Term
| Mechanism of action of GHB (4) |
|
Definition
1. inhibition of impulse flow throughout mesolimbic DA system for about an hour
2. stimulates DA synthesis via negative feedback
3. increased interneuronal DA
4. Increased levels of dopac |
|
|
Term
| What is GHB used to treat? (3) |
|
Definition
1. narcolepsy
2. alcoholism
3. heroine withdrawal symptoms |
|
|
Term
| duration of action of GHB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was GHB declared illegal? (2) |
|
Definition
1. produces euphoria
2. used for date rate |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral effects of GHB (3) |
|
Definition
1. decreased respiration
2. decreased heart rate
3. decreased BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can treat GHB CNS depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what is LSD derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of ergot poisoning? (2) |
|
Definition
1. mental disturbances
2. painful constriction of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Minimum and mean doses of LSD? |
|
Definition
minimum: 25 um
median: 100 um |
|
|
Term
| Duration of action of LSD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of LSD on 5-HT? (4) |
|
Definition
1. decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity
2. decrease in extraneuronal 5-HT
3. increase in intraneuronal 5-HT
4. decrease in 5-HT neuron activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual, auditor, tactile, olfactory or kinesthetic perception that occurs in the absense of a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distortion of an external stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What are the four categories of hallucinogens? (4) |
|
Definition
1. LSD indole
2. phenylalkyl amines (mescaline)
3. indole alkyl amines (psilocybin)
4. MDMA in high doses |
|
|
Term
| What receptor does LSD activate to elicit glutamate release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mental (psychological) effects of LSD (4) |
|
Definition
1. accentuates mental state at the time of does
2. unpredictable effects
3. dependent on user's personality, mood, expectations, and surroundings
4. Always a positive and negative component of the trip |
|
|
Term
| Physiological effects of LSD (8) |
|
Definition
1. increased BP
2. increased HR
3. dizziness
4. tremors
5. decreased appetite
6. dry mouth
7. sweating
8. nausea |
|
|
Term
| Emotional/sensory effects of LSD (3) |
|
Definition
1. rapid shifts between fear and happiness
2. intensification of colors, smells, and sounds
3. synesthesia |
|
|
Term
| LSD compared to MDMA (3 each) |
|
Definition
MDMA: DA release, 5-HT release, phenethylamine
LSD: 5-HT2A partial agonist, stimulates D1 receptors, indole amine |
|
|
Term
| Where does MDMA (+LSD) produce neurodegeneration? (4) |
|
Definition
1. raphe nucleus
2. cortex
3. striatum
4. hippocampus (causing anterograde amnesia) |
|
|
Term
| 2 persistant events associated with LSD use? (2) |
|
Definition
1. persistent psychosis
2. hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (flashbacks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannabidiol (CBD)-->THC-->cannabinol (CBN) |
|
|
Term
| % THC by weight of plant? |
|
Definition
1% naturally
4-6% from genetic alteration |
|
|
Term
| why is THC so fast acting? (2) |
|
Definition
1. lipid soluble
2. absorbed easily through the lungs |
|
|
Term
| THC is a ____ and a _____ |
|
Definition
| psychotomimetic and a CNS depressant |
|
|
Term
| Effects of THC in humans? (3) |
|
Definition
1. feelings of relaxation
2. decrease in aggression
3. feelings of sharpened sensory awareness |
|
|
Term
| Central effects of THC (8) |
|
Definition
1. time passing slowly
2. decreased short term memory
3. feel falsely confident
4. impaired motor coordination
5. cataplexy
6. analgesia
7. antiemetic
8. increased appetite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. increased HR
2. vasodilation
3. decreased intraoccular pressure
4. bronchodilaiton |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of CB1 receptors (3) |
|
Definition
1. G protein coupled
2. inhibits adenylyl cyclase
3. coupled positively to K+ channels, reducing NT release |
|
|
Term
| Where are CB1 receptors located? (6) |
|
Definition
1. hippocampus (memory impairment)
2. cerebellum
3. substantia nigra (motor disturbances)
4. mesolimbic DA pathway (addiction)
5. VTA
6. Cortex |
|
|
Term
| Where are CB2 receptors located? |
|
Definition
| In the lymphoid system; they inhibit immune function |
|
|
Term
| What are the unwanted side effects of weed? (6) |
|
Definition
1. dizziness
2. drowsiness
3. drymouth
4. dysphoria
5. hallucinations
6. psychotic reactions |
|
|
Term
| An endogenous compound synthesized from arachidonic acid? What are its advantages? |
|
Definition
| anandamide: no overdose, no depression in respiration, no cardiovascular impairment |
|
|
Term
| Effects of CB1 antagonists? (3) |
|
Definition
1. increased locomotor activity
2. increased short term memory
3. increased NT release |
|
|
Term
| Why are CB1 antagonists used clinically? (3) |
|
Definition
1. to reduce bronchial pain
2. to reduce intraoccular pressure
3. antiemetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic compound from THC that is administered orally and is used to treat cancer; degraded in 1st pass metabolism, but metabolites are active as well |
|
|
Term
| Long term effects of THC in men and women (6) |
|
Definition
1. inhibition of perspiration
2. decreased serum testosterone
3. decreased spermatogenesis
4. decreased length of tail of sperm
5. decreased FSH
6. decreased LH |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of amotivational syndrome (4) |
|
Definition
1. apathy
2. impairment in judgement
3. poor concentration
4. loss of interest in appearance and goals |
|
|
Term
| peak concentration of THC occurs after... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peak subjective effect of THC occurs after... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of THC last for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal symptoms from THC? (5) |
|
Definition
1. irritability
2. restlessness
3. nervousness
4. decrease in appetite
5. insomnia |
|
|
Term
| long term users of THC develop tolerance to (2) |
|
Definition
1. increased HR
2. motor impairment |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme breaks down many drugs and retroviral HIV treatments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are broken down by Cyp3A4? (9) |
|
Definition
1. BZDs
2. Cocaine
3. Ketamine
4. MDMA
5. methadone
6. codeine
7. hydrocodone
8. PLP
9. THC |
|
|
Term
| How to convert morphine to heroine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance (endogenous or synthetic) that produces morphine-like effects |
|
|
Term
| What is the classic antagonist of morphine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphine is both a ____ and a _____ in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects resulting from an injection of heroine (4) |
|
Definition
1. warmth
2. heavy extremities
3. nausea
4. itching |
|
|
Term
| PNS effects of heroine (5) |
|
Definition
1. decreased HR
2. decreased BP
3. decreased respiration
4. decreased cardiac function
5. decreased GI motility and increased tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sedation
2. changes in mood
3. warmth
4. itching
5. nausea/dizziness (due to activation of chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata)
6. reduces affect associated with pain
7. powerful sense of well-being
8. euphoria (mediated through u receptors) |
|
|
Term
| PNS effects of morphine (4) |
|
Definition
1. decreased respiration (due to increased intracranial pressure)
2. hypotension
3. constriction of pupil
4. decreased GI motility |
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal symptoms from heroine/morphine in rats/mice (6) |
|
Definition
1. increased irritability
2. weight loss
3. tremors
4. writhing
5. jumping
6. aggression |
|
|
Term
| withdrawal symptoms from heroine/morphine in humans (8) |
|
Definition
1. flu-like symptoms
2. yawning
3. fever
4. sweating
5. piloerection
6. nausea
7. insomnia
8. diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Diseases associated with long term heroine use (5) |
|
Definition
1. HIV/AIDS
2. Hep B and C
3. collapsed veins
4. bacterial infections
5. infections of heart valves/pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphine is metabolized by ____ to form ____ |
|
Definition
| glucoronidase, morphine 6 glucoronide |
|
|
Term
| Three types of opioid receptors and their characteristics |
|
Definition
1. u: analgesia and unwanted side effects (respiratory depression, nausea)
2. o: predominant in periphery
3. k: analgesia at spinal cord and some sedation |
|
|
Term
| Cellular effects of morphine (6) |
|
Definition
1. acts on G protein coupled receptors
2. inhibits adenylyl cyclase
3. decreases cAMP
4. Promotes opening of K+ channels
5. inhibits V gated Ca channels
6. reduces membrane excitability |
|
|
Term
| Other peripheral effects of morphine (3) |
|
Definition
1. decreases immune response
2. severe bronchial constriction
3. massive histamine release |
|
|
Term
| Tolerance of morphine develops to (4) |
|
Definition
1. analgesia
2. nausea
3. euphoria
4. respiratory depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was ketamine used as a replacement for phencyclidine? (4 properties of ketamine) |
|
Definition
1. short acting
2. good for child use
3. fast to go down
4. fast to come up |
|
|
Term
| PCP produces what positive signs of schizophrenia? (5) |
|
Definition
1. hallucinations/illusions (auditory and sensory)
2. delusions
3. thought boradcasting (think they know others thoughts)
4. thought insertion (other people plant thoughts-->paranoia)
5. dysfunctional/illogical thought patterns |
|
|
Term
| Negative signs of schizophrenia (2) |
|
Definition
1. depression
2. social withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of action of PCP |
|
Definition
1. noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptors
2. binds at a site within the channel pore; stereoselective
3. channel must be open for drug to have effect; use dependent |
|
|
Term
| What channels does PCP block other than NMDA? (4) |
|
Definition
1. V gated Na channel
2. K channel
3. Nicotinic Ach receptor
4. antagonist to sigma receptor |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of schizophrenia vs. characteristics of PCP (3 each) |
|
Definition
Schizo: 1. decreased nicotinic receptors, 2. increase in DA in limbic system, 3. compromised K channel
PCP: 1. blocks nicotinic receptors, 2. biphasic, 3. blocks K channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through the D1 receptor, increases levels of CREB and cAMP; blocking 5-HTR, NER, or D2 does nothing |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine effects of PCP (2) |
|
Definition
1. increased endocrine effects
2. decreased testosterone and sperm count |
|
|
Term
| Mental effects of PCP (2) |
|
Definition
1. perceived invulnerability
2. personality transformation |
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