Term
| What are the 2 basic cells of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are found inside the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
support cells that provide nutrients, clear waste, and provide a physical matrix
also participate in neurotransmission by sending signals to neurons and receiving signals from them, control the establishment and maintenance of synapses, and form circuits and may contribute to synaptic plasticity |
|
|
Term
| What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems make up? |
|
Definition
| efferent nerves of the ANS |
|
|
Term
| Ventral horns of the spinal cord are _________ and dorsal horns are _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the olfactory n. for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the optic n. for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the oculomotor n. for? |
|
Definition
| eye movement (AO3--all others) |
|
|
Term
| What is the trochlear n. for ? |
|
Definition
| eye movement (SO4--superior oblique) |
|
|
Term
| What is the trigemical n. for? |
|
Definition
| facial sensation and chewing |
|
|
Term
| What is the abducens n. for? |
|
Definition
| eye movement (LR6--lateral rectus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the facial n. for? |
|
Definition
| taste and facial expression |
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibulocochlear (auditory) n. for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the glossopharyngeal n. for? |
|
Definition
| taste, salivation, and swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What is the vagus n. for? |
|
Definition
| abdominal organs and throat muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinal accessory n. for? |
|
Definition
| neck, shoulders, and head |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypoglossal n. for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the 5 major divisions of the brain is responsible for respiration and heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subdivisions make up the forebrain? |
|
Definition
telencephalon
diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What subdivisions make up the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subdivisions make up the hindbrain? |
|
Definition
metencephalon
myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the principle structures of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system |
|
|
Term
| What are the principle structures of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the principle structures of the mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the principle structures of the metencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the principle structures of the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| all structures from the thalamus to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What regulatory functions does the brainstem have? |
|
Definition
| eating, drinking, body temp, sleep/waking, basic movement, learning |
|
|
Term
| Where do spinal tracts cross? |
|
Definition
| decussation of the pyramids |
|
|
Term
| Where is the decussation of the pyramids? |
|
Definition
| very bottom of the medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay center for sensory information (touch, vision, hearing) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thalamus located? |
|
Definition
| near the middle of the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers from the thalamus go to? |
|
Definition
| primary sensory areas in the neocortex |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypothalamus do? |
|
Definition
| controls all aspects of motivated (pleasure/pain) and regulatory behavior |
|
|
Term
| Where is the hypothalamus located? |
|
Definition
| superior to the pituitary gland (reciprocal connections with it) |
|
|
Term
| What is considered the "master gland?" |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus (closely involved in regulation and secretion of hormones) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most rostral area of subconscious activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular formation? |
|
Definition
constellation of 90+ nuclei at the base of the brainstem
bundles of fibers as well as projections that pass through to the forebrain from the spinal cord
a host of regulatory vegetative functions
connections with cerebral cortex and thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conspicuous bulbous structure protruding from the posterior brain
"little brain" |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebellum involved in? |
|
Definition
| aspects of learning and coordination of skilled or smooth movement (posture, walking, equilibrium) |
|
|
Term
| What structures make up the brainstem? |
|
Definition
thalamus
hypothalamus
reticular formation
cerebellum
medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| three-layer cortical structure covering the periphery of the brainstem on the ventral surface of the lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What roles does the limbic system have? |
|
Definition
emotion
emotional learning and memory
spatial learning
olfaction (memories of odor) |
|
|
Term
| What structures makes up the limbic cortex? |
|
Definition
hippocampus
amygdala
fornix |
|
|
Term
| Where is the hippocampus located? |
|
Definition
| next to the lateral ventricle in the temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What is the hippocampus involved in? |
|
Definition
| learning and memory (along with the fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the amygdala located? |
|
Definition
| anterior to the hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| What is the only part of the limbic system that is responsible for emotional responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the amygdala involved in? |
|
Definition
emotional responses
learning and memory of emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of axons that connects the hippocampus with other regions of the brain, including the mammillary bodies (containing some of the hypothalamic nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| How many layers does the cerebral cortex have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the majority of the cerebral cortex surface called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is part of the cerebral cortex buried? |
|
Definition
| in the frontal lobes (insula--taste, sensation, and memory) |
|
|
Term
| About _____ of the brain surface is found in the sulci and fissures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulges between sulci or fissures |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of having sulci, fissures, and gyri? |
|
Definition
greatly enlarges the surface area of the brain
provides additional neurons for higher cognitive functions |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? |
|
Definition
| in front of the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary sensory cortex located? |
|
Definition
| behind the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
| What cells makes up the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
glia (support cells)
cell bodies
dendrites
interconnecting axons of neurons |
|
|
Term
| Why is the cerebral cortex called gray matter? |
|
Definition
| neuron cell bodies are grayish brown |
|
|
Term
| What causes white matter to be white? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebral cortex is _________ matter, and the area underneath it is ________ matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the longitudinal fissure divide? |
|
Definition
| cortex into left and right sides |
|
|
Term
| What does the central sulcus divide? |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior regions of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior cerebral cortex for? |
|
Definition
| planning and executing movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior cerebral cortex for? |
|
Definition
| sensation, perception, and learning |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The cerebral hemispheres perform equal and opposite one another. |
|
Definition
| false--they do NOT perform identical functions |
|
|
Term
| What type of functions are done in the left hemisphere? |
|
Definition
analytical (extraction of elements that make up a whole)
ex: good at recognizing serial events |
|
|
Term
| What type of functions are done in the right hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| synthesis (putting isolated elements together to perceive a whole) |
|
|
Term
| What structure unifies our perceptions and memories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest commissure of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross-hemispheric connection |
|
|
Term
| What is the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
collection of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain
lies beneath the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What are the major parts of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| What are the basal ganglia involved in? |
|
Definition
| control of movement (frontal lobe) |
|
|
Term
| What does Parkinson's disease result from? |
|
Definition
| degeneration of the connections between the midbrain and the caudate nucleus and putamen |
|
|
Term
| What is the frontal lobe for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parietal lobe for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the temporal lobe for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the occiptal lobe for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 areas of the cerebral cortex receive contralateral information from the sensory organs? |
|
Definition
primary visual cortex
primary auditory cortex
primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary visual cortex located? |
|
Definition
| back of the brain on the inner surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres (upper and lower parts of the calcarine fissure) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary auditory cortex located? |
|
Definition
| upper surface of the lateral fissure on the side of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located? |
|
Definition
| vertical strip of cortex caudal to the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
| What information does the primary somatosensory cortex receive? |
|
Definition
| body senses (primarily touch, pressure, pain) |
|
|
Term
| All information in the cerebral cortex is ________ whereas in the cerebellum, it is __________. |
|
Definition
| contralateral; ipsilateral |
|
|
Term
| What is the rest of the cerebral cortex made up of (besides the primary parts)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin, web-like membrane just under the dura mater |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
| large blood vessels and CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adheres to the surface of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| How many ventricles are there in the brain? |
|
Definition
| 4 (2 lateral, 3rd, and 4th) |
|
|
Term
| What is the central canal? |
|
Definition
| small canal that runs the length of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the choroid plexus? |
|
Definition
| network of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles and produce CSF |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
endothelial cells (tight junctions in betwen)
pericytes
astrocytes (end-foot processes) |
|
|
Term
| What is important to know about circumventricular organs? |
|
Definition
| have a poor blood brain barrier and are therefore affected by anything in the CSF |
|
|
Term
| What is a circumventricular organ that is associated with the nausea/vomiting center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with an extracranial hematoma? |
|
Definition
| hemorrhage within the "danger space" |
|
|
Term
| What happens with an epidural hematoma? |
|
Definition
| middle meningeal artery tears |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a subarachnoid hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| aneurysm of a branch of the middle cerebral artery ruptures |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a subdural hematoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does an extracranial hemorrhage become dangerous? |
|
Definition
| if accompanied by a depressed skull fracture (pieces could be driven into the brain by pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common lumbar puncture site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes normal pressure hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| decreased CSF absorption at the arachnoid villi |
|
|
Term
| What are other names for normal pressure hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
non-obstructive
communicating |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies 70% of cerebral blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arteries supply the other 30% of cerebral blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ophthalmic artery stroke cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a ophthalmic artery stroke? |
|
Definition
| ischemia in internal carotid |
|
|
Term
| What does middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke cause? |
|
Definition
contralateral motor and sensory deficits in the face and arm (more than leg)
aphasia in the dominant (left) hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| What does anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke cause? |
|
Definition
| contralateral motor and sensory deficits in the leg (more than arm) and face |
|
|
Term
| Where are the most common sites for aneurysms in the anterior circulation? |
|
Definition
anterior communicating a.
posterior communicating a. |
|
|
Term
| A typical descending pathway consists of a series of what 2 types of motor neurons? |
|
Definition
upper motor neurons (UMNs)
lower motor neurons (LMNs) |
|
|
Term
| What are UMNs responsible for? |
|
Definition
| conveying impulses for voluntary motor activity |
|
|
Term
| UMNs send fibers to the ______ and exert direct or indirect supranuclear control over them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do LMNs directly innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UMNs are entirely within the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
brainstem |
|
|
Term
| UMNs form ___________ tracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Betz's giant pyramidal neurons? |
|
Definition
| distinct group of neurons in layer 5 that initiate the contraction of the small groups of the skeletal muscles and control the force and contraction (along with other smaller neurons) |
|
|
Term
| Axons from the cortical areas form the ______ and ______ tracts. |
|
Definition
| corticospinal; corticobulbar |
|
|
Term
| The corticobulbar tract projects bilaterally to which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corticospinal tract decussates (75-90%) in the lower _______ and forms the __________ tract. The remaining fibers form the ________ tract. |
|
Definition
medulla; lateral corticospinal
ventral corticospinal |
|
|
Term
| What do corticospinal axons provide? |
|
Definition
| direct and strong glutaminergic excitatory input to alpha motorneurons |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of UMN disorders? |
|
Definition
loss of dexterity and voluntary skillful movements
stiffness, slowness, clumsiness (especially with rapid repetitive motions) |
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark of UMN disease? |
|
Definition
spasticity
pseudobulbar palsy |
|
|
Term
| With an UMN disorder, weakness is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With an UMN disorder, weakness will be noted in the _________ of the upper extremities and __________ of the lower extremies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UMN disorders are characterized by pathological __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characterizes pseudobulbar palsy and what type of disorder is it associated with? |
|
Definition
associated with UMN disorder
sudden unmotivated crying or laughing |
|
|
Term
| Where do the remainder of UMNs decussate (the ones that didn't cross at the medulla)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do most UMNs synpase with? |
|
Definition
| association neurons in the spinal cord central gray matter |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the pyramidal system? |
|
Definition
corticospinal tract
corticobulbar tract |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the lateral corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal fibers that have crossed in the medulla |
|
|
Term
| What does the lateral corticospinal tract supply? |
|
Definition
| all levels of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| uncrossed corticospinal fibers that cross near the level of the synapse with LMNs |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the corticospinal tracts? |
|
Definition
-add speed and agility to conscious movements (especially those of the hand)
-provide a high degree of motor control (ie. movement of the fingers) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a corticospinal tract lesion? |
|
Definition
reduced muscle tone
clumsiness
weakness (not complete paralysis) |
|
|
Term
| What causes complete paralysis? |
|
Definition
| involvement of both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems |
|
|
Term
| What does the corticobulbar tract innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do most fibers of the corticobulbar tract terminate? |
|
Definition
| reticular formation near cranial nerve nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What do the association neurons in the corticobulbar tract do? |
|
Definition
-leave reticular formation and synapse in cranial nerve nuclei
-synapse with LMNs |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the extrapyramidal system? |
|
Definition
descending motor tracts that do not pass through medullary pyramids or corticobulbar tracts
rubrospinal tracts
vestulospinal tracts
reticulospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LMNs form the __________ horn of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons make up LMNs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurons make up the spinal and cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brainstem and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of LMN disorders? |
|
Definition
weakness
muscle atrophy, hyporeflexia
muscle hypotonicity and flaccidity
fasciculations
muscle cramps |
|
|
Term
| What causes the weakness associated with LMN lesions? |
|
Definition
| denervation as well as decreased number of functional LMN units reduces overall muscle strength |
|
|
Term
| _________ make up the majority of the neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and determine the final output of the LMNs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurons convey the information for voluntarily highly skillful movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Poliomyelitis is a disorder of UMNs/LMNs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some disorders of LMNs? |
|
Definition
poliomyelitis
multifocal motor neuropathy
benign focal amyotrophy
Hopkins' syndrome
SMA
bulbospinal muscular atrophy (BSMA)
pirmary muscular atrophy PMA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prototypical disorder of acute LMN dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes acute poliomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| RNA poliovirus (Enterovirus picornavirus) |
|
|
Term
| What has eradicated acute poliomyelitis from the Western hemisphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minor illness associated with exposure to poliovirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major illness associated with exposure to poliovirus? |
|
Definition
resembles aseptic meningitis
50% progress to paralytic disease within 2-5 days |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes the paralytic phase of polio? |
|
Definition
localized fasciculations
severe myalgia
hyperesthesia
fulminant focal and asymmetrical paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body are more affected by polio? |
|
Definition
| leg muscles (more than arm, respiratory, and bulbar muscles) |
|
|
Term
| How long does recovery from polio take? |
|
Definition
80% recovery in 6 months
continues over the next 18-24 months |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 clinically important spinal cord pathways? |
|
Definition
dorsal column
spinothalamic tract
lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the dorsal column? |
|
Definition
ascending pressure
vibration
touch
proprioception |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the spinothalamic tract? |
|
Definition
ascending pain
temperature sensation |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the lateral corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| descending voluntary movement or contralateral limbs |
|
|
Term
| Where do UMNs of the lateral corticospinal tract synapse? |
|
Definition
| cell body of anterior horn of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where do LMNs of the lateral corticospinal tract synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with an UMN lesion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| contralateral paralysis of lower face only |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a LMN lesion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face |
|
|
Term
| Bell's palsy is a UMN/LMN lesion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bell's palsy can occur __________. |
|
Definition
| idiopathically (gradual recovery in most cases) |
|
|
Term
| Bell's palsy is a complication of what conditions? |
|
Definition
AIDS
Lyme disease
sarcoidosis
tumors
diabetes
"ALexander Bell with STD" |
|
|
Term
| What causes ipsilateral flaccid paralysis with loss of reflexes in the face? |
|
Definition
| LMN lesion of facial nerve (Bell's palsy) |
|
|
Term
| What causes contralateral paralysis of the lower face only? |
|
Definition
| UMN lesion of corticobulbar tract (facial n.) |
|
|
