Term
| the end of the fetal period or early neonatal period |
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Definition
| nearly all new neurons are generated by the |
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Definition
| the first organ systems to function (~ 5 wks) |
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Term
| : endoderm (GI tract), mesoderm (bone), ectoderm (skin, CNS/PNS) |
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Definition
| 3 layers of the embryonic disc |
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Definition
| at ~18 days after conception, the ___________ forms as the ectoderm thickens along the midline |
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Definition
| the neural plate elongates and the lateral edges fold outward to form the |
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Definition
| the rostral end of the plate enlarges and later will develop into the |
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Definition
| neural folds continue to grow and eventually meet in the midline beginning in the cervical region to form |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire length of the neural tube is closed by |
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Term
| the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| the cavity of the neural tube will persist as |
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Term
| neural tube (approx. 25 days) |
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Definition
| separates from the rest of the ectoderm and drops below the surface to continue development of the Central Nervous System. |
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Term
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Definition
| develops as a bilateral column of cells from the neural ectoderm,cells will develop into sensory (dorsal root ganglia), autonomic and enteric ganglia, pia and arachnoid, sclera of the eye, neurolemma, adrenal medullary cells, carotid body receptors. |
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Definition
| will become CNS vasculature & meninges; Monocytes migrate in to become microglia |
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Definition
| - the most central layer consists of dividing cells which then move out to the next two layers as precursor cells. The cells that remain in this layer are called ependymal cells cells that line the ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
layer of small proliferative cells dividing as primitive neuroblasts which can migrate. Spongioblasts will become astrocytes and oligodendria (myelin makers).
-cells of these next two layers lose their ability to undergo mitosis and migrate to outer zones. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons which migrate here will become the gray matter of CNS will lead to the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| mostly glial cells, very few neural cells; distant axons migrate in with macroglia to form the white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| - the predictability of the form and connections of a neuron, and therefore its function; probably genetically determined (including destination of migration, structural characteristics of the cell, characteristic physiologic properties of the cell). |
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Term
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Definition
| - variation from the predictable pattern; probably the result of environmental factors as new synapses and interconnections are established |
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Term
inner gray matter
outter white matter |
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Definition
| modification of the shape of intermediate zone becomes the __________________________, while marginal zone become __________________ |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate zone cells dorsal to sulcus limitans are called |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate zone cells ventral to sulcus limitans are called |
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Definition
| spinal cord extends entire length of the vertebral column (spinal roots at 90°) at |
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Definition
| nerves must elongate and angle caudally to reach the intervertebral foramina. |
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Term
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Definition
| at birth the caudal end of spinal cord is at |
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Term
| somites(musculoskeletal precursors) |
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Definition
| each pair of nerves develops in association with each pair of |
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Term
| paired sensory [dorsal] root ganglion of each spinal nerve |
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Definition
| neural crest at each level becomes |
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Term
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Definition
| most rostral, will become the forebrain |
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Definition
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Definition
| - will become the hindbrain [pons and medulla] |
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Term
| telencephalon (‘endbrain’ to become the cortex and basal ganglia) & diencephalon (‘between brain’ to become the thalamus, hypothalamus, etc…) |
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Definition
| (2 months) The prosencephalon is now the |
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Term
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Definition
| remains as the mid- brain |
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Term
| metencephalon (‘afterbrain’ will become the pons and cerebellum) & myelencephalon (‘spinal brain’ will become the medulla oblongata) |
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Definition
| (2 months) the rhombencephalon is now the |
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Term
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Definition
| develops as an acute bend anterior to the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| forms on the posterior surface between the meten- and myelen-cephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| develops on the anterior surface at the lower medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| the greatest tube enlargement is paired evaginations from the anterior telencephalon, with another enlargement resulting in |
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Term
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Definition
| outgrowths in lateral, anterior and posterior directions result in C-shaped hemispheres and ventricles surrounding most of the diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| •the shape of each brain region is recognizable by the end of |
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Term
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Definition
| the fissures begin with the lateral cerebral fissure and the posterolateral sulcus of the cerebellum by |
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Term
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Definition
| all the main gyri and sulci are present |
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Term
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Definition
| all lobes are stubby and the insula is still seen on the surface during |
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Term
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Definition
| the insula is mostly covered by adjacent lobes, and superficial arteries are straight in |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain has finally reached the relative size and proportions of the adult brain as a result of growth/maturation of individual neurons along with growth of axons and elaboration of synaptic connections by age |
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Term
350g- newborns
1000g- 1 y/o
1250 girls 1375 boy- puberty |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| used to measure brain growth in infants and children |
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Term
| progressive myelination, especially between the third trimester and ~ 2 years old. |
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Definition
| •physiologic / functional maturation of nervous system depends upon |
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Term
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Definition
| defective gene is present at time of birth, but expression can be delayed until later in life |
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Term
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Definition
| can show up on ultrasound in 2nd trimester; S/S = LE dysfunction (sensory and motor loss) |
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Term
| The Na+/K+ Pump/Transporter/ATPase |
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Definition
Uses ATP
3Na+ out and 2K+ in
Electrogenic
Uses 20-40% of brain ATP
Poisoned with oubain |
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Term
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Definition
| the main determinant of resting membrane potential in mammalian neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Resting membrane essentially impermeable to |
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