Term
| What are the two types of cells in the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| neurons and supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the CNS consist of? |
|
Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What does the PNS consist of? |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerves (12) and spinal nerves (31) |
|
|
Term
| What type of PNS supporting cells are characterized by successive wrapping of the cell membrane, providing insulation, and having an out surface encased in glycoprotein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the unmyelinated areas between adjacent Schwaan cells that produce nerve impulses in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in the PNS support neuron cells bodies within the ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CNS supporting cells' processes occur mostly postnatally and have extensions that form myelin sheaths around several axons (providing insulation)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of CNS supporting cell is the most abundant glial cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The astrocytes stimulate tight junctions, which contributes to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The astrocytes regulate the external environment of what two things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CNS supporting cells are classified as phagocytes and migratory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CNS supporting cells secrete CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the ependymal cells line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHich CNS supporting cells function as neural stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major levels of CNS function? |
|
Definition
-spinal cord
-brainstem
-cerebrum and cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Which level of the CNS regulates voluntary and involuntary movements and processes reflexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the CNS controls, regulates, mediates basic life-saving function including respiration circulation and digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three parts of the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| medulla, pons, and midbrain |
|
|
Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| Major tract of axons that functionally interconnects right and left cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes 80% of the mass of the brain? |
|
Definition
| cerebrum and cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| The cerebral cortex is characterized by numerous convolutions, what are the elevated folds called? the depressed groves? What is the purpose of the convolutions? |
|
Definition
-gyri
-sulci
-increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| Collectively the cerebrum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collectively the pons, medulla, and cerebellum are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the gray matter in the cerebrum consist of? what does it form? |
|
Definition
neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
-forms the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What does the white matter (myelin) consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the projection tracts of the white matter of the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the association tracts of the white matter of the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
| Go from one region to another within the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| Describe the commissural tracts of the white matter of the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
| the corpus callosum, from one hemisphere to another |
|
|
Term
| What functions are associated with the frontal lobe of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| voluntary motor activity, speaking, higher intellectual ability |
|
|
Term
| what functions are associated with the parietal love of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| processing sensory information |
|
|
Term
| What function is associated with the occipital lobe of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| vision and coordination of eye movements |
|
|
Term
| what function is associated with the temporal lobe of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| auditory functions. contain auditory centers that receive sensory fibers from the cochlea. interpretation and association of auditory and visual info |
|
|
Term
| More adept in language and analytical abilities is characteristic of which cerebral hemisphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most adept at visiospatial tasks is associated with which cerebral hemisphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Broca's area associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Wernicke's area associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the angular gyrus associated with? |
|
Definition
| known as the center of integration of auditory, visual, and somatesthetic info |
|
|
Term
| To speak intelligibly words originating in ______/_____ must be sent to _______/_______ |
|
Definition
-wernicke's area
-broca's area |
|
|
Term
| What is a group of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a ring around the brain stem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fornix connects the _________ to the ________ which projects to the thalamus which sends fibers back to the ________/________ |
|
Definition
-hippocampus
-hypothalamus
-limbic system |
|
|
Term
| Which two parts of the brain are important in the neural basis of emotional states and motivation? |
|
Definition
| limbic system and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which two areas of the brain are involved in aggression? |
|
Definition
| amygdala and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which two areas of the brain are involved in fear? |
|
Definition
| anygdala and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which area of the brain are involved in feeding? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus (feeding and satiety centers) |
|
|
Term
| Which two areas of the brain are involved in sexual drive and behavior? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and limbic system |
|
|
Term
| Which two areas of the brain are involved in goal directed behavior? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and frontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What are masses of gray matter composed of neuronal cell bodies located deep within the white matter? |
|
Definition
| basal nuclei (basal ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| What do the basal nuclei (basal ganglia) function in? Which two diseases does this relate to? |
|
Definition
-control of voluntary movements
-Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease |
|
|
Term
| In the limbic system, what does the cingulated gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala function in? |
|
Definition
-role in emotion
-learning and memory
-emotion and memory |
|
|
Term
| The thalamus is located between which two structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three functions of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
-relay and sensory integration
-filter for information
-regulation of skeletal muscle contraction (stimulation causes arms and legs to move) |
|
|
Term
| Anatomically where is the hypothalamus located? |
|
Definition
| below the thalamus and above pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Which structure stimulates hormonal release from the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two hormones are produces in the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure of the brain coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| stores and releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| What is the function anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| regulates secretion of hormones of other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| List the three major areas of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| midbrain, pons, and medulla |
|
|
Term
| Which area of the brain stem functions in breathing and signal relay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which area of the brain stem is associated with involuntary functions? |
|
Definition
| medulla (ex's: blood pressure, respiration, vomiting, swallowing) |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain stem is associated with eye movement control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the brain stem do nerve tracts cross over? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a network in the brain stem which functions in arousal, sleep, pain, eating, facial expression, and muscle tone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do they apneustic and pneumotaxic respiratory centers control? where are they located? |
|
Definition
-apneustic: tells you to stop breathing
-pneumotaxic: tells you to breath
-located in pons |
|
|
Term
| All descending and ascending fiber tracts between the spinal cord and brain must pass through which structure of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) |
|
|
Term
| What does the vasomotor center control? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
autonomic innervation of blood vessels
-medulla |
|
|
Term
| What does the cardiac control center control? where is it located? |
|
Definition
regulates autonomic nerve control of heart
-medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the reticular activating system? |
|
Definition
| Non specific arousal of cerebral cortex to incoming sensory information |
|
|
Term
The cerebellum:
-receives input from ________________
-participates in coordination of ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of the brain is necessary for motor learning, coordinating different joints during movement, and limb movements (ataxia, tremors) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The meaning of signals by NT's int he CNS depends on which two factors? |
|
Definition
-where the signals originate and terminate
-the physical and chemical connections between neurons |
|
|
Term
| What functions are modulated by the noradrenergic system (norepinepherine)? (8) |
|
Definition
-attention
-arousal
-sleep-wake cycles
-learning
-memory
-anxiety
-pain
-mood |
|
|
Term
| What functions are modulated by the serotonergic system (serotonin)? (3) |
|
Definition
-Pain; locomotion
-Sleep-wake cycle
-mood and emotional behaviors such as aggression and depression |
|
|
Term
| What functions are modulated by the dopaminergic system (dopamine)? |
|
Definition
-motor control
-"reward" centers linked to addictive behavior |
|
|
Term
| What functions are modulated by the cholinergic system (acetylcholine)? (6) |
|
Definition
-sleep-wake cycles
-arousal
-learning
-memory
-sensory
-info passing through thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of supratentorial lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of infratentorial lesions? |
|
Definition
| -motor, sensory, respiratory, circulatory impairment |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of left hemisphere lesions? |
|
Definition
| loss of thinking ability, analytical skills and communication skills |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of right hemisphere trauma? |
|
Definition
| -behavior, spatial orientation, and interference with mobility |
|
|
Term
| What does "tentorial" mean? |
|
Definition
| It is a hypothetical division of forebrain and hind brain |
|
|
Term
| Which state of consciousness is associated with lethargy, confusion, disorientation, memory loss, unresponsiveness to verbal stimuli, and difficulty in arousal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What state of consciousness is associated with patient not responding to painful or verbal stimuli, flaccid body, some reflexes may be present, and slow and irregular pulse and respiration? |
|
Definition
| loss of consciousness or coma |
|
|
Term
| What state of consciousness is associated with loss of awareness of mental capability although brain stem functions may still be present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which state of consciousness is associated with EEG flat, no response or reflexes, and spontaneous respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased muscle tone and reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What is spastic contractures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to upper or lower motor neurons leads to weakness or paralysis of contralateral side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to upper or lower motor neurons causes weakness and paralysis of the same side:muscles are flaccid, reflex absent or hyperreflexia? |
|
Definition
| lower (damage in spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 12 cranial nerves in order |
|
Definition
I-olfactory
II-optic
III-oculomotor
IV-trochlear
V-trigeminal
VI-abducens
VII-facial
VIII-vestibulocochlear/auditory
IX-Glossopharyngeal
X-vagus
XI-spinal accessory
XII-hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the olfactory nerve? sensory or motor |
|
Definition
| olfactory (smell) information from the nose. sensory |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the optic nerve? sensory or motor |
|
Definition
| visual information from the eyes. sensory |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the oculomotor nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| Eye movement, pupil contraction, lens shape. motor |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the trochlear nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the trigeminal nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| sensory information from the face, mouth; motor signals for chewing. mixed |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the abducens nerve? is it sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the facial nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| sensory for taste, efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression. mixed |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| hearing and equilibrium. sensory |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| sensory from oral cavity, baro- and chemoreceptors in blood vessels, efferent for swallowing, parotid salivary gland excretion. mixed |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the vagus nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| sensory and efferent singals to many internal organs, muscles, and glands. mixed |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the spinal accessory nerve? sensory or mixed? |
|
Definition
| muscles of the oral cavity, some muscles of the neck and shoulder. motor |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve? sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Xray CT's used to visualize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is PET used to visualize? |
|
Definition
| pin point brain cells that are most active; brain metabolism and drug distribution |
|
|
Term
| what are MRI's used to visualize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To measure synaptic potentials produced at cell bodies and dendrites. used clinically to diagnose epilepsy and brain death |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of REM sleep? |
|
Definition
-dreams occur
-low amp, high frequency oscillations
-similar to wakefulness (beta waves) |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of Non-REM (resting) sleep? |
|
Definition
| -high amplitude, low-frequency waves (delta waves) |
|
|
Term
| Do water soluble or lipid soluble substance move easily across the BBB? |
|
Definition
lipid soluble (O2, CO2, steroid hormones, anesthetics, alcohol)
-water soluble are impermeable (glucose, amino acids, ions) |
|
|
Term
| What do astrocyte foot processes at the BBB do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the capillaries in the brain have pores between adjacent endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
| No. they are joined by tight junctions |
|
|
Term
| From where is CSF secreted? |
|
Definition
| choroid plexus in ventricles |
|
|
Term
| True or False: buoyancy of CSF increases weight of CNS. |
|
Definition
| False. it reduces the weight and puts less pressure on blood vessels and neurons |
|
|
Term
| Does the CSF have protein or RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does RBC in the CSF signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for decreased level of consciousness in terms of intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| pressure on RAS (brainstem) or cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for a headache in terms of intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| stretching or distortion of meninges or walls of large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for increasing blood pressure with increasing pulse pressure in terms of intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Cushing's reflex: response to cerebral ischemia causes systemic vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for slow heart rate in terms of intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| response to increasing blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for papilledema in terms of intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Increased pressure of CSF causes swelling around the optic disc |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for fixed or dilated pupils in terms of intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| pressure on cranial nerve III (oculomotor) |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves have their origin in the brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mnemonic for facial nerve examination? |
|
Definition
COWS
Close your eyes
Open (examiner tries to open patients eyes)
Wrinkle your forehead
Smile |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss? |
|
Definition
-conductive: waves aren't reaching TM
-sensorineural: nerve problem |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we have the patient say "ahhh" and open their mouth, what are we looking for? what nerve is this assessing? |
|
Definition
-that the palate elevates evenly to each side and uvula elevates midline
-CN X vagus |
|
|
Term
| which CN's control the gag reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysphagia can be caused by lesions of which CN's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric ulcers (symptoms: pain in the stomach while eating) are a major cause of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| trapezius and sternocleidomastoid |
|
|
Term
| How do we test cranial nerve XII? |
|
Definition
| have patient stick tongue out, see if it veers to one side |
|
|
Term
| What patients is adenosine given to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory? example? |
|
Definition
| inhibitory; valium causes you to go to sleep |
|
|
Term
| Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory? ex? |
|
Definition
| excitatory; MSG (monosodiumglutamate) |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 diseases associated with dopamine secretion |
|
Definition
| parkinson's and schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| What neuromodulator is known to effect BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lack of what neuromodulator causes depression? when does this increase? |
|
Definition
| serotonin, increases when u exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is a side effect of a histamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a drug that works like nitric oxide? What does too much NO cause? |
|
Definition
-viagra
-apoptosis--> stroke
-NO a friend or foe |
|
|
Term
| What is substance P associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do opioids increase of decrease the threshold for pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is angiotensin II a vasoconstrictor or dilator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neuromodulator does Dr. Ally think will someday cure obesity bc it turns off your appetite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe facial weakness caused by upper motor neurons |
|
Definition
| spare the forehead, the weakness affects mainly the inferior portion of the contralateral face |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of facial weakness caused by lower motor neuron lesions? |
|
Definition
| Does not spare forehead, causes weakness in entire ipsilateral face |
|
|
Term
| What causes Bell's palsy? |
|
Definition
LMN (peripheral) VIIth nerve weakness
(CN 7--> facial) |
|
|
Term
| What causes hemifacial spasm? |
|
Definition
| Irritation of CN 7 rather than loss |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 causes of conductive hearing loss? |
|
Definition
-cerumen in external auditory canal
-otitis
-perforation tympanic membrane
-sclerosis of middle ear ossicles |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of sensorineural hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| loud sounds, head trauma, viral infection, aging, CP angle tumors (esp. acoustic neuroma), Meniere's disease, meningitis |
|
|
Term
| Anatomically, where is a acoustic neuroma located? |
|
Definition
| where CN VIII enters the internal auditory meatus |
|
|
Term
| An acoustic neuroma on CN VIII can also put pressure on what other nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you stand up quickly and gravity pulls all the blood to your peripheral out of the brain and causes light headedness |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual cause of vertigo? |
|
Definition
| a lesion somewhere in the vestibular pathway (CN VIII) |
|
|
Term
| What is vestibular neuronitis? |
|
Definition
| Several days of intense vertigo, unsteadiness for weeks to months, it can be viral or inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 characteristics of Meniere's disease? What is the etiology? |
|
Definition
-recurrent vertigo, progressive hearing loss, tinnitus
-excess pressure in endolymphatic system |
|
|
