Term
| what neurotransmitter molecule is low in parkinsons |
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Definition
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Term
| why is dopamine not an affective treatment of parkinsons |
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Definition
| it does not readily penetrate the blood brain barrier |
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Term
| what is important for a biophyscologist and illustrated by lizard man |
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Definition
| knowledge of the fundamentals of neural conduction and synaptic transmission |
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Definition
differnce in electrical charge between inside ad outside of cell
-helps understand how neurons work and malfunction |
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Definition
similar to other somatic cells
They are distinctive in their variety of size, shape, and function
This is unlike other body cells such as liver and heart |
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Term
| to record a membrane potential... |
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Definition
| one electrode tip is placed inside neuron and the other outside the neuron |
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Term
| intracellular electrodes are called |
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Definition
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Definition
| one thousand milimeter and cannot be seen by the naked eye |
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Term
| a neurons resting potential is |
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Definition
-70 mV
the charge is said to be polarized |
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Term
| In all neural tissue the salt separates into what |
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Definition
| neg and pos charged particles called ions |
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Term
| The charge is greater in or out of the neuron |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
homogenizing factor
ions in constant randm motion and become evenly distributed because they move down the concentration not up |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of positive or negative are distributed by repulsion of the like charges and attraction in others |
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Term
| despite the homogenizing factors what is still not true about distribution |
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Definition
| they are not equal on either side of the neural membrane |
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Term
| despite the homogenizing factors what is still not true about distribution |
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Definition
| they are not equal on either side of the neural membrane |
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Term
| the four ions that contribute to resting potential |
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Definition
| k+ cl- na+ and - charged proteins |
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Term
the charge of Na+
cl-
k+
-proteins
are greater where |
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Definition
outside
outside
inside
inside |
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Term
| The reasons why neural membrane ion distribution is unequal |
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Definition
passive-no consumption of energy
active-does not involve |
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Term
| The passive property involves |
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Definition
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Term
| the active property involves what ions |
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Definition
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Definition
where the ions pass through the neural membrane at specialized pores
each one specializes in passing of certain ions |
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Term
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Definition
| when neurons are at rest the unequal distribution of Cl- ions acros the membrane is maintained in eq by balance between tendency for cl- to move down concentration gradient into the neuron and 70mV of electrostatic pressure driving them out |
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Term
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Definition
| 90mV of elctrostatic pressure required to keep k+ out of moving odwn concentration gradient leaving the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| na is easily going inside 70mV of electrostatic pressure and 50mV of pressure from conentration gradient beggin it to go in |
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Term
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Definition
| energy consuming mechanisms that continually exange 2 k ions outside and 3 na ions inside the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane
aka sodium k pumps |
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Term
| resting membrane potential is the result of |
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Definition
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Term
| when neurons fire they release |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons |
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Term
| neurotransmitters bind to what |
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Definition
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Term
| when neurotransmitters depolarize |
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Definition
| decrease the resting membrane potential from -70 to -67 |
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Term
| when neurotransmitters hyperpolorize |
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Definition
| it increases the resting membrane potential from -70 to -72 |
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Term
| postsynaptic depolarizations |
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Definition
| excitatory postsynaptic potentials epsps |
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Term
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Definition
excitatory postynaptic potentials
they increase the likelyhood that the neuron will fire
postive |
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Term
| postsynaptic hyperpolarixstions |
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Definition
inhibitory postynaptic potentials ipsp
decrease the likelihood that neuron will fire
negative |
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Term
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Definition
graded responses
amplitudes of epsps and ipsps are proportional to elicit small postynaptic potentials and strong signals elicit large ones |
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Term
| epsps and ipsps travlel passively or actively it is also transmitted |
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Definition
passively
decrementally-decrease the amplitude as tehy travel through the neuron
dont travel very far |
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Term
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Definition
conical structure at the junction between th cell body and the axon epsps and ipsps are conducted instantly an decremenatallyy to it
-if hyperpolarizations and polarizations reach the threshold of excitation an action potential is shot from here |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| unlike postsynaptic potentials action potentials are |
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Definition
| not grades response they are all or none |
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Term
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Definition
| adding or combining individual signals into one overall signal over space and time |
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Term
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Definition
| postsynaptic potentials produced rapidly sum to form a greater signal can add up over time |
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Term
| and ihibitory synapse activated twice n rapid successon can produce a greater _ than by single stimulation |
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Definition
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Term
| the location of the synapse |
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Definition
| does not allways incluence the neurons firing does influence dendrites |
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Term
| voltage activated ion channels |
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Definition
| ion channels that open or close in response to changes in levels of the membrane potential |
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Term
| the sodium potassium pumps play what kind of role in restb of resting potential |
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Definition
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| 1 to 2 ml after action potential is fired and it is impossible to fire a second one |
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Term
| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| follows the absolute it is possible 2 fire another action pot by only with higher than normal stimulation when it returns to normal does this end |
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Term
| the refractory period is responsible for |
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Definition
how action potentials travel down axons in one direction
rate of firing is proportional to stimulation |
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Term
| the conuction of action potentials down an axon differs from epsp and ipsp |
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Definition
it is nondecremntal
do not grow weaker as they travel down the axon
slower than postsynaptic potentials
reason: epsp ipsp is passive active for AP |
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Term
| the wave of excitation triggered by action potential near axon hillock spreads |
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Definition
| passively back through the cell body and dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| if electrical stimulationof sufficient intensity is applied to the terminal end of an axon an action potential will b generated and will travel along the axon back to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| axonal conduction in the natural conduction from cell body to terminal buttons |
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Term
| in myelinated axons ions can pass through the axonal membrane only at the |
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Definition
nodes of ranvier
na channels concentrated here |
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Term
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Definition
| transmisison of action potentials in myelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| short axons or none and normally dont display action potentials interneurons is passive and decremntal |
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Term
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Definition
gave major advance in our understandign of neural conduction
-provided simple effective intro to how neurons conduct signals
-not representative of variety
-based on squid
-PNS not CNS effective |
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Term
| CNS are diff from PNS neurons |
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Definition
-CNS fire continually even without input
-axons of CNS actively conduct graded and action potentials
-AP of PNS are same but AP of diff class of CNS vary in duration apmplituted and frequency
-CNS have no axons and no AP
-dendrites of CNS actively conduct AP |
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Term
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Definition
synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites
terminate on dendritic spines |
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Term
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Definition
| nodules of various shapes that are located on surfaces of many dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| synapes of axon terminal buttons on somas |
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Term
| the most commonm synaptic arrangements |
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Definition
| axodendritic and axosomatic |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of transmission in either direcion |
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Term
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Definition
important becaues they mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition
-can successfully inhibit or facilitate effects of terminal button on postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| synapses athat the site of neurotransmitter release and when reception are in close proximity |
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Term
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Definition
synapses that the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception
ex NT are released from varicosities bulges along axon |
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Term
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Definition
| bulges along axon and dispersed to aurronding targes also called string of beads synapes |
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Term
| neurotransmitters are broken down into what categories |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
short amino acid chains comprising between 3 and 36 amino acids short protiens
-assembled in cytoplasm of cell body on ribosomes
-packaged by golgi and trans by microtublules to terminal buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesized in cytoplasm of terminal button and packaged in vesicles by buttons golgi complex once filled with NT they are stored the vesicles are stored in clusters next to presynaptic membrane |
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Term
| do neurons contains more than one NT |
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Definition
some do they have 2 called coexistence thy have vesicles of different sizzes
-neuropeptide in large small molecule in smaller ves |
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Term
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Definition
process of neurotransmitter release
differs in small and large molecule |
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Term
| Ca2+ entrance signals what |
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Definition
| synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and emptry their contents into synaptic cleft a |
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Term
| small molecule exocytosis |
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Definition
| released in pulse each time AP triggers influx of Ca2+ ions through presynaptic |
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Term
| large molecule exocytosis |
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Definition
| -released gradually in response to general increases in level of intracllular ca2+ |
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Term
| NT molecules produce signals in postynaptic neurons by |
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Definition
| binding to receptors in postynaptic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| is a proteing that contain binding sites for only particular NT |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule that binds to another a NT is a ligand of its receptor |
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Term
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Definition
diff types of receptor that bind to a particular NT
typically located in differnt brain areas and respond in diff ways
-result is communication with diff parts of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors associated with signal proteins and G proteins |
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Term
| metabotropic recptors are |
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Definition
| more prevalent than ionotropic and are slower to develope but longer lasting |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical induced by G proein first is neurotransmitter metabolic which influences genetic expression |
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Term
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Definition
metabotropic receptors that have 2 unconventioal charectoristics located on presynaptic
-moniter # of NT in the synapse to reduce subsequenct release when levels aare high and to increase when they are low |
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Term
| small molecule NT release |
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Definition
tend to be released into the directed synapses and to activate either ionotropic recptors or metabotropic receptors that act directly on ion channels
-short quick |
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Term
| large molecule NT release |
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Definition
released diffusely and all bind to metabotropic receptors that act through second messengers
-long lasting |
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Term
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Definition
reuptake by transporter or enzymatic degradation
reuptake is more common |
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Term
| acetylcholine is termiated how |
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Definition
| enzymatic degredation is the main mechanism of deactivation broken down by acetylcholoinesterase |
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Term
| terminal buttons are models of |
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Definition
| efficiency through recycling regardless of mechanism |
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Term
| glial cells are important? |
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Definition
| their importance is shown by greater prevalence in intellegent organism |
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Term
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Definition
narrow spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels called connexins contain cytoplasm
-called electrical synapses
-less selective than synapse
-fast and permit communication in either direction |
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Term
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Definition
| have been shown to communicate with each other neurons and other cells with gap junction s |
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Term
| conventional small molecule |
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Definition
| acetlycoline amino acids monoamines |
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Term
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Definition
| -beacuaes mechanisms of action are unusual |
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Term
| the fast acting NT are often |
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Definition
| amino acids building blocks of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| GABA gluatamate aspartate glycine |
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Term
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Definition
| prevalen inhibitory NT has excitory effects at some synapses |
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Term
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Definition
small molecule
-synthesized from single amino acid
-larger than amino acid
-more diffuse
-prevalent in small groups in brain stem
many varicosites |
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Term
4 monoamine NT
divided into |
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Definition
dope epi norepiephrine serotonin
catecholamines and indolamines
on basis of structure |
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Term
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Definition
norep epi dope
synthesized from tyrosine converted to ldopa and then converted into dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that release norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Definition
NT at neuromuscular junctions and in ANS and CNS
-neurons that release this are cholinergic |
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Term
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Definition
NO and CO produced in nerual cytoplasm and immediatelly diffuse because they are lipid soluble
-involved in retrograted transmission |
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Term
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Definition
pituitary
hypothalimic
brain gut
opiod miscellaneous |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble gases and endocannabinoids-anna |
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Term
| most methods that biopsych use to study behavior of NT are |
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Definition
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Term
| antagonistic drugs are also reffered to as |
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Definition
receptor blockers
-bind to postsynaptic receptors withut activating them and block NT |
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Term
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Definition
occuring naturlaly in the body
opiods
first disvoered enkephalins |
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Definition
| neruopeptides and metabotropic |
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Definition
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Definition
meaning in the head
contraction of endogenous morphine |
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Definition
| poisoness substance found in some mushrooms |
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Definition
| receptor blocker that exerts its antagonist effect by binding to muscarinic recpeptors blocking acetlycholine |
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Definition
used by indians
receptor blocker at cholinergic synapse but acts at nicotinic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| aceytlycholine antagonist at nueromuscular junctions |
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