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Neuroanatomy
Review of the anatomy of the brain and nervous system
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/18/2010

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Cards

Term
List the three axes of the vertebrate nervous system
Definition
-anterior/posterior
-dorsal/ventral
-medial lateral
Term
anterior means towards the _______ end.
Definition
nose
Term
posterior means the ______ end.
Definition
tail
Term
dorsal means towards the surface of the ______ (back) of the head.
Definition
top
Term
ventral means towards the surface of the ________ (chest) of the head.
Definition
bottom
Term
medial means _________ the midline of the body
Definition
towards
Term
lateral means __________ from the midline of the body.
Definition
away
Term
Why relate the autonomic nervous system to the word "automatic"?
Definition
because it regulates functions that occur automatically e.g. breathing, heartbeat, etc.
Term
Sympathetic NS = "____or_____", which means to ___________________.
Definition
-fight or flight
-mobilize the body's resources under stress
Term
list 4 functions of the sympathetic nervous system
Definition
1. releases norepinephrine and epinephrine
2. increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, heart rate, and blood sugar level
3.piloerection (hair on ends in animals/goose bumps in humans)
4. stimulate/organize/mobilize energy resources to deal with threatening situations
Term
parasympathetic = "____or______", which means it's responsible for ______________.
Definition
-rest or digest
-stimulation of activities that occur when the body is at rest (e.g. salivation, urination, etc..)
Term
list two functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
1. to release acetylcholine
2. it increases
-salivation
-gastric/intestinal muscle movement
-the secretion of gastric juices
-blood flow to the gastric/intestinal system
Term
Meninges are three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal chord, list them in order of the outermost layer to the inner (including the term referring to the space between 2 and 3):
Definition
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid membrane
subarachnoid space
3. pia mater
Term
Now describe these membranes
-dura mater
-arachnoid membrane
-subarachnoid space
-pia mater
Definition
DM: the tough outer most layer
AM: spiderweb-like layer
SS: interval between the AM and PM that contains blood vessels and is filled by CSF
PM: layer closest to the brain, thin and mesh like, attached to the brain by astrocytes
Term
What three things collaborate to protect the CNS (form mechanical shock)?
Definition
-Meninges
-CSF
-Ventricles
Term
What three areas is CSF found within?
Definition
1. subarachnoid space
2. ventricles
3. central canal
Term
Now describe what those three areas are:
1. subarachnoid space
2. cereberal ventricles
3. central canal
Definition
SS: interval between the AM and PM meninges
CV: the four large internal chambers/cavities of the brain
CC: a small central channel that rungs the length of the spinal chord
Term
List the four cerebral ventricles by where they are located
Definition
-2 lateral ventricles
-the 3rd ventricle in the midbrain, almost directly in the center
-4th ventricle is located in the hindbrain on the bottom
Term
what is the purpose of the cerebral aqueduct?
Definition
to connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles (pathway)
Term
List and Describe the subdivisions on the Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
-autonomic nervous system: responsible for monitoring conditions in the internal environment and bringing about appropriate changes in them
-somatic nervous system: responsible for voluntary control of body movements through skeletal muscles, and sensory reception of external stimuli
Term
The somatic nervous system processes sensory information and controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, with the exception of _______.
Definition
reflex arcs
Term
List the two main subdivisions of the ANS, and then the minor
Definition
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic

minor: enteric
Term
The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly _________ as its neurotransmitter
Definition
acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
List three responses that occur from the sympathetic nervous system, when presented with stress
Definition
1. the release of norephedrine and adrenaline
2. piloerection (e.g. hair standing on it's ends, goosebumps)
3. increased blood flow/sugar, which elevates HR
3.
Term
Describe the sequence of events that are the basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system
Definition
-start in the upper cell bodies of motor nuerons
-stimuli is then transmitted to the voluntary muscles through axons
-stimuli conveyed through the ventral horn of the spinal chord and through synapses
-recieved by the large lower motor nuerons of the brain stem/spinal chord
-upper MN release ACh which is recieved by the ventral roots of the spinal chord
-then ACh is released from junctions and recieved by postysynaptic receptors which causes muscles to contract
Term
Cranial nerves: somatic nerves which are ______ to the CNS and _____ to the cranium. There are __ different types
Definition
-afferent
-efferent
-12
Term
True or False:
Cranial nerves are either sensory or motor
Definition
False:
cranial nerves can be sensory, motor, or BOTH
Term
List three functions of CSF
Definition
1. cushions the brain against mechanical shock
2. provides a reservoir of hormones/nutrients for the B & SC
3. helps support the weight of the brain
Term
CSF is produced by _____ _______, which is a _________________.
Definition
-choroid plexuses
-network of small blood vessels that protrude into ventricles from their pia mater lining
Term
Excess CSF is continuously absorbed from SS into large blood-filled spaces called ______ which drain into large jugular veins of the neck.
Definition
-sinuses
Term
Define and explain hydrocephalus
(hint: "water head")
Definition
is a medical condition in which there is too much CSF in the cerebral ventricles. This may cause increased intracranial pressure inside the skull and progressive enlargement of the head, convulsion, and mental disability.
example: blockage by tumor
Term
In the spinal chord signals leave _______ and return _________.
Definition
-ventrally
-dorsally
Term
SAD is an acronym for _______ _________ _____, which respresents ____________.
Definition
-sensory afferent dorsal
-the direction the signals flow in the vertebrate system.
Term
When the signals in the vertebrate system leave they travel through the ______ to the __________
Definition
-ventral
-motor
Term
Brain matter is white or gray. Gray matter is primarily composed of ________ while white is primarily composed of _________.
Definition
-cell bodies
-myelinated axons
Term
sensory neurons enter the spinal chord through the _______ _______, while motor neurons enter the spinal chord through the ________ ________.
Definition
-dorsal root
-ventral root
Term
There is a total of __ spinal nerves, which come in pairs, one on each side of the spinal chord.

Each spinal nerve innervates a specific __________, which is __________________.
Definition
-31
-dermatome
-skin = an area being innovated by the spinal cord
Term
Spinal nerves are named by _____ not the spinal area itself. the last set of nerves in the spinal cord is the ______ _____
(hint: horses tail)
Definition
-bones
-cauda equina
Term
The brain has three major subdivisions:
Definition
-hindbrain
-midbrain
-forebrain
Term
List the 5 main components of the hindbrain and what they control
Definition
Term
List the 2 major components of the midbrain and their subdivisions
Definition
-tectum (roof)
superior/inferior colliculus
-tegmentum (floor)
red nucleus-inergation motor
substantia nigra-motor
central gray = Periaqueductal Gray
Term
The tectum is a paired structure composed of the ________ colliculus, located in the front and the________ colliculus, located behind.
The first responds to _______ while the second responds to
Definition
-superior colliculus
-inferior collicculus
-light
-sound
Term
List the four main structures of the forebrain
Definition
-Thalamus (brain relay station)
-Limbic System
-Basal Ganglia
-Cerberal Cortex
Term
"Thalamus" is to "relay station" as "Limbic System" is to "_______ ________"
Definition
-pleasure center
Term
The Limbic System (emotional) consists of 6 major components, list them and describe what they regulate
Definition
1. olfactory bulb: smell
2. hypothalamus: eat/drink/sex
3. hippocampus: memory
4. cingular cortex: memory
5. amygdala: emotional aspects of these (esp. fear)
6. Formix septum and mammilary body
Term
How are all the components of the limbic system inter-related?
Definition
The link is how emotions form from the interaction between the different components
-example: the olfactory bulb is the recognition of the smell, while the amygdala is the reaction to it
Term
Basal ganglia is responsible for the intiation of ________ and __________ __________.
Definition
-movement (motor control)
-cognitive functions (learning)
Term
he basal ganglia consists of 4 components:
-two of which combine to make the striatum
-one of which is not completely concluded

list them and their specifics
Definition
-claudate nucleus
-putamen
-globus pallidus
-amygdalas

-striatum=claudate+puatamen
-amygdala is not always included in components
Term
The cerebral cortex plays a key role in ______, _______,and __________. It is constituted of up to _ horizontal layers
Definition
-memory
-attention
-consciousness
-6
Term
Laminae =
Columns =
Definition
-structural layers (which appear after staining)
-functional columns (different columns activated for different functions of the brain)
Term
Cortical columns have majorly contributed to research pertaining to the theory that the brain is ______, because it shows that parts of the cortex are _______________________.
Definition
-divided
-devoted to very certain stimuli
Term
List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what they regulate
Definition
-occipital: vision (damage = blindbness)
-parietal: somatasensory (sense of body outline = perception)
-temporal: hearing + balance/equilibrium
-frontal: primary motor cortex (tells you what to do)/prefrontal cortex (decides to do it)
Term
The ______ fissure seperates the frontal and temporal lobe, while the _______ fissure seperates the frontal and parietal
Definition
-lateral
-central
Term
define:
-gyri
-sulci
Definition
gryi = bumps
sulci - grooves in between bumps
Term
perfrontal lobotomies were inteded to make people more tame without impairing their _______ or ______ modalities. List 2 side effects of this procedure.
Definition
-sensory/motor
-could be any of the following: loss of intiative, failure to stop socially unacceptable impulses, and impairments in certain aspects of memory and facial expressions of emotion
Term
define aphasia
Definition
-loss of language due to the brain
Term
True or False:
Broca's non-fluent aphasia is critical for pronunciation
Definition
True
Term
Wernicke's fluent aphasia is critical for language _________.
Definition
comprehension
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