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Definition
| convolution in the left parietal lobe that is critical for language processing |
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| long subcortical association tract connecting posterior and anterior speech-language areas in the cerebrum |
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unimodal-only 1 type of info is processed, areas elaborate on info received at nearby primary motor and sensory areas, related to motor or sensory input
polymodal- found in close proximity to unimodal areas, near primary reception cortex, linked to processing two or more kinds of sensory info, matches present with past sensory info.
supramodal-highlest level of processing, not directly linked with sensory or motor functions, prefrontal areas |
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| a type of glial cell with numerous sheetlike processes extending from its body that are thought to provide nutrients for neurons and may have some info storage function |
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| straight, relatively unbranched process of a nerve cell, literally defined as the axis |
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| subcortical structures, part of the extrapyramidal system associated with motor control of tone and posture |
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| part of the brain connecting the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum; contains medulla, pons, and mesencephalon |
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| major speech language center in the dominant frontal lobe; important for expression of language |
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| the brain and the spinal cord structures |
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| cauliflower shaped brain structure located just above the brainstem at the base of the skull |
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| the major portion of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres, that contains the cortex and its underlying white matter as well as the basal ganglia and other basal structures |
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| structures located in certain parts of the ventricle that are composed of fused ependymal and pia mater cells and associated capillaries; makes and secretes cerebrospinal fluid for circulation |
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| the ridge on the surface of the cerebrum located between the cingulated sulcus and the sulcus of the corpus callosum |
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| little "hills" or mounds within the brain: the superior and inferior colliculi are found in the midbrain |
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| the largest transversal commisure between the hemispheres; 4 inches long |
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| the short branching processes of a nerve cell |
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| the part of the forebrain between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain; includes thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle, and epithalamus |
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| glial cells that compose the lining of the ventricles and the choroid plexuses, these cells function to help make cerebrospinal fluid |
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| nerve fiber bundle forming a connection between groups of neurons in the central nervous system; also known as a tract |
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| groove on the surface of the brain or spinal cord |
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| nerve cells with common form, function, and connections that are grouped outside the CNS |
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| cellular elements, of which there are several types, that support and expedite the activity of the neurons; glial cells outnumber the neurons 10:1, also called neuroglial cells |
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| grayish substance of brain and spinal cord composed of neuronal and glial cell bodies, unmyelinated nerve fibers and synapses |
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| convolution of the temporal lobe that is the cortical center for hearing; runs obliquely outward and forward from the posterior part of the lateral sulcus |
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| caricature mapping the connections between the area of the motor or sensory cortex and the innervated body part; literally means little man |
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| portion of the brain that composes part of the third ventricle; critical to autonomic and endocrine function, including rage and aggression, regulations of body temperature, and nutrient intake; also exerts neural control over pituitary gland |
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| to supply with efferent nerve impulses |
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| the hidden lobe; concealed within the depths of the lateral fissue by overgrowth of opercula of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. peel temp lobe away |
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| anterior portion of the large white band of descending axons |
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| lentiform/ lenticular nucleus |
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Definition
| putamen and globus pallidus grouped together |
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| interconnected nuclei in the telencephalon and diencephalon;nfunctions include self preservation and activities and behaviors including emotions, sexual behaviors, memory, olfaction, sensory processing; composed of the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, insular cortex, and cingulate gyrus |
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| also known as myelencephalon; caudal segment of the brainstem, rostral from the foramen magnum to the pons |
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| the fatty substance surrounding some axons that speeds neural transmission; myelin-covered areas are the white matter of the brain |
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| cellular elements, of which there are several types, that support and expedite the activity of the neurons; glial cells outnumber the neurons 10:1 |
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| posterior portion of each hemisphere that forms the posterior-lateral surface of the brain; location of visual cortex; area involved with vision |
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| type of glial cell that produces myelin for neurons in the CNS |
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| between the collateral sulcus and the hippocampal sulcus on the inferior surface of each hemisphere |
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| associative areas of the cortex containing structures that form an uninterrupted girdle around the medial and basal aspects of the cerebral hemispheres; includes the caudal orbitofrontal cortex, insula, temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, and cingulate complex |
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| upper and central portion of each hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes and above the temporal lobe |
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| damage here may result in difficulty attending to the contralateral side of space, this is called left neglect, clock drawinf test |
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| cranial and spinal nerves and their branches |
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| cortex surrounding the sylvian fissure in the dominant temporal lobe; site where the major neurological components for understanding and producing languages are found |
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| the part of the brainstem that lies between the medulla and the midbrain |
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| area in the frontal lobe in the front of the premotor cortex and inferior to the prefrontal cortex; responsible for sensory guidance of movement and control of proximal and trunk muscles |
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| found in frontal lobes of precentral gyri, the bilateral cortical strips from which voluntary movement pathways are initiated, motor strip serves as a source of descending motor pathways, projecting to lower levels of the nervous system |
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| a pathway leading from the receptor of a sensory stimulus to the motor response; response is known as automatic reflex action *KNEE* |
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| relating to or denoting a sensation (such as pressure, pain, or warmth) that can occur anywhere in the body, in contrast to one localized at a sense organ (such as sight, balance, or taste) |
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| caudate and putamen grouped together |
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| a mass of gray matter extending from the upper border of the pons into the subthalamus |
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| region composed of subcortical structures of the basal ganglia located below the thalamus |
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| groove on surface of brain or spinal cord; also known as fissues |
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| motor area discovered by Wilder G. Penfield located on the ventral surface of the precentral and postcentral gyri; main fxn is controlling sequential movements |
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| convolution in the inferior parietal lobe surrounding the posterior end of the sylvian fissure |
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| juncture or connection; functional connection of one neuron with another |
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| roof of the midbrain; location of superior and inferior colliculi |
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| bounded superiorly by lateral fissure and posteriorly by occipital lobe; center for auditory processing |
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Definition
| two oval nods located at the base of the cerebrum; serves as a relay station for all sensory stimulation; consists of gray matter |
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Definition
| major speech language center in the dominant temporal lobe ; important for language COMPREHENSION |
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Term
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| substance of the brain and spinal cord consisting of myelinated fibers and containing NO neuronal cell bodies or synapses; in a freshly sectioned brain it glistens white because of the high content of lipid-rich myelin; also called fimbria |
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Term
| The human communication nervous system consists of the |
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Definition
| The human communication nervous system consists of the CNS and PNS |
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Term
| A bilipid layer surrounds the cell body of a neuron. The neuron has ? |
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Definition
| one axon, which carries impulses away from the cell body and may have dendrites that carry info to cell body |
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| what are the main types of neuroglial cells? |
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Definition
| Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma cells. Each has its own purpose, primarily providing structural support & envinron maintenance for the work of the neurons. |
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Term
Gray-appearing areas of the brain contain ?
White-appearing areas ? |
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Definition
the nuclei of cell bodies.
signal the presence of myelinated fiber tracts |
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Term
| Cortex organized into 6 horizontal layers. Tell me about them |
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Definition
| The most recent (phylogenetically) cortical tissue is called neocortex. Cortical-like tissue with five to three layers is found in paralimbic and limbic system structures |
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Term
Brain is two hemispheres, L & R, w communication bw the 2 primarily occurring through the commissural fiber pathway called the ?
What side is dominant for lang? |
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Definition
| corpus callosum. Most people, left is dom for lang. |
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Term
| Gyri (elev) & sulci (depressions) on the lateral & medial surfaces of the brain provide? |
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Definition
| important landmarks for delineating the four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital. |
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Term
| Important functional areas located in the frontal lobe are? |
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Definition
| primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca's area, and the prefrontal association cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| debris caused by cellular deterioration |
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Term
| Injury to the gyri and sulci can lead to? |
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Definition
| certain types of language disorders and other types of neurobehavioral disorders |
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Term
| important functional areas in temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| Heschl's Gyrus aka primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area |
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Term
| Important functions of parietal lobes? |
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Definition
| primary sensory cortex, angular gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus |
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Term
| important functional areas in occipital lobes are? |
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Definition
| primary visual cortex and visual association cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| an older area of cortex located deep in the sylvian fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| in the dominant hemisphere and is the major area for understanding and producing language |
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Term
| cerebral connections are made by? |
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Definition
| projection fibers to distant structures, association fibers, and commisural fibers |
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Term
| how much of cortex is association? |
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Definition
| 86%, some unimodal, some polymodal |
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Term
| highest level of processing is carried on? |
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Definition
| in supramodal association areas which are not associated with any particular type of info |
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| what areas have supramodal capability? |
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Definition
| prefrontal association area, perisylvian area, and limbic areas |
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| limbic system structures? |
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Definition
HIPPO HAT
hypthalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus |
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Term
| paralimbic abd limbic areas associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| diencephalon composed of? |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and pituitary gland, |
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Term
| what is the main relay structure of brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is concerned with autonomic and endocrine functions? |
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Definition
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Term
| the brainstem consists of? |
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Definition
| midbrain, pons, and medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclei of most of the cranial nerves which control sensory input and motor output of oral and facial musculature |
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Term
| basal ganglia/nuclei are? |
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Definition
| groups of subcortical nuclei found deep within the brain |
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Term
| structures of basal ganglia are? |
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra |
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Term
| the structures of the basal ganglia function in? |
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Definition
| regulation and control of motor movement, muscle tone, and planning for movement |
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Term
| damage to the basal ganglia can lead to |
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Definition
| hypo/hyper kinesia and characteristic motor speech disorders |
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Term
| putamen and globus pallidus are sometimes grouped and called ? |
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Definition
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Term
| caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus grouped together as? |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 hemispheres and located at base of cerebrum connected through penduncles primarily to the pons |
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Term
cerebellum plays important roll in?
damage occurs? |
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Definition
postural stability, fixation, and in learning a novel motor act.
specific motor speech disorder |
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Term
| spinal cord five regions? |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
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Term
| center of spinal cord consists of? |
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Definition
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Term
| ventral portion of spinal cord is? |
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Definition
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| anterior portion of spinal cord contails? |
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Definition
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| dorsal part of spinal cord? |
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Definition
| mediates sensation through dorsal nuclei. White matter tracts ascend from and descend to the spinal cord, mediating motor output and sensation to limbs and trunk |
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