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| semi-permeable; In the brain, the endothelial cells fit tightly together and substances cannot pass out of the bloodstream. (Some molecules, such as glucose, are transported out of the blood by special methods.) Glial cells (astrocytes) form a layer around brain blood vessels. |
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| role of astrocytes in BBB |
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Definition
| do NOT contribute to the BBB, may be important for the transport of ions from the brain to the blood |
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Definition
Protects the brain from "foreign substances" in the blood that may injure the brain. Most viral and infectious agents are too big to get past.
Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body. Maintains a constant environment for the brain (homeostasis) |
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Hypertension (high blood pressure): high blood pressure opens this
Development: not fully formed at birth.
Hyperosmolitity: a high concentration of a substance in the blood can open this
Microwaves: exposure to microwaves can open this.
Radiation: exposure to radiation can open this.
Infection: exposure to certain infectious agents can open this
Trauma, Ischemia, Inflammation, Pressure: injury to the brain can open this. |
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Oligodendrocytes,
Astrocytes,
Microglia |
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| rovide support to axons and to produce the myelin sheath, which insulates axons. Myelin is 80% lipid and 20% protein and allows for the efficient conduction of action potentials down the axon. |
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In order to provide physical support for neurons these form a matrix that keep neurons in place. In addition, this matrix serves to isolate synapses. This limits the dispersion of transmitter substances released by terminal buttons; thus aiding in the smooth transmission of neural messages.
Also perform Phagocytosis, these use its processes (arm of the cell) and then pushes itself against the debris, eventually engulfing and digesting it |
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These are the smallest glial cells that serve to act as key components of the brain’s innate immune system, and as mediators in neuro-inflammatory processes.
In limited, acute reactions to injury, in the absence of blood-brain barrier breakdown, there is the subtler response of the brain's own immune system, composed largely of rapid activation of glial (mostly astrocytes and microglia) cells. These responses represent the other end of the spectrum of CNS injury, where limited neuronal insults trigger glial cell activation without breakdown of the blood brain barrier and without concomitant leukocytic infiltration. This form of "pure" glial response occurs in neuronal injury caused by either loss of afferents or loss of efferents. |
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| Anterior (Rostral) opposite |
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Definition
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| separates at chin- top and bottom |
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| separates at ear into front and back at lateral fissure |
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| separates left and right at longitudinal fissure |
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| Inferior/ Ventral opposite |
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Definition
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| somatic nervous system- sensory |
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Definition
| The sensory (AFFERENT) division – transmits impulses from sense organs located in the periphery of the body – such as the ears and taste buds and information about touch, pain, and temperature – to the central nervous |
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| regulates activities that are automatic, or voluntary. The nerves control functions of the body that are not under conscious control (although via biofeedback and meditation techniques one can, in fact, develop some control over such functions as blood pressure, skin temperature, etc.). - homeostasis |
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| parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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| controls organs in times of stress |
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| ventral root of spinal cord |
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Definition
| carries motor information from brain to muscles |
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| dorsal root of spinal cord |
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Definition
| carries sensory information to brain |
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| carries touch and vibration to brain |
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Definition
Pain and temperature travel along the spinothalamic pathway. Unlike the spinocortical pathway, the nerves carrying pain information cross over at once on entering the spinal cord, and then travel upwards to the thalamus without crossing again higher up.
At the thalamus, information is sent to both the emotional processing area of the brain called the cingulate cortex, and also, simultaneously, to the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe. |
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dramatically illustrates the disconnection between touch and pain pathways.
A lesion of half the spinal cord (on the right or left side) results in a distinctive pattern of sensory loss, such that the person loses the sense of pain on the opposite side of the body below the lesion, and loses the sense of touch on the same side as, and below, the lesion. |
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| processes emotional information |
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| Motor commands leave the frontal motor area (in the frontal lobe of the brain) where the motor homunculus is located, and descend to the spinal cord, where the nerves synapse on the alpha neurons that project ventrally out of the spinal cord and form the mixed nerve, ending on muscles and other peripheral nerves. |
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Dura (outermost, attached to skull)
Arachnoid (intermediate, thin and delicate)
Subarachnoid space:Filled with fluid
Site of re-absorption of CSF
Pia: follows convolutions of gyri closely |
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Definition
Manufactured in all of the ventricles
Circulates through the system in a specific pattern, moving from the lateral ventricle to the third, and then from the third to the fourth.
From the fourth ventricle, it passes into the subarachnoid space where it
circulates around the outside of the brain and spinal cord and eventually makes its way to the superior sagittal sinus via the arachnoid granulations or arachnoid villi. In the superior sagittal sinus, it is reabsorbed into the blood stream.
regenerated several times every twenty-four hours. |
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Buoyancy: The actual mass of the human brain is about 1400 grams; however the net weight of the brain suspended in the CSF is equivalent to a mass of 25 grams. The brain therefore exists in neutral buoyancy, which allows the brain to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight, which would cut off blood supply and kill neurons in the lower sections without CSF.
Protection: CSF provides limited protection for the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit.
Chemical stability: CSF flows throughout the inner ventricular system in the brain and is absorbed back into the bloodstream, rinsing the metabolic waste from the CNS through the blood-brain barrier. This allows for homeostatic regulation of the distribution of neuroendocrine factors, to which slight changes can cause problems or damage to the nervous system. For example, high glycine concentration disrupts temperature and blood pressure control, and high CSF pH causes dizziness and syncope.[
Prevention of brain ischemia: The prevention of brain ischemia is made by decreasing the amount of CSF in the limited space inside the skull. This decreases total intracranial pressure and facilitates blood perfusion. |
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| four regions involved in executive functioning |
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Definition
Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Amygdala and hippocampus
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) |
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Definition
Arousal: bilateral lesions affecting the intralaminar nuclei, which can be considered extensions of the brainstem reticular formation, can cause unresponsiveness, but the eyes remain open. This has been called coma vigil or akinetic mutism. Firing patterns affect sleep stages.
Memory: Lesions affecting medial thalamic structures (the confluence of mammillothalamic and amygdalofugal tracts, dorsomedial and possibly anterior nuclei) can cause profound amnesia.
Other cognitive functions: aphasia, neglect and visuospatial dysfunction have been described with lesions, and presumably relate to interruption of reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex.
Most ascending sensory information pass through |
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Exerts control over the pituitary gland and thus over endocrine function in general
Has extensive connections with brainstem autonomic nuclei.
Lesions affect appetite, emotional behavior, temperature control, and numerous other autonomic and endocrine-influenced behaviors |
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| extend out of cerebral cortext |
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| pass from one part of cortex to another |
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| connect hemispheres ie corpus callosum |
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| things that go into brain |
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| oxygen, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, hormones, vitamins |
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| carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactate, hormones |
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| things that supply brain with blood |
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Definition
internal carotid arteries and
vertebral arteries.
Right & left basilar artery
The basilar artery joins the blood supply of the internal carotid arteries in a ring at the base of the brain. This ring of arteries is called the circle of Willis.
The circle of Willis provides a safety mechanism...if one of the arteries gets blocked, the "circle" will still provide the brain with blood. |
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| The motor (EFFERENT) division- transmits information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (effectors). |
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| site of CSF production, highly vascularized |
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| purpose of ventricular system |
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Definition
| maintains intracranial pressure, produces CSF, circulation |
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| myelinated tracts, motor and sensory info to contralateral side |
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| takes info from cerebellum through cerebellar peduncles |
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| part of midbrain, comprised of two inferior colliculi and two superior colliculi |
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| part of midbrain, surrounds cerebral aqueduct |
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| coordination of mvmt, posture, antigravity movement, balance, gait |
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| almond shaped, emotional processing expression of emotions, recognition of emotions in others, emotional memory (limbic) |
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| globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus |
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