Term
| autonomic nervous system does what? |
|
Definition
| sends/receives messages to regulate automatic behaviors of body |
|
|
Term
| autonomic nervous system is part of what system? |
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| two neuron efferent pathways of autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| preganglionic and postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| two subsytems of autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| sympathetic division, parasympathetic division |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic (stress) : function |
|
Definition
| fight or flight - pupils dilate, brochodilation, heartbeat faster, stop digestion, piloerection, blood vessel vasoconstriction so blood can pump through body easier |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: preganglionic neurons - origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: preganglionic neurons - length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: preganglionic neurons - transmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: postganglionic neurons - length |
|
Definition
| longer (have to connect to rest of body which can be long distances like thoracic to eye) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: postganglionic neurons - transmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic (peace): function |
|
Definition
| rest and digest - pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction (slower breath), slow heart rate, more digestion, salivation/lacrimation, intestinal vasodilation so food can get through |
|
|
Term
| parasymathetic: preganglionic neurons - origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasymathetic: preganglionic neurons - length |
|
Definition
| a little longer than postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| parasymathetic: preganglionic neurons - transmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic: postganglionic neurons - length |
|
Definition
| a little shorter than preganglionic |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic: postganglionic neurons - transmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic: postganglionic neurons - origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. long tracts (ascending/descending) pass through brainstem
2. most cranial nerves emerge from brainstem
3. involved in autonomic/higher order functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision, hearing, eye movement, body movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor control, sensory analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintaining vital body functions (breathing, heart rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain (2 from cerebrum, 10 from brainstem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory and motor functions, each nerve is one or the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory and motor functions (specialized), some nerves are both |
|
|
Term
| where are motor cranial nerve nuclei located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sensory cranial nerve nuclei located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens |
|
Definition
| olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, (spinal) accessory, hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptors location |
|
Definition
| within nasal cavity (directly interact odorants) |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory cell bodies location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomeruli receive input from... |
|
Definition
| same part of olfactory receptor from all receptors (like the lilac receptor part info goes to lilac glomeruli) |
|
|
Term
| olfactory nerve is made up of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampal formation |
|
|
Term
| piriform cortex is part of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| piriform is like mosaic of odors so that.... |
|
Definition
| it can perceive a complex odor mixture as unique object (lilac, jasmine, and honey as my favorite candle) |
|
|
Term
| organ that has emotional response to odor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs odors with memories, connected with amygdala |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detects pheromones, does not appear in human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper motor neurons from tongue region of primary motor cortex: projects to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper motor neurons from tongue region of primary motor cortex: descussates before projecting to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypoglossal nucleus is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyploglossal nerve formed by... |
|
Definition
| lower motor neurons of hypoglossal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| hypoglossal nerve: function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exemplary autonomic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vagus means wandering because... |
|
Definition
| it travels throughout body |
|
|
Term
| vagus parasympathetic functions |
|
Definition
| reduces heart rate/blood pressure etc |
|
|
Term
| where do preganglionic parasympathetic neurons arise from in vagus? |
|
Definition
| dorsal motor nucleus (in medulla) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trigeminal nerve function |
|
Definition
| muscles of mastication, tensor tympani muscle |
|
|
Term
| sensory divisions of trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
| V1 (opthalmic), V2 (maxillary), V3 (mandibular) |
|
|
Term
| (trigeminal nerve) chief trigeminal sensory nucleus, trigeminal lemniscus, dorsal trigeminothalamic tracts: FUNCTION |
|
Definition
| fine touch, dental pressure |
|
|
Term
| spinal trigeminal nucleus, trigeminothalamic tract: FUNCTION |
|
Definition
| crude touch, pain, temperature |
|
|
Term
| jaw jerk reflex flow of info (trigeminal nerve) |
|
Definition
| sensory info (tap) to motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve then jaw closes |
|
|
Term
| monosynaptic stretch reflex example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reticular formation: location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reticular formation: structure |
|
Definition
| net-like, interrelated/interconnected nuclei (not specific system) |
|
|
Term
| rostral reticular formation: location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rostral reticular formation modulates... |
|
Definition
| arousal, attention, waking, consciousness |
|
|
Term
| caudal reticular formation: location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
caudal reticular formation deals with what functions?
works with what other things to carry out these functions? |
|
Definition
motor, reflex, autonomic
with cranial nerve nuclei and spinal chord |
|
|
Term
| reticular formation: autonomic functions: baroreceptors do what? |
|
Definition
| respond to changes in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| reticular formation: autonomic functions: chemoreceptors do what? |
|
Definition
| respond to levels of o2 and co2 |
|
|
Term
| flow of info for autonomic response in reticular formation (parasympathetic response) |
|
Definition
| sensory info via CN IX (9) and CN X (10), then goes to nucleus of solitary tract, then goes to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, then you have parasympathetic response |
|
|
Term
| flow of info for autonomic response in reticular formation (sympathetic response) |
|
Definition
| sensory info via CN IX (9) and CN X (10), then goes to nucleus of solitary tract, then to preganglionic neurons in spinal chord, then you have sympathetic response |
|
|
Term
| response to rise in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| baroreceptors stretch, action potentials increase, parasympathetic response more, sympathetic response less, blood pressure vasodilates, heart rate decreases |
|
|
Term
| response to drop in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| baroreceptors constrict, action potentials decrease, parasympathetic response less, sympathetic response more, blood pressure vasoconstricts, heart rate increase |
|
|
Term
| descending motor pathways originating from brain stem |
|
Definition
| rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal |
|
|
Term
| cranial nerve nuclei mediate basic reflexive motor functions such as.... |
|
Definition
| coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, yawning, shivering, gagging, swallowing, laughing, crying |
|
|
Term
| reticular formation: what is the "content" of consciousness? |
|
Definition
| sensations, thoughts, feelings, experiences, sense of self hood |
|
|
Term
| consciousness involves systems mediating what functions? |
|
Definition
| sensory, motor, memory, emotional |
|
|
Term
| alertness is mediated by... |
|
Definition
| brainstem, diencephalic arousal circuits, cortex |
|
|
Term
| attention is mediated by... |
|
Definition
| brainstem, diencephalic arousal circuits, cortex, frontoparietal association cortex |
|
|
Term
| awareness is mediated by... |
|
Definition
| many regions working together (coordinate sensory, motor, emotional, mnemonic) |
|
|
Term
| because they are related to consciousness, lesions in what areas can lead to coma? |
|
Definition
| bilateral hypothalamic lesions (from rostral pons to hypothalamus) |
|
|
Term
| parallel arousal systems: in brainstem |
|
Definition
| lc, ldt, ppt, raphe, reticular formation, SN/VTA (each do different neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
| parallel arousal systems: in hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| TMN, orexin containing neurons |
|
|
Term
| parallel arousal systems: in BF (basal forebrain) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parallel arousal systems: in thalamus |
|
Definition
| neurons containing glutamate |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of parallel arousal systems (2) |
|
Definition
| diffuse projections, neuromodulation (except if they use glutamate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuron can release neurotransmitter at many different levels and bifurcate |
|
|
Term
Methods to study sleep/arousal: how does EEG work?
problems with EEG? |
|
Definition
measures electricity of thousands of neurons at once (you can only hear an audience when everyone is screaming at once),
bad spatial resolution |
|
|
Term
| noradrenergic projection system: locus ceruleus neurons do what during waking and what during slow wave sleep? |
|
Definition
| increase firing during waking, decrease firing during sleep |
|
|
Term
| noradrenergic projection system: 3 disorders norepinephrine plays a role in |
|
Definition
| ADD, narcolepsy, depression |
|
|
Term
| noradrenergic projection system: noradregergic neurons in what regions control blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| lateral tegmental area, caudal pons, medulla |
|
|
Term
| noradrenergic projection system: more noradregergic stimulation/excitation equals sleepiness or arousal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serotonin projection system: firing rates of neurons in raphe nuclei |
|
Definition
| highest during wakefulness, lower during SWS, stop during REM (PS) |
|
|
Term
| serotonin projection system: SIDs and serotonin |
|
Definition
| impaired arousal response to hypoventilation |
|
|
Term
| acetylcholine projection system: firing rates of pontomesenphalic neurons |
|
Definition
| high during wakefulness, lower during SWS, higher during REM (PS) |
|
|
Term
| which nuclei in basal ganglia is major source of acetylcholine in cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nuclei in basal ganglia is major source of acetylcholine in hippocampus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetycholinesterase inhibitor does what for REM and wakefulness? |
|
Definition
| prolongs REM, keeps you awake |
|
|
Term
| dopamine systems: mesostriatal pathway - origin, main targets, disorders related to disregulation |
|
Definition
origin - substantia nigra pars compacta
targets - caudate, putamen
disorders - parkinson's (movement) |
|
|
Term
| dopamine systems: mesolimbic pathway - origin, main targets, disorders related to disregulation |
|
Definition
origin - ventral tegmental area
targets - limbic structures
disorders - schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| dopamine systems: mesocortical pathway - origin, main targets, disorders related to disregulation |
|
Definition
origin - ventral tegmental area
targets - prefrontal cortex
disorders - parkinson's (cognition) |
|
|
Term
| difference between REM and awake on EEG |
|
Definition
| REM has lower muscle tone and brainstem monoaminergic neurotransmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixes lots of different tests including biological measures (with continuous recordings) |
|
|
Term
| stimulating reticular formation of cat makes them... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective/energy conservation, restoration, info consolidation, self-cleaning via glymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| circuitry of non rem sleep: location |
|
Definition
| VLPO in anterior hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| circuitry of non rem sleep: function |
|
Definition
| inhibits via GABA projections |
|
|
Term
| circuitry of non REM sleep: where's the GABA projections? |
|
Definition
| orexin neuron in lateral nucleus, histamine neurons in posterior hypothalamus, brainstem arousal centers |
|
|
Term
| circuitry of REM: flow of process |
|
Definition
| inhibit norepinephrine/serotonin/histamine, lower inhibition from cholinergic neurons in PPT/LDT, higher acetylcholine, this generates pontogeniculo occipital waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balance, posture, coordination of voluntary movements, motor learning, cognitive functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebellum is not completely mature at birth in dogs/cats |
|
|
Term
| cerebellar deep nuclei: function |
|
Definition
| sole output structures of cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because it's a "tiny brain" it has it's own cortex, divided into several regions |
|
|
Term
| what subdivides the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellum divisions: anterior lobe is separated from posterior lobe by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellum divisions: posterior lobe is separated from flocculonodular lobe by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sagittal zones of cerebellum |
|
Definition
| vermis (worm), intermediate zone, lateral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum: lateral hemispheres - function, motor pathways influenced |
|
Definition
| motor planning for extremities, lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum: intermediate hemispheres - function, motor pathways influenced |
|
Definition
| distal limb coordination, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum: vermis/flocculonodular lobe - function, motor pathways influenced |
|
Definition
proximal limb/trunk coordination/balance and vestibulo-ocular reflexes
medial longitudinal fasciculus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "drunk" gait, lesions confined to cerebellar vermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affect outer extremities, lesions on intermediate/later portions of cerebellar hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fiber bundles that carry input/output of cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| cerebellar peduncles: inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
| afferents (input) from medulla, efferents (outputs) from vestibular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| cerebellar peduncles: middle cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellar peduncles: superior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
| output from cerebellar nuclei, some input from spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of cerebellar cortex |
|
Definition
| granule layer (smallest neurons), purkinje layer (big branching, 1 cell thick), molecular layer (axons of granule cells, dendrites of purkinje cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
input from pons goes through cerebellar white matter for excitatory response on dendrites of granules
granules send axons into molecular layer which forms parallel fibers
each parallel fiber forms excitatory synaptic contacts with hundreds of purkinje cells |
|
|
Term
| mossy fiber inputs: summary |
|
Definition
| firing of each purkinje cell can be influenced by thousands of mossy fibers |
|
|
Term
| climbing fiber: conclusion |
|
Definition
| restricted but powerful excitatory input to purkinje cells (each purkinje gets excitatory input from single climbing fiber) |
|
|
Term
| climbing fiber arises exclusively from... |
|
Definition
| contralateral inferior olivary nucleus |
|
|
Term
| purkinje cells are sole... |
|
Definition
| output for cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| purkinje cells form inhibitory synapses with.... |
|
Definition
| deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| neuronal # in cerebellum: what's interesting? |
|
Definition
| 3.6 times more neurons than neocortex and more neurons than rest of brain combined |
|
|
Term
| cerebellum is active during what fMRI task? |
|
Definition
| non motor tasks (spacial learning, language) |
|
|
Term
| more subtle cerebellum problems |
|
Definition
| language, cognition, affect (emotion) |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar regionalized function: right hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar regionalized function: left hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar regionalized function: bilateral regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiates movements (eye), emotion/cognition (habit formation) |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: structures |
|
Definition
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
sometimes nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: dorsal striatum: structures sort of |
|
Definition
| caudate and putamen seperated by internal capsule white matter tract (connect via cellular bridges) |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: dorsal striatum: function |
|
Definition
| motor control, habit learning |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: ventral striatum: parts |
|
Definition
| nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: ventral striatum: function |
|
Definition
| goal directed behavior, reward circuitry |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: globus pallidus: parts |
|
Definition
| internal segment, external segment |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: substantia nigra: location/parts |
|
Definition
| in midbrain, pars reticulate and pars compacta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventral, cells similar to internal globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal, has dopaminergic neurons |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: subthalamic nucleus: location, function |
|
Definition
| below thalamus, DBS on subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia (sort of): nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum |
|
Definition
| mediate motivation and reward (unrelated to movement) |
|
|
Term
| inputs to basal ganglia come from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outputs leave basal ganglia in.... |
|
Definition
| globus pallidus (then project to thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: inputs: locations |
|
Definition
| cortex, thalamus (internal medullary lamina), substantia nigra (dopamine neurons) |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: inputs: types |
|
Definition
| mostly excitatory (some inhibitory) |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: outputs: locations |
|
Definition
arise from substantia nigra pars reticulate, internal GP
project to thalamus |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia: outputs: types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia outputs: indirect pathway: summary |
|
Definition
| excitation of this pathway inhibits motor movement |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia outputs: indirect pathway: excitation of pathway leads to... |
|
Definition
| excitation of cortical projections to spiny neurons, this increases inhibition in spiny neuron projections to GPe, the inhibition of GPe neurons disinhibits projections to STN, disinhibition of STN excites GPi neurons, excited GPi neurons inhibit thalamus with makes a net inhibition on motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia outputs: direct pathway: summary |
|
Definition
| excitation of pathway excites motor movement |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia outputs: direct pathway: excitation of pathway leads to... |
|
Definition
| more inhibition of spiny neuron projections which inhibits GPi which disinhibits inhibitor projections to thalamus (next excitation) |
|
|
Term
| nigrostriatal pathway does what to direct and indirect pathways? |
|
Definition
| excites direct, inhibits indirect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in direct pathway (striatal neurons), depolarize the cell in response to dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in indirect pathway (striatal neurons), hyperpolarize cell in response to dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trouble initiating movement |
|
|
Term
| parkinson's: pathway problem |
|
Definition
| SN dopaminergic neurons die so direct and indirect pathway is messed up (direct is not being excited, indirect in not being inhibited) |
|
|
Term
| DBS does what to indirect pathway in order reduce symptoms of parkinson's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much movement (no control) |
|
|
Term
| huntington's: pathway problem |
|
Definition
| indirect pathway problem, GPe no longer gets inhibited (indirect pathway is being inhibited too much in general) |
|
|
Term
| (cerebellum inputs) cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway: flow of info |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex (cortico-olivary fibers) to corona radiata/internal capsule, to inferior olivary nuclei, then to inferior cerebellar peduncle, then terminate as climbing fibers |
|
|
Term
| (cerebellum inputs) corticopontocerebellar pathway: flow of info |
|
Definition
| corticopontine fibers go to pontine nuclei, then pontocerebellar fibers enter contralateral cerebellar peduncle, then give rise to mossy fibers which reach cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| spinocerebellar pathways: function |
|
Definition
| regulates body and limb movements |
|
|
Term
| spinocerebellar pathways: inputs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spinocerebellar pathways: region where it synapses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vestibulocerebellar pathway: function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vestibulocerebellar pathway: inputs |
|
Definition
| vestibular nuclei, semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| cerebellar output pathways deep nucleus: lateral cerebellar hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellar output pathways deep nucleus: intermediate hemispheres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellar output pathways deep nucleus: vermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellar output pathways: inferior vermis, flocculondular lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| later cerebellar hemisphere projects to (besides cerebral cortex)... |
|
Definition
| parvocellular red nucleus |
|
|
Term
| intermediate cerebellar hemispheres projects to (besides cerebral cortex)... |
|
Definition
| magnocellular red nucleus |
|
|
