Term
| Damage to Wernicke's Area leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to Broca's Area leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| The right hemisphere equivalents of Broca and Wernicke's areas concern... |
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Definition
| The intonational aspect of language |
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Term
| Damage to Wernike's Right leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to Broca's right leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 visual association areas connected to the Primary Visual Cortex? |
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Definition
1.Inferior Parietal Lobule
2. Prefrontal cortex
3. Paralimbic Cortex |
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Term
| What constitutes the paralimbic cortex? |
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Definition
| The cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus |
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Term
| What are symptoms of damage to the inferior parietal lobule? |
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Definition
1. Alexia: problems reading
2. Agraphia: problems writing
3. Acalculia: simple arithmetic difficulties |
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Term
| What occurs following damage to the prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
| Disillusion of purpose, lack of foresight, loss of inhibition, problems with working memory |
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Term
| What occurs following damage to the paralimbic cortex? |
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Definition
| Changes in emotional response and motivation |
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Term
| The tract that connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles with finer control have neurons who innervate a couple/a lot of fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neuronal aspects increase muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| Increased frequency of action potentials, and more neurons firing |
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Term
| What is considered "the final common path" in motor systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which lamina are somatic motor neurons present? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are medial and axial motor neurons connected? |
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Definition
| Via an interneuron with a recurrent collateral |
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Term
| Axons from motor cortices synapse on __________ and the ______ |
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Definition
| Somatic motor cranial nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Lower motor neuron is just another way of saying... |
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Definition
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Term
| List 4 consequences of lower motor neuron lesions. |
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Definition
1. Muscle paralysis
2. Areflexia
3. Flaccid muscles due to the loss of electrical activity and trophic factors
4. Fibrillations (subtle contractions) due to the hypersensitivity of muscle receptors to low levels of acetylcholine in the synpase |
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Term
| Where does the tectospinal tract originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lasting deficit occurs in monkeys if their corticospinal tract is lesioned? |
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Definition
| The inability to inact fine finger movements |
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Term
What occurs when the rubrospinal tract is lesioned on top of the corticospinal tract?
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Definition
| The large part of the input to the appindicular muscles is destroyed but axial musculature stays intact |
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Term
| What occurs when medially descending fibers are lesioned? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the corticospinal tract primarily distribute contralaterally or laterally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerve nuclei are involved with the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve nucleus V is involved in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial never VII is the ______ nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Innervation from the facial nucleus to the face is contralateral/ipsilateral? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bell's Palsy is due to... |
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Definition
| Damage in the PNS involving part of the facial nerve that innervates the lower face |
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Term
| The corticobulbar tract is mainly finished by... |
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Definition
| The pyramids of the medulla |
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Term
| In the corticospinal tract, arm fibers are more medial/lateral, and leg fibers are more medial/lateral |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the fibers concerning the leg or the arm decussate more caudally in the corticospinal tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What most commonly leads to upper motor neuron lesions? |
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Definition
| Strokes involving the internal capsule, although the stroke could also occur in the motor cortex |
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Term
| What are transient defecits of strokes that occur in the internal capsule? |
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Definition
| Flaccid paralysis, hemoplegia, areflexia |
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Term
| What are long-term defecits following a stroke in the internal capsule? |
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Definition
| Hyper-reflexia (usually explained as a loss of inhibitory reflexes), spasticity with a clasp-knife character, increase in flexor muscle tone, and some reflexes diminished |
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Term
| What reflexes are diminished due to a stroke in the internal capsule? |
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Definition
| Plantar reflex, abdominal reflex, cremasteric reflex |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the internal capsule? |
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Definition
| The anterior, the genu, and the posterior parts |
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Term
| Lesions in the internal capsule also effect the cortex. Why is this significant to motor pathways? |
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Definition
| The red nucleus, the superior colliculus, the pontine reticular formation and the medial reticular formation all recieve cortical input. This input is disrupted upon lesioning of the internal capsule. |
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Term
| Most lower motor neurons in the brainstem recieve bilateral/lateral input? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lower motor neurons do not recieve bilateral input? |
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Definition
1.The facial nucleus innervating the lower face only receives input from the motor cortex on the contralateral side.
2.The hypoglossal nucleus also only recieves contralateral innervation. |
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Term
| List 4 key structures of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
1. Striatum: aka caudoputamen. Includes the caudate and the putamen.
2. Pallidum: globus pallidus and pars reticulata
3. Subthalamic nucleus: located ventrally to the thalamus
4. Pars compacta (dopamine aspect of the substantia nigra) |
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Term
| Where in the spinal chord is the phrenic nucleus? What does it innervate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Appindicular muscles are innervated by neurons that are more _____ in the spinal chord, as opposed to axial muscles which are innervated by nerves that are more ____ in the spinal chord. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is Onuf's nucleus present? |
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Definition
| In the same location as the phrenic nucleus, except for in S1 and S2 |
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Term
| What is the function of Onuf's nucleus? |
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Definition
| It innervates the muscles of the rectum and urethral sphincter |
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Term
| List the 4 ventromedial pathways in the spinal cord |
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Definition
| The tectospinal tract, the vestibulospinal tract, the pontine reticulospinal tract, and the medullary reticulospinal tract |
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Term
| List the two laterally descending pathways |
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Definition
| Corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract |
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Term
| Where does the rubrospinal tract originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| The forehead receives information from the (Dorsal/ventral) side of the facial nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The dorsal end of the facial nucleus recieves what type of innervation? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ventral end of the facial nucleus receives what type of innervation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Parkinson's, patients have a less than normal population in what structure? |
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Definition
| The substantia nigra pars compacta |
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Term
How many neurons are lost in the substantia nigra pars compacta before one becomes symptomatic of Parkinson's?
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Definition
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Term
| What are symptoms of Parkinson's? |
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Definition
| Tremor at rest, cog wheel rigidity, Akinesia |
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Term
| What is one form of treatment for Parkinson's involving a DA precursor? |
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Definition
| L-DOPA, which can cross the blood brain barrier, is administered. A side effect is involuntary movement. |
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Term
| Another form of treatment for Parkinson's involves transplanting the _____ ______ on to the striatum. Other transplants involve the... |
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Definition
Adrenal medulla. Also eventually leads to involuntary movement.
Fetal substantia nigra. |
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Term
| What is deep brain stimulation? |
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Definition
| A large electrode is inserted bilaterally, usually targeting the subthalamic nucleus or the internal portion of the globus pallidus |
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Term
| What is the largest nucleus of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ nucleus projects to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation |
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Definition
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Term
| The Dentate nucleus projects to the _____ |
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Definition
| VL nucleus of the thalamus |
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Term
| The Embosiform nucleus and the Globose nucleus project to the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the pathway from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum to the ventral horn of the spinal chord. |
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Definition
| The dentate nucleus projects to the contralateral VL nucleus of the thalamus, which projects to the premotor cortex, which projects to the primary motor cortex. From the primary motor cortex, the corticospinal tract descends and decussates in the medullary pyramids. Therefore, a double crossing of the system occurs and the information ends on the same side that it began |
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Term
| The 3 lobes of the cerebellum are the: |
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Definition
| 1. Anterior lobe 2. posterior lobe 3. Flocculonodular lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Abduscens. Innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. |
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Term
| What kind of innervation does the nucleus ambiguous recieve? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Hypoglossal nerve effects the tongue on the ______ side. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the tectospinal tract decussate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the corticospinal tract decussate? |
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Definition
| At the cross-section of the medulla and the spinal chord |
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Term
| Does the medial reticulospinal tract decussate? |
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Definition
| NO, it descends ipsilaterally |
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Term
| Which tract descending in the spinal cord is not under cortical control? Where does this tract recieve input? |
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Definition
| The vestibulospinal tract. The tract begins in the vestibular nuclei, which recieve input from the inner ear and the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum |
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Term
| Which structure of the basal ganglia usually fires at a very high rate at rest? What are the consequences of this? |
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Definition
| The pallidum (the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata) fires at a high rate at rest. It inhibits the VA nucleus of the thalamus, which inhibits the excitation of the pre-motor cortex. |
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Term
| What occurs after increased activity in the striatum? |
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Definition
| The striatum inhibits the pallidum, so increased activity of the striatium (from the cortex) leads to decreased activity of the pallidum. This disinhibits the thalamus, allowing it to excite the pre-motor cortex. |
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Term
| Where does the striatum recieve it's input? |
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Definition
| The substantia nigra pars compacta and the cortex |
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Term
What is the origins of Huntingtons?
|
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Definition
| It is genetic due to an autsomal dominant gene |
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Term
| What does Huntington's cause on a cellular level? |
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Definition
| The loss of GABA cells that have D2 receptors in the striatum |
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Term
| The folds of the cerebellum are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the cerebellum is ipsilateral/contralateral to the defecit? |
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Definition
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Term
| The projection from the cortex to the red nucleus is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate? |
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Definition
| Just ventral to the red nucleus |
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Term
| The red nucleus recieves input from the ______ and the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motoneuron plus that motoneuron |
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Term
| The _______ the motor unit, the finer the control of muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| At what levels of the spinal cord are the the appindicular neurons? |
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Definition
| The cervical and lumbar enlargements (C5-T1 and L4-S2) |
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Term
| How does a single interneuron innervate multiple motor neurons? |
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Definition
| Through its collateral branches |
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Term
| The rubrospinal tract mainly concerns which region of the spinal chord? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which layer of the cortex do the axons of the corticospinal tract arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of afferents to the cerebellum? |
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Definition
1. Vestibular input
2. Spinal input
3. Potine input
4. Inputs from the inferior olivary nucleus |
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Term
| Describe the vestibular inputs to the cerebellum. |
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Definition
| The cerebellum gets input from the 8th cranial nerve, which extends from the vestibular nuclei. Some vestibular ganglia (originating in the inner ear) skip the nuclei and go straight to the cerebellum. The input from the vestibular system projects to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum. |
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Term
| What are the spinal inputs to the cerebellum? |
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Definition
1. Ventral spinal cerebellar tract (brings info from the lower limbs)
2. Doral spinal cerebellar tract (brings info from the lower limbs)
3. Cuneo-cerebellar tract (brings info from the arms)
4. Trigeminal cerebellar tracts- mostly originating the descending nucleus of V |
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Term
| Where do the spinal inputs to the cerebellum project? |
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Definition
| To the anterior and posterior lobe |
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Term
| Where do ponto-cerebellar projections enter the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Through the middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Which part of the cerebellum receives input from the inferior olivary nucleus? |
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Definition
| Every part of the cerebellum |
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Term
| Which nucleus sends out "climbing fibers" to the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| The inferior olivary nucleus |
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Term
| List 4 inputs that the inferior olivary nucleus recieves |
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Definition
| 1. Spinal cord 2. Dorsal column nuclei 3. Vestibular nuclei 4. Cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What are the two types of fibers present within the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Mossy fibers and climbing fibers |
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Term
| Where do mossy fibers originate? |
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Definition
| From all of the inputs to the cerebellum excluding the inferior olivary nucleus |
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Term
| What is the most superficial layer of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occupies the molecular layer of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Mainly axons and dendrites from the cell bodies of deeper layers |
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Term
| The purkinje cell layer is the ____ layer of the cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 3rd layer of the cerebellum called? What occurs with their axons? |
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Definition
| The granule cell layer. The axons turn vertically into the molecular layer, bifurcate, and form parallel fibers |
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Term
| Which axons synapse on granule cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the molecular layer that wrap their axons around the soma of purkinje cell's in such a way that resembles a basket |
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Term
| In which layer of the cerebellar cortex are stellate cells present? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What cells do parallel fibers excite? |
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Definition
| The dendrites of any stellate, basket, golgi, and purkinje cells |
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Term
On what do climbing fibers synapse? Is this excitatory or inhibitory?
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Definition
The dendrites of Purkinje cells.
Very excitatory. |
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Term
| Climbing fibers have an axon collateral that synapses on the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. Is this an excitatory or inhibitory connection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the axons of Purkinje cell's have an excitatory or inhibitory synapse on the deep nuclei of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mossy fibers similarly have a collateral that branches onto the deep nuclei. Is this an excitatory or inhibitory connection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mossy fibers have an ______ (excitatory/inhibitory) connection on granule cells. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum found? |
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Definition
| Within the deep white of the cerebellum |
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Term
| Parallel fibers synapse on golgi cells. These, in turn, ______ (inhibit/excite) granule cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Stellate and basket cells _______ (inhibit/excite) Purkinje cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Through which structures does the cerebellum influence the rest of the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the fastigial nucleus receive it's input? |
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Definition
| The purkinje cells in the Vermis |
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Term
| Through what structure do the globus and embosiform nuclei leave the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| The brachium conjuctivum, to synapse on the red nucleus |
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Term
| Where do efferents from the fastigial nucleus exit? |
|
Definition
| The inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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|
Term
| An intention tremor is due to |
|
Definition
| Damage of the dentate nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually calculated measurements are off a bit. A result of damage to the cerebellum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The body being off balance due to leaning |
|
|
Term
| What is decomposition of movement? |
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Definition
| A lack of fluidity in movement, you jerkily complete the movements |
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Term
| Neurons in the cerebellum account for ___ of the total amount of neurons in the brain |
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Definition
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