Term
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Definition
is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).
The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. |
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Term
| Where is the precentral gyrus found and why is it important? |
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Definition
frontal lobe
gives rise to a series of motor neurones which enable muscles of the body to move |
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Term
| Where is the postcentral gyrus found and why is it important? |
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Definition
parietal lobe
receives a series of sensory fibres |
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Term
| Where does the superior cerebellar peduncle come from |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the middle cerebellar peduncle come from |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle come from |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ventricles communicate with each other and how? |
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Definition
lateral ventricles and the third ventricles by the interthalamic foramen
third with the fourth via cerebral aqueduct |
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Term
| Where are the motor and sensory cortices? |
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Definition
motor = postcentral gyrus
sensory = precentral gyrus |
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Term
| Where is wernickes area and what is it responsible for? |
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Definition
Wernicke's area is classically located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the (most commonly) left cerebral hemisphere.
temporal association cortex. Damage results in speech that is fluent but makes little sense. |
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Term
| Where is brocas area and what is it responsible for? |
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Definition
Broca's area is found in the frontal lobe
frontal association cortex. Lesions affect ability to produce language efficiently (Broca’s aphasia) |
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Term
| where is the auditory cortex located |
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Definition
| The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe |
|
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Term
| where is the gustatory cortex located? |
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Definition
| It is comprised of the anterior insula on the insular lobe and the frontal operculum on the frontal lobe. |
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Term
| where is the somatosensory association area? |
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Definition
| on the parietal lobe behind the primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| What and where is the cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| arched convolution that lies next to the corpus callosum and is separated from it by the sulcus of the corpus callosum. |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened bundle of white matter fibres within the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Where and what is the optic chiasm? |
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Definition
| the X-shaped structure just in front of the pituitary gland formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other. |
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Term
| Where are the mammillary bodies? |
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Definition
| The mammillary bodies are a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system. They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix |
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Term
| What are the mammillary bodies? |
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Definition
| Mammillary bodies, and their projections to the anterior thalamus via the mammillothalamic tract, are important for recollective memory. |
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Term
| What is the role of the pineal gland? |
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Definition
important endocrine gland that produces melatonin.
Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland enters the bloodstream, where it flows to its target cells throughout the body. In the brain, it causes a sense of drowsiness that is associated with nighttime. |
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Term
| Where is the pineal gland? |
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Definition
| attached directly to the brain along the body's midline at the union of the superior colliculi of the midbrain and the lobes of the thalamus |
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Term
| Where is the pituitary gland and what are its functions |
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Definition
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers.
It is part of the endocrine system and produces critical hormones, which are chemical substances that control various bodily functions. |
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Term
| Where is the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| inferior to the thalamus and anterior to the midbrain |
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Term
| Which cranial nerves do not come off the brain stem |
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Definition
| olfactory and optic nerve |
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Term
| Which structure lies most rostrally – the optic chiasm or the mammillary bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the cerebellar peduncles connects the pons to the cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fluid produced in the ventricular system |
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Definition
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Term
| The “interventricular foramen” connects which structures of the ventricular system? |
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Definition
| lateral and third ventricles |
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Term
| What is the clinical term for a rise in intracranial pressure due to obstruction to the flow of CSF? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which points of the ventricular system would be most susceptible to blockage? |
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Definition
| narrowest points, i.e. cerebral aqueduct, interventricular foramen |
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Term
| Are you more likely to find large neuronal cell bodies in the ventral horn, the dorsal horn, or the lateral column? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which spinal segment can the lateral horn be clearly seen |
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding the tracts arising in the red nucleus and the tectum, which lies most dorsally? |
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Definition
| rubrospinal (vs tectospinal) |
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Term
| Which lies more laterally, the fasciculus cuneatus or the fasciculus gracilis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is/are the only nerve (s) to exit/enter the dorsal surface of the midbrain/brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerves are necessary for controlling the extraocular muscles? |
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Definition
| oculomotor, trochlear, abducens |
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Term
| Which nerves have both efferent and afferent branches? |
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Definition
| trigeminal, facial, glosopharyngeal, vagus |
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Term
| Which nerve would be used (most) to carry information relating to very sweet food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve would be used (most) to carry information relating to very bitter food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve do you use to control chewing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the olfactory bulb |
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Definition
| site of preliminary processing of olfactory receptor neurone afferents |
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Term
| Describe the optic chiasma |
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Definition
| site of hemidecussation of optic nerve fibres |
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Term
| Describe mammillary bodies |
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Definition
| part of limbic system, receiving hippocampal afferents projecting to thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| connection between cerebrum and cerebellum involved in coordination of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| peripheral control centre and origination of seven cranial nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| fine tuning and coordination of movement and posture / balance |
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Term
| Describe the Superior colliculus |
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Definition
| Receives visual input and orientates movements of head and eyes |
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Term
| Describe the periaqueductal grey |
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Definition
| Midbrain region involved in perception and descending modulation of pain |
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Term
| Describe the inferior olive |
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Definition
| Medullary nucleus that sends information to cerebellum; control of movement |
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Term
| Describe the raphe nucleus |
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Definition
| 5-HT containing neurones projecting widely |
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Term
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Definition
| Midbrain motor nucleus projecting to spinal cord and cerebellum |
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Term
| Describe the substantia gelatiosa |
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Definition
| i. Outermost layers of dorsal horn receiving Adelta and C fibre nociceptive afferents |
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Term
| Describe the spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| Ascending contralateral pathway conveying mainly nociceptive and thermal sensations |
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Term
| Describe the corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| Descending motor pathway consisting of axons of upper motor neurones en route to spinal cord |
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Term
| Describe the Lissauer's tract |
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Definition
| Short-range ascending/descending spinal tract for primary afferents |
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Term
| Describe the clinical consequences of Thoracic spinal cord hemilesion |
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Definition
| Ipsilateral loss of propioception and upper motor neurone signs (hemiplegia/monoplegia) plus contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation |
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Term
| Describe the clinical consequences of Unilateral brainstem lesion |
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Definition
| Ipsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction, contralateral spastic hemiparesis, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response, contralateral hemisensory loss and ipsilateral incoordination |
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Term
| Describe the clinical consequences of Unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesion |
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Definition
| ipsilateral incoordination of the arm / leg, impaired coordination of eye movements (nystagmus) |
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Term
| Describe the clinical consequences of Unilateral cerebral hemispheric lesion |
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Definition
| Mental impairment, contralateral spastic hemiparesis, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response and contralateral hemissensory loss |
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Term
| Describe the clinical consequences of Left optic tract lesion |
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Definition
| Homonymous hemianopia – loss of sight in right visual fields from both eyes |
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Term
| Describe the causes of Hemiballismus |
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Definition
| damage (eg lesion, stroke, tumour) to nuclei of the basal ganglia, usually subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
| Describe the causes of Subdural haemotoma |
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Definition
| rupture of superficial cerebral veins in transit from the brain to an intracranial venous sinus |
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Term
| Describe the causes of Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system normally caused by obstruction of CSF circulation (foramina opening the 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space) |
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Term
| Describe the causes of Multiple sclerosis |
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Definition
| demyelination of axons Cause unclear, but could be immune (T cell attack), environmental, genetic or due to infection |
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Term
| Describe the cause of Upper motor neurone disease |
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Definition
| interruption of corticospinal tract; causes: stroke; spinal cord transection |
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Term
| Describe the cause of Trigeminal neuralgia |
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Definition
| pain in territory of one or more major divisions of trigeminal nerve, caused by underlying osteitis of petrous temporal bone, compression of sensory nerve or unknown cause |
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Term
| Describe the cause of Bell’s palsy |
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Definition
| caused by neuritis (possibly viral) of facial nerve causing inflammation of nerve and resulting facial paralysis |
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Term
| What forms the roof of the lateral ventricle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What forms the floor of the lateral ventricle? |
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Definition
| The anterior part of the body of the fornix, the choroid plexus, lateral dorsal surface of the thalamus, stria terminalis, and caudate nucleus |
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Term
| Where is the interventricular foramen |
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Definition
| The interventricular foramen is located between the thalamus and anterior pillar of the fornix, at the anterior margin of the body. The 2 interventricular foramens (or foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. |
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Term
| What forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle |
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Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
| Where and what is the fourth ventricle? |
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Definition
| The fourth ventricle is connected to the third ventricle by a narrow cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle is a diamond-shaped cavity located posterior to the pons and upper medulla oblongata and anterior-inferior to the cerebellum. |
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Term
| Describe the cerebral crus |
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Definition
connects to cerebrum to the pons
cortiocospinal tracts |
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Term
| What forms the basal nuclei? |
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Definition
putamen
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus |
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Term
| What is the corpus striatum? |
|
Definition
| putamen and caudate nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
medial temportal lobe
posterior
two hands cupping |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the somatosensory association area? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the visual cortex? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the auditory cortex? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the gustatory cortex? |
|
Definition
| inferior parietal lobe, at the bottom of the somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| What do ascending tracts deliver? |
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Definition
| sensory information to the brain |
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Term
| What do descending tracts deliver? |
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Definition
| motor information to the periphery |
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Term
| What does it mean if the tract name begins with spino-? |
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Definition
the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal
cord |
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Term
| What does it mean if the tract name ends with -spinal? |
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Definition
| the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the X to the spinal cord |
|
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Term
| Describe a first-order neuron |
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Definition
• Delivers sensations to the CNS
• The cell body is in the dorsal or cranial root ganglion |
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Term
| Describe a second-order neuron |
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Definition
| An interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain |
|
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Term
| Describe a third-order neuron |
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Definition
| Transmits information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What effect does the height at which a sensory neurone enters the spinal cord have? |
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Definition
| lower level = more medial to the spinal cord (therefore higher entrance = more lateral to the spinal cord) |
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Term
| What does the spinothalamic tract transmit? |
|
Definition
| Transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus and then to the cerebrum |
|
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Term
| What does the spinocerebellar tract transmit? |
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Definition
| Transmits proprioception (position of self and movement) sensations to the cerebellum |
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Term
| What does the corticospinal tract transmit? |
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Definition
| Conscious control of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What does the subconscious tract transmit? |
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Definition
| Subconscious regulation of balance, muscle tone, eye, hand, and upper limb position |
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Term
| What are the 4 subconscious tracts |
|
Definition
• Vestibulospinal tracts
• Tectospinal tracts
• Reticulospinal tracts
• Rubrospinal tracts |
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Term
| What does the vestibulospinal tract transmit |
|
Definition
• Send information from the inner ear to monitor position of the head
• Vestibular nuclei respond by altering muscle tone, neck muscle contraction, and limbs for posture and balance |
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Term
| What does the tectospinal tract transmit |
|
Definition
• Send information to the head, neck, and upper limbs in response to bright and sudden movements and loud noises
• The tectum area consists of superior and inferior colliculi |
|
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Term
| What information do the colliculi recieve |
|
Definition
• Superior colliculi: receives visual information
• Inferior colliculi: receives auditory information |
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Term
| What information does the reticulospinal tract transmit |
|
Definition
| Send information to cause eye movements and activate respiratory muscles |
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Term
| What information does the rubrospinal tract transmit |
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Definition
| Send information to the flexor and extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the cauda equina? |
|
Definition
| The spinal cord at the lumbar & sacral nerve roots are strands that are like a horses tail. (Cauda means tail, like caudal meaning toward the bottom, and equina means horse from equine/equestrian) |
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|
Term
| What is the filum terminale? |
|
Definition
| This is connective tissue that helps anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the tough outer layer of the meninges |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arachnoid mater |
|
Definition
called this because it has spider-web/leggy appearance.
middle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(soft mother) is a very delicate layer that attaches to the spinal cord and follows the contours of the cord or brain.
inner |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a large, crescent-shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres.
occipiital bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the tentorium cerebelli? |
|
Definition
| an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. |
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