Term
| Lateral spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterior spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| carries info about crude touch |
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Term
| anterolateral system (ALS) |
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Definition
| combined tracts for pain, temp and crude touch |
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Term
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Definition
1st order neuron: dorsal root ganglion-->dorsolateral
fasciculus of Lissauer into the
dorsal horn, 2nd order neuron-->axon passes through the
ventral white commissure to
reach the contralateral side, ascends-->medulla,pons,midbrain,ventral posterolateral
nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus, 3rd order neuron-->axon passes
through the posterior limb of
the internal capsule to reach
the postcentral gyrus (primary
sensory cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
1st order neuron: semilunar
ganglion-->enter mid-pons, descend to spinal nucleus in medulla, 2nd order neurons-->axons cross and ascend to reach ventral
posteromedial nucleus (VPL) of thalamus, third-order neurons--> axons travel through posterior limb of the
internal capsule to reach the postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex) |
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Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome of wallenburg |
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Definition
| ipsilateral loss of pain and temp in face and contralateral pain and temp in body |
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Term
| Maxillary division (V2) lesion |
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Definition
| Loss of sensation to the cheeks and upper teeth |
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Term
| Ophthalmic division (V1) lesion |
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Definition
| Loss of sensation to the forehead as far as the vertex; loss of sensation to the nose, loss of sensation to the cornea |
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Term
| Mandibular division (V3) lesion |
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Definition
| Loss of sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, mandible, lower teeth, chin |
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Term
DORSAL COLUMN – MEDIAL LEMNISCUS SYSTEM FOR FINE TOUCH, CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION, AND BONE VIBRATORY
SENSE |
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Definition
1st order neuron: dorsal root ganglion--> fibers enter the dorsal root medial to the dorsolateral fasciculus of Lissauer (axons of T6 and below: fasciculus gracilis, those above T6:fasciculus cuneatus)-->ascend to nuclei (cuneatus/gracilis) in medulla, 2nd order neurons--> axons cross over as internal arcuate fibers in caudal medulla and ascend as medial lemniscus thru rostral medulla,pons,midbrain to ventral
posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus, 3rd order neurons--> thru internal capsule to postcentral gyrus |
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Term
Where in the body are the
lateral spinothalamic tract for the right
half of the body and the trigeminal fibers
for the left side of the face near enough
to each other that a single lesion could
damage both? |
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Definition
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Term
contralateral loss of pain and
temperature and fine touch for the contralateral half of the body, including the face |
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Definition
lateral spinothalamic,
Trigeminothalamic and medial lemniscus
Fibers are all on the same side: in the midbrain |
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Term
| Where can the nucleus ambiguus for the vagus nerve be interrupted along with the lateral spinothalamic tract and the trigeminal system? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
results from a lesion of the sympathetic pathways to the eye. It consists of a triad of partial ptosis (slightly drooping eyelid), miosis
(constricted pupil), and anhydrosis (loss of sweating from the ipsilateral side of the face). associated with MIDBRAIN LESIONS, PONTINE TEGMENTAL LESIONS,
LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME OF WALLENBERG,
BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME INVOLVING T1-T3 |
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Term
| accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal) fx |
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Definition
| parasympathetic innervation |
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Term
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Definition
an infection of the
middle ear (otitis media) can
produce a *** since the internal carotid
artery passes through the middle
ear in the petrous temporal bone |
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Term
| postganglionc Horner’s syndrome |
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Definition
| if one places cocaine eyedrops onto the surface of a patient with ***, no effect will occur bc there is no norepinephrine that can be released |
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Term
| preganglionic Horner’s syndrome |
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Definition
| placing cocaine on the cornea of a patient with ***, will cause dilation of the pupil due to release of norepinephrine |
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Term
One cause of a *** is a superior sulcus
tumor of the lung (Pancoast’s tumor) |
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Definition
| preganglionic peripheral Horner’s syndrome |
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Term
| central Horner's syndrome |
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Definition
triad of partial ptosis (slightly drooping eyelid), miosis
(constricted pupil), and anhydrosis (loss of sweating) to ipsilateral face, plus anhydrosis to entire side of the
body, and all sympathetic functions for that side of the body will be lost |
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Term
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Definition
| diplopia is present when the eye is adducted and depressed |
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Term
| Anterior Cerebral Artery infarct |
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Definition
| an infarct of which will cause weakness or paralysis from the knee downwards contralaterally. Patient presentation of LEG>>ARM=TRUNK |
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Term
| Middle Cerebral Artery infarct |
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Definition
| ; infarction here would cause weakness or paralysis above the knee contralaterally. Patient presentation of ARM=TRUNK>>LEG |
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Term
| 2. Pre-motor cortex: located directly in front of the pre-central gyrus in Brodman’s area 6 on the lateral side of the cortex. Involved in planning the movements initiated in the motor cortex |
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Definition
| results in mild paresis (weakness) and impaired skilled movements, especially involving proximal limb muscles |
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Term
| Supplemental Motor Area (SMA) |
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Definition
| a. Lesions affecting this area will result in akinesia: inability to initiate movement. Can be caused by a tumor in the falx cerebri. Also, bilateral coordination of movements will be impaired |
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Term
| Dorsolateral Pre-frontal Cortex |
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Definition
| Involved in planning and strategizing during complex movements, as well as thinking about movements and their consequences. Activates the SMA as soon as a person intends to make a movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers for the face (corticobulbar tract) are located in the *** of the internal capsule |
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Term
| posterior limb of the internal capsule |
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Definition
| Motor fibers for the face and body run through the ***, which separates the thalamus from the lentiform nucleus |
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Term
| internal capsule, contralateral |
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Definition
| May be lesioned by an infarction of the lenticular striate arteries… patient will present with *** loss of motion or paralysis will affect ARM=TRUNK=LEG, and also face if the genu is damaged. |
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Term
| UMN syndromes affecting facial nerves result in |
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Definition
| facial hemiparesis contralaterally on the lower half of the face only (patient will still be able to life eyebrows) |
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Term
| LMN syndromes affecting facial nerves (such as Bell’s Palsy, involving nerve VII) |
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Definition
| result in hemiparesis of the entire half of the face, contralaterally |
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Term
lateral vestibular nucleus
and medullary reticular
formation (location?) |
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Definition
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Term
superior colliculus and
red nucleus are located in |
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Definition
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Term
pontine
reticular formation is located
in |
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Definition
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Term
rubrospinal tract arises in the ** and decussates to descend to the cervical
spinal cord to activate flexor movements of the arm |
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Definition
| contralateral red nucleus, flexor movements of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
arises in the contralateral superior colliculus and (together with the medial vestibulospinal tract)
coordinates movements of the head with those of the eyes |
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Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract |
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Definition
| Cell bodies in the Lateral Vestibular Nucleus in the Medulla, descends through the spinal cord to innervate extensor muscles of the upper and lower limb ipsilaterally. Important for maintaining posture during motion/acceleration |
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Term
| Medial Reticulospinal Tract |
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Definition
| arises from the Pontine Reticular Formation in the Pons, descends through the medulla and spinal cord to innervate flexors of the upper and lower limbs ipsilaterally. Used in anti-gravity reflexes and movements |
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Term
| Lateral Reticulospinal Tract |
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Definition
| arises from the Medullary Reticular Formation in the Medulla, descends through the spinal cord to inhibit reflex muscles of the upper and lower limb ipsilaterally to allow for voluntary motion |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) |
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Definition
| pts with this palsy show Bielchowsky’s sign: patient tilts head towards the unaffected side to try and align vision fields |
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Term
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Definition
| lesion in dorsal midbrain that affects the Superior Colliculus and Occulomotor Nucleus. Will see ipsilateral paralysis of upwards gaze, dilated pupil, and lid retraction. Can occur with tumor of Pineal Gland, tumor in the corpora quadrigemina, non-communicating hydrocephalus, or stroke of the basal or posterior cerebral artery |
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Term
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Definition
| Midbrain lesion affecting the Red Nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, and Occulomotor Nerve. Will see closed eyelid, dilated pupil, abducted and depressed eye, loss of fine touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense contralaterally. Damage to the red nucleus causes contralateral involuntary movements and an intention tremor |
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Term
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Definition
| Midbrain lesion affecting the cerebral peduncle and the Occulomotor Nerve. Will see contralateral spastic hemiparesis for the body and ipsilateral symptoms of Occulomotor destruction (closed eyelid, abducted and depressed eye, blown pupil) |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in response to balance information (flexor movements of arm); support of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Control of facial and jaw musculature, swallowing and tongue movements (attachments to the cranial nerves with motor vs. sensory functions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for adjusting posture to maintain balance |
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Term
| o Lateral inferior pontine syndrome |
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Definition
| Results from occlusion of a long circumferential branch of the basilar artery, AICA |
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Term
| o Medial inferior pontine syndrome |
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Definition
| Results from occlusion o f the paramedian branches of the basilar artery |
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Term
| o Medial inferior pontine syndrome (symptoms) |
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Definition
Includes the following affected structures and resultant deficits:
1. Abducent nerve roots (intra-axial fibers)
o Ipsilateral lateral rectus paralysis
2. Corticobulbar tracts
o Contralateral weakness of the lower face
3. Corticospinal tracts
o Contralateral hemiparesis of the trunk and extremities
4. Base of the pons (middle cerebellar peduncle)
o Ipsilateral limb and gait ataxia
5. Medial lemniscus
o Contralateral loss of proprioception, discriminative tactile sensation, and vibration sensation from the trunk and extremities. |
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Term
| o Lateral inferior pontine syndrome (AICA syndrome) (symptoms) |
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Definition
Includes the following affected structures and resultant deficits:
1. Facial nucleus and intra-axial nerve fibers
o Ipsilateral facial nerve paralysis
o Loss of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
o Loss of the corneal and stapedial reflexes
2. Cochlear nuclei and intra-axial nerve fibers
o Unilateral central nerve deafness
3. Vestibular nuclei and intra-axial nerve fibers
o Nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo
4. Spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract
o Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the face
5. Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
o Ipsilateral limb and gait dystaxia
6. Spinothalamic tracts
o Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the trunk and extremities
7. Descending sympathetic tract
o Ipsilateral Horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, hemianhidrosis, vasodilation, and apparent anophthalmos) |
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Term
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Definition
A 67 year-old woman presents with tremor and ataxia on the left side
of the body excluding the head. Her right eye is closed (complete ptosis). When the
examining physician lifts her eyelid, he notices that her eye is depressed and abducted.
The patient exhibits anisocoria. The pupil of her right eye is mydriatic (dilated). No
sensory losses are observed. |
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Term
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Definition
A 43 year-old woman presents with a five-day history of increasing weakness in all four limbs, lower back pain, and sensory symptoms in her hands and feet. She has no significant medical or family history. She has recently been
on vacation in the Canary islands, where she experienced a diarrheal illness.
On examination she has some slight facial weakness, a cough, and weakness
of the arms and legs. She has lost reflex activity, and an anesthesia to light
touch and pinprick on the wrist and ankle. |
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Term
| Ventral horns and lateral columns of the spinal cord |
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Definition
A 68 year-old man has been diagnosed as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
after experiencing some weakness in his legs. Over the next year, the disease
was progressive and he lost mobility in the use of his arms, legs, and some
cranial nerves. Which region or regions of the spinal cord are primarily
affected by this disorder? |
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Term
| Lower motor neuron paralysis of the muscles of the leg |
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Definition
A 47 year-old man was diagnosed with a form of motor neuron disease that
initially affected the motor neurons located in the dorsolateral aspect of the
ventral horn at L1-L4. Which of the following deficits is likely to be present in
this patient? |
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Term
| Superior (upper) Brachial Plexus Injury:“Erb-Duchenne syndrome” |
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Definition
“Waiter’s tip position”
Upper limb with adducted shoulder, medially rotated arm, & extended elbow; loss of sensation on lateral aspect of upper limb
Limb adducted and medially rotated |
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Term
| LOWER BRACHIAL PLEXOPATHY (Dejerine-Klumpke syndrome) |
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Definition
Paralysis of the muscles & loss of sensation of the shoulder & arm supplied by C8-T1
The intrinsic muscles of the hand are affected
Results in characteristic appearance: “claw hand”
Ring & little fingers are hyper-extended at MP joints & flexed at IP joints (ulnar n.
Cannot extend phalanges at the PIP and DIP joints to straighten fingers |
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Term
| A patient presented to the emergency room with a mid-humeral fracture. Which nerve and artery are at risk in this patient? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
PRONATOR SYNDROME. The *** passes between the two heads of
the pronator teres muscle. Excessive contraction of the muscle can cause
pain in the area of the pronator teres and decreased sensation in the lateral
three and one-half digits of the hand. Pronation against resistance increases
the pain. Unless the syndrome is far advanced, motor changes may not occur. |
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Term
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Definition
When the patient attempts to make a fist, the index and
middle fingers will remain extended. The presence of the medial portion of
the flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve) will ensure that the ring and
little fingers can flex. The result is called a “preacher’s hand” |
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Term
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Definition
| Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia |
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Term
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Definition
| Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia |
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Term
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Definition
| Homonymous superior quadrantanopsia |
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Term
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Definition
| Contralateral honomymous hemianopsia |
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Term
| Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia |
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Definition
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Term
| 8 Bilateral macular cortex lesion |
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Definition
| Bilateral central scotomas |
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Term
| partial optic nerve lesion |
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Definition
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Term
| complete optic nerve lesion |
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Definition
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