity
-___ organization
-All fibers of ___ ___ stop here |
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Definition
| inferior colliculus (IC); auditory cortex (AC); aud; 10; complex; output; Tonotopic; IC |
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Term
We can break MGB into multiple parts that process info slightly differently:
-Ventral-respond primarily to ___ info
-Dorsal and medial-respond both ___ and ___ info |
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Definition
| aud; acoustic; somatosensory |
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Term
| Within BS we have coded ___, ___ differences, phase/timing differences, ___ and keep it coded all of the way up to the cortex |
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Definition
| intensity; intensity; frequency |
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Term
-Can tune out a sound as low as the ___
-When we are asleep we still get an ___ ___ response
-The ___ ___ causes us to alert |
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Definition
| thalamus; aud brainstem; reticular formation |
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Term
-Reticular formation helps us ___ on sound we are hearing and helps to ___ ___ to specific types of sounds; Gives ability to change ___
-RF gets somatosensory and visual info and combining that with aud info so we can choose how to ___ to different sounds
-Its thought this process may help us to attend to sound within the presence of ___
-Without the RF we couldn't have conversations in ___ |
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Definition
| focus; pay attention; focus; respond; noise; noise |
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Term
| The auditory cortex is located in the ___ lobe |
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Definition
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Term
-Primary aud cortex is in ___ gyrus or __ gyrus
-It is the ultimate ___
-A1 maintains ___ organization but not as specific as lower structures |
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Definition
| hesels; transverse; target; tonotopic |
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Term
Auditory Cortex:
-Is located on the ___ surface but also the ___ surface of the temporal lobe. Not deep within fibers of the brain but is ___ in
-When we process things like sarcasm, intonation, turning tonal patterns into words this information ___ ___. When we recognize a song, when you talk to someone and you recognize whether they are asking a question or giving a statement (tonal patterns) |
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Definition
| superior; interior; folded; crosses over |
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Term
-___ ___ ___ is the posterior section of the hecels gyrus. Larger and in the ___ hemisphere than in the ___. This is where if you have a wernickes aphasia it will show changes within that ___ temporal lobe
-Supermarginal gyrus which curves around the end of the sylvan fissure brodmans area ___ and in the parietal lobe. This is where we process ___ and ___.
-Aud association areas are connected through the ___ ___ to the temporal lobe. Connectiong brocas and wernickes areas so that aud. Association cortex become really important when we do ___, ___, and ___ processing. Important for ___ and ___-phonologic awareness. |
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Definition
| Aud. Association cortex (secondary); left; right; left; 40; language and empathy; arcuate fasiculus; aud, visual, and somatastetic; reading; writing |
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Term
| ___ ___ is the primary connection between 2 hemispheres. Only exists in ___. There are ___ differences. Highly ___. ___ fiber tract in the brain. Larger in ___ handed than ___ handed people. Necessary to ___ and process different types of information. |
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Definition
| Corpus collosum; mammals; gender; mylenated; Largest; left; right; combine |
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