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| the bend that the brain takes in the occipital lobe |
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| In the brain, where nerve fibers cross from one lateral part to the other |
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| The autonomic nervous system (ANS) (or visceral nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, maintaining homeostasis in the body. |
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| The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and with reception of external stimuli, which helps keep the body in touch with its surroundings (e.g., touch, hearing, and sight). |
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| In the nervous system, efferent nerves – otherwise known as motor or effector neurons – carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands (and also the ciliated cells of the inner ear). |
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| In the nervous system, afferent neurons--otherwise known as sensory or receptor neurons--carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system. |
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| sulcus right below the sylvian fissure |
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| notch in theback of the occipital lobe |
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| median longitudinal fissure |
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| you know where (middle of brain) |
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| parieto-occipital fissure |
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| the fissure on the midsagittal cortex towards the occipital lobe |
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| the sulcus that splits the occipital fissure in half |
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BA 9, 10, 11, 12 and 46 aka the frontal association areas |
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| Broca's area (dominant side) |
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| premotor/supplementary motor cortex |
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| The homunculus is also commonly used to describe the distorted human figure drawn to reflect the relative space our body parts occupy on the somatosensory cortex (sensory homunculus) and the motor cortex (motor homunculus). The lips, hands, feet and sex organs have more sensory neurons than other parts of the body, so the homunculus has correspondingly distortedly large lips, hands, feet, and genitals. Well known in the field of neurology, this is also commonly called 'the little man inside the brain.' |
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The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a region of association cortex of the human brain involved in cognitive processes such as decision-making. The name of this region is based upon the region's location within the frontal lobes, resting above the orbits of the eyes. part of the limbic system [image] |
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| The precentral sulcus lies parallel to, and in front of, the central sulcus. |
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| primary somatosensory cortex |
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| somatosensory association areas |
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| helped map origins of the somatosensory pathways by probing open head wounds and section his own nerves |
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| higher level visual cortex |
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| visual association cortex |
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| inside behind heschl's gyrus |
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BA 41, 42 Primary auditory cortex |
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| BA 22 in the DOMINANT HEMISPHERE |
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| Primary vestibular cortex |
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| Temporal visual association area |
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| the study of neural tissue |
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| the gyrus that has the hippocampus |
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| right next to the hippocampus |
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| The internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. |
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| contains both corticospinal and coticofugal fibers |
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| Any of the nerve fibers connecting individual subdivisions of a brain structure or different segments of the spinal cord. |
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aka Basal Nuclei it is grey matter Three main nuclei: caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus |
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| the caudate nucleus and the putamen |
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| the putamen and the globus pallidus |
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| the caudate nucleus, putamen and the globus pallidus |
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| anterior limb, genu and the posterior limb (of the internal capsule) |
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| the fornix has the body and the columns |
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| gives rise to the thalamus and the hypothalamus as well as the epithalamus and the subthalamus |
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| neuronal and hormonal control of homeostasis |
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GATEWAY TO THE CORTEX relay station for ASCENDING info integrates info too |
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| contains the pulvinar, the lateral geniculate, the medial geniculate |
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| don't forget that it has hte vermis and the cerebellar hemispheres |
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| the white matter in the cerebellum |
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| has a dorsal and ventral side to it |
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| the superior colliculis, the inferior colliculus, the suerpior cerebellar peduncle and the middle cerebellar peduncle |
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| has the pons, pyramid, olive and medulla |
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| spinal cord - dorsal side |
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| has the dorsal roots, denticulate ligaments, and dorsal columns |
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the white matter increases from caudal to rostral the shape changes from round to oval the enlargements in the ventral horns serve the extremeties |
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the posterior median sulcus separates the top dorsal column into left and right halves the anterior median FISSURE separates the botton ventral column into left and right halves |
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| where the dorsal ganglion (dorsal root) and the ventral roots come together |
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| Dermatomic area (also known as a dermatome) is an area of skin that is supplied by a single pair of dorsal roots. |
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| cranial vasculature - arteries |
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two pair of major arteries supply the brain: the internal carotids the vertebral arteries they both stem off of the aorta |
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| the circle vasculature structure |
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| distribute blood to the brain through the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries |
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| know the different layers protecting the brain |
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| the ectoderm makes neural crest cells which... |
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| make the schwann cells, neuroglial cells and the para/sympathetic nervous system |
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| the ectoderm makes the neural tube which makes... |
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| the spinal cord, brain and retina |
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| the tall cells in which the notocord and the neural tube form. they converge and make neural crest cells too. |
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where the neural tube does not zip up completely. spina bifida and anencephaly |
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| the cephalic end of the neural tube |
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| forebrain or the prosencephalon |
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| develops into the telenceplalon and the diencephalon |
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| develops into the pons and the medulla |
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The cerebellar tonsils are elongated and pushed down through the opening of the base of the skull (see foramen magnum), blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The brainstem, cranial nerves, and the lower portion of the cerebellum may be stretched or compressed. |
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later differentiates into the metencephalon that becomes the pons and cerebellum and then the mylencephalon: the medulla |
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ectodermal precursers are located here and signalling proteins determine the plarity, connections and function of the precursor cells |
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| basic events of neurognesis |
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neurogenesis migration connection cell pruning |
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neural tube germinal layer |
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| corms neuroblasts and spongioblasts |
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| the mantle layer of the neural tube |
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| consists of cells derived from the germinal layer |
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| marginal layer of the neural tube |
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| contains cellular extensions |
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| a long cell that is a scaffold for a migrating neuron in the neural tube |
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| has a ventricular zone, an intermediate zone and a marginal zone |
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| sensory growth cones and the spinal cord |
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| they enter the spinal cord |
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| nerves entering the dorsal portion of the spinal cord |
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| nerves exiting the ventral portion of the spinal cord |
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| the floor and roof plates of the spinal cord |
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| undifferentiated cells surrounding the neurocoel become.. |
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| migration of the neuroblasts along radial glia from the mantle zone to the marginal zone results in the formation of... |
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the NEOCORTEX it is an inside-out formation |
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| the grey matter in the cerebrum |
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| where the neurons do not make it to the marginal layer and therefore have "smooth" gyri or the lack of. |
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| the membranous protrusion from the dendrite that receives information from axons - increases surface area |
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| a golgi type I cell that has long axons and always is found in the cerebellum. also has lots of dendritic spines |
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| The terminal branchings of the dendrites. They have enlarged ends called presynaptic terminals with vesicles containing neurotransmitters. [image] |
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| fast axoplasmic flow that is bidirectional |
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| there are three types of neurons |
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| afferent (sensory), efferent (motor) and association which is communication between the two |
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| astrocytes are receptors for... |
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| NE, substance P, GABA, glutamate |
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| cytokines, growth factors and IMMUNE mediations |
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| astrocytes help with the... |
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| three major types of astrocytes (macroglia) are... |
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| radial glia, protoplasmic glia, and fibrous glia |
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capillaries in the brain do not have pores between adjacent endothelial cells molecules within the brain capillaries moved selectively through endothelia cells by diffuson, active transport, endocytosis or exocytosis basically, the glial cells form a tight junction around the capillaries and then control what goes in and what goes out |
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| also repair damaged tissue |
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ectodermal satellite, interfasicular oligodendrocytes are for myelin vascular oligodendrocytes have perivascular attachments |
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MESODERMAL gitter cells: rod-like structures that are a source of secondary damage after a stroke - can inflame by their secretions |
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they are coliated and microviliated there are tanycytes and choroidal epithelial cells |
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satellite cells: for the dorsal root ganglia and schwann cells for myelin and regeneration |
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astrocytomas are the most common oligodendrocytomas are in the cortical lobes ependymomas are in children and adults meningiomas are benign metastasis |
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neuroblasts don't know when to stop growing unrestricted growth agressive and are called medulloblastomas |
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