Term
| List the three axes of the vertebrate nervous system |
|
Definition
-anterior/posterior
-dorsal/ventral
-medial lateral |
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Term
| anterior means towards the _______ end. |
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Definition
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Term
| posterior means the ______ end. |
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Definition
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Term
| dorsal means towards the surface of the ______ (back) of the head. |
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Definition
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Term
| ventral means towards the surface of the ________ (chest) of the head. |
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Definition
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Term
| medial means _________ the midline of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| lateral means __________ from the midline of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why relate the autonomic nervous system to the word "automatic"? |
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Definition
| because it regulates functions that occur automatically e.g. breathing, heartbeat, etc. |
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Term
| Sympathetic NS = "____or_____", which means to ___________________. |
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Definition
-fight or flight
-mobilize the body's resources under stress |
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Term
| list 4 functions of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
1. releases norepinephrine and epinephrine
2. increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, heart rate, and blood sugar level
3.piloerection (hair on ends in animals/goose bumps in humans)
4. stimulate/organize/mobilize energy resources to deal with threatening situations |
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Term
| parasympathetic = "____or______", which means it's responsible for ______________. |
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Definition
-rest or digest
-stimulation of activities that occur when the body is at rest (e.g. salivation, urination, etc..) |
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Term
| list two functions of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
1. to release acetylcholine
2. it increases
-salivation
-gastric/intestinal muscle movement
-the secretion of gastric juices
-blood flow to the gastric/intestinal system |
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Term
| Meninges are three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal chord, list them in order of the outermost layer to the inner (including the term referring to the space between 2 and 3): |
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Definition
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid membrane
subarachnoid space
3. pia mater |
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Term
Now describe these membranes
-dura mater
-arachnoid membrane
-subarachnoid space
-pia mater |
|
Definition
DM: the tough outer most layer
AM: spiderweb-like layer
SS: interval between the AM and PM that contains blood vessels and is filled by CSF
PM: layer closest to the brain, thin and mesh like, attached to the brain by astrocytes |
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Term
| What three things collaborate to protect the CNS (form mechanical shock)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three areas is CSF found within? |
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Definition
1. subarachnoid space
2. ventricles
3. central canal |
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Term
Now describe what those three areas are:
1. subarachnoid space
2. cereberal ventricles
3. central canal |
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Definition
SS: interval between the AM and PM meninges
CV: the four large internal chambers/cavities of the brain
CC: a small central channel that rungs the length of the spinal chord |
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Term
| List the four cerebral ventricles by where they are located |
|
Definition
-2 lateral ventricles
-the 3rd ventricle in the midbrain, almost directly in the center
-4th ventricle is located in the hindbrain on the bottom |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the cerebral aqueduct? |
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Definition
| to connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles (pathway) |
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Term
| List and Describe the subdivisions on the Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
-autonomic nervous system: responsible for monitoring conditions in the internal environment and bringing about appropriate changes in them
-somatic nervous system: responsible for voluntary control of body movements through skeletal muscles, and sensory reception of external stimuli |
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Term
| The somatic nervous system processes sensory information and controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, with the exception of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the two main subdivisions of the ANS, and then the minor |
|
Definition
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic
minor: enteric |
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Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly _________ as its neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| List three responses that occur from the sympathetic nervous system, when presented with stress |
|
Definition
1. the release of norephedrine and adrenaline
2. piloerection (e.g. hair standing on it's ends, goosebumps)
3. increased blood flow/sugar, which elevates HR
3. |
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Term
| Describe the sequence of events that are the basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system |
|
Definition
-start in the upper cell bodies of motor nuerons
-stimuli is then transmitted to the voluntary muscles through axons
-stimuli conveyed through the ventral horn of the spinal chord and through synapses
-recieved by the large lower motor nuerons of the brain stem/spinal chord
-upper MN release ACh which is recieved by the ventral roots of the spinal chord
-then ACh is released from junctions and recieved by postysynaptic receptors which causes muscles to contract |
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Term
| Cranial nerves: somatic nerves which are ______ to the CNS and _____ to the cranium. There are __ different types |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Cranial nerves are either sensory or motor |
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Definition
False:
cranial nerves can be sensory, motor, or BOTH |
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Term
| List three functions of CSF |
|
Definition
1. cushions the brain against mechanical shock
2. provides a reservoir of hormones/nutrients for the B & SC
3. helps support the weight of the brain |
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Term
| CSF is produced by _____ _______, which is a _________________. |
|
Definition
-choroid plexuses
-network of small blood vessels that protrude into ventricles from their pia mater lining |
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Term
| Excess CSF is continuously absorbed from SS into large blood-filled spaces called ______ which drain into large jugular veins of the neck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define and explain hydrocephalus
(hint: "water head") |
|
Definition
is a medical condition in which there is too much CSF in the cerebral ventricles. This may cause increased intracranial pressure inside the skull and progressive enlargement of the head, convulsion, and mental disability.
example: blockage by tumor |
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Term
| In the spinal chord signals leave _______ and return _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| SAD is an acronym for _______ _________ _____, which respresents ____________. |
|
Definition
-sensory afferent dorsal
-the direction the signals flow in the vertebrate system. |
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Term
| When the signals in the vertebrate system leave they travel through the ______ to the __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain matter is white or gray. Gray matter is primarily composed of ________ while white is primarily composed of _________. |
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Definition
-cell bodies
-myelinated axons |
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Term
| sensory neurons enter the spinal chord through the _______ _______, while motor neurons enter the spinal chord through the ________ ________. |
|
Definition
-dorsal root
-ventral root |
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Term
There is a total of __ spinal nerves, which come in pairs, one on each side of the spinal chord.
Each spinal nerve innervates a specific __________, which is __________________. |
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Definition
-31
-dermatome
-skin = an area being innovated by the spinal cord |
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Term
Spinal nerves are named by _____ not the spinal area itself. the last set of nerves in the spinal cord is the ______ _____
(hint: horses tail) |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain has three major subdivisions: |
|
Definition
-hindbrain
-midbrain
-forebrain |
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Term
| List the 5 main components of the hindbrain and what they control |
|
Definition
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Term
| List the 2 major components of the midbrain and their subdivisions |
|
Definition
-tectum (roof)
superior/inferior colliculus
-tegmentum (floor)
red nucleus-inergation motor
substantia nigra-motor
central gray = Periaqueductal Gray |
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Term
The tectum is a paired structure composed of the ________ colliculus, located in the front and the________ colliculus, located behind.
The first responds to _______ while the second responds to |
|
Definition
-superior colliculus
-inferior collicculus
-light
-sound |
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Term
| List the four main structures of the forebrain |
|
Definition
-Thalamus (brain relay station)
-Limbic System
-Basal Ganglia
-Cerberal Cortex |
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Term
| "Thalamus" is to "relay station" as "Limbic System" is to "_______ ________" |
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Definition
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Term
| The Limbic System (emotional) consists of 6 major components, list them and describe what they regulate |
|
Definition
1. olfactory bulb: smell
2. hypothalamus: eat/drink/sex
3. hippocampus: memory
4. cingular cortex: memory
5. amygdala: emotional aspects of these (esp. fear)
6. Formix septum and mammilary body |
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Term
| How are all the components of the limbic system inter-related? |
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Definition
The link is how emotions form from the interaction between the different components
-example: the olfactory bulb is the recognition of the smell, while the amygdala is the reaction to it |
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Term
| Basal ganglia is responsible for the intiation of ________ and __________ __________. |
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Definition
-movement (motor control)
-cognitive functions (learning) |
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|
Term
he basal ganglia consists of 4 components:
-two of which combine to make the striatum
-one of which is not completely concluded
list them and their specifics |
|
Definition
-claudate nucleus
-putamen
-globus pallidus
-amygdalas
-striatum=claudate+puatamen
-amygdala is not always included in components |
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Term
| The cerebral cortex plays a key role in ______, _______,and __________. It is constituted of up to _ horizontal layers |
|
Definition
-memory
-attention
-consciousness
-6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-structural layers (which appear after staining)
-functional columns (different columns activated for different functions of the brain) |
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|
Term
| Cortical columns have majorly contributed to research pertaining to the theory that the brain is ______, because it shows that parts of the cortex are _______________________. |
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Definition
-divided
-devoted to very certain stimuli |
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Term
| List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what they regulate |
|
Definition
-occipital: vision (damage = blindbness)
-parietal: somatasensory (sense of body outline = perception)
-temporal: hearing + balance/equilibrium
-frontal: primary motor cortex (tells you what to do)/prefrontal cortex (decides to do it) |
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Term
| The ______ fissure seperates the frontal and temporal lobe, while the _______ fissure seperates the frontal and parietal |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
gryi = bumps
sulci - grooves in between bumps |
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|
Term
| perfrontal lobotomies were inteded to make people more tame without impairing their _______ or ______ modalities. List 2 side effects of this procedure. |
|
Definition
-sensory/motor
-could be any of the following: loss of intiative, failure to stop socially unacceptable impulses, and impairments in certain aspects of memory and facial expressions of emotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| -loss of language due to the brain |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Broca's non-fluent aphasia is critical for pronunciation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Wernicke's fluent aphasia is critical for language _________. |
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Definition
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