Term
|
Definition
| Controls and regulates mental and physical function |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| damage to different tissues in one area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to one type of tissue in many different areas
damage to many types of tissues in many areas |
|
|
Term
| Hallmarks of cellular dysfunction |
|
Definition
neuron cell death
necrosis
apoptosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Glial cells (supportive function)
Neurons (carry info from one part of brain to another) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
consciousness
controlled by reticular activating system |
|
|
Term
| Arousal and the brainstem |
|
Definition
Upper: controls sleep wake cycle
Lower: controls respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
state of increased psycholoic and physiologic tension
"fight or flight" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drowsiness to stupor to coma
state of arousal where the body slows down
calming down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be caused by:
brainstem lesions: can be very small
Hemisphere lesions: can be massive |
|
|
Term
| Persistant vegetative state |
|
Definition
link to reticular activating system is destroyed
no mentation
random eye movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to medial and frontal lobe
lack of motivation (both physical and mental) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to Pons
no mental deficit
no sensory deficit
motor limited to eyes
aware and awake, but cannot communicate verbally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Largest single area of brain
youngest area
responsible for:
highest level of cognitive processing
control of emotion
behavior
personality is established |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in personality, character and temperment
slow processing of info
lack of judgement
withdrwal
irritability
lack of inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in personality, character and temperment
slow processing of info
lack of judgement
withdrwal
irritability
lack of inhibition |
|
|
Term
| responsible for Recent Memory |
|
Definition
Hippocampus
thalamus
Basil forebrain |
|
|
Term
| responsible for working memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right hemisphere syndrome |
|
Definition
| inability to orient the body within external space and generate the appropriate motor response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common deficit with right hemisphere lesions
does not respond to stimuli on right of body
does not respond to environment surrounding left side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
losing familiarity with the environment and becoming lost in areas that should be familiar
right side neglect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disturbance in articulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of the ability to produce speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficit in speech production or langauge output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficit in ability to understand langauge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acquired inability to read
caused by lesions in the left occipital lobe and corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to write
lesions located in cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to recognize an object
previously acquired meaning is lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to carry out a motor act on verbal command |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to perform a segmental act eventhough each part can be performed individually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fixed false beliefs
associated with limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disorders of:
medial temporal lobe
frontal lobe
right parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory experiences without external stimulation
Visual: neuro based
Auditory: Pschy based |
|
|
Term
| Where will a patient with a disorder of the brain, affecting the afferent system above the level of the brain stem present symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased interpretation
decreased proper madulation
results in hyper-sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disruption to sensory input
visual loss
hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| The process of movement involves |
|
Definition
cerebral cortex (strategies)
brainstemm and spinal cord (execution) |
|
|
Term
| How are cranial nerves influenced by CNS? |
|
Definition
Location of nuclei
locatied in the Brainstem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased muscle tone
unable to fixate the limb posturally leading to incoordination of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generalized weakness
sometimes seen in cerebellar lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
underestimation or over estimation of a necessary movement toward a target
intention tremor: resulting over/under shoot during movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to perform rapidly alternating movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of cerebellar dysfunction
words are pronounced slowly and without melody, tone or rhythm
word selection not affected |
|
|
Term
| Gait and cerebellar dysfunction |
|
Definition
wide based
staggering
withou typical arm swing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cannot hold gaze
eyes flicker/ flutter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seen with
saccadic movement: one target to another
smooth pursuit: folloing a target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changes in DNA, RNA and proteins
decreased brain tissue
decreased nerve cells
shrinkage of nerve cells
decreased nerve conductive velocity
decreased vision |
|
|
Term
| decreased enzymes with CNS aging |
|
Definition
decreased dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, acetlcholine
decreased control of visceral function, emotions, attention |
|
|
Term
| decreased serotonin with aging and CNS |
|
Definition
| influences repiration, thermoregulation, sleep and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ascending pathway
touch, pressure, conscious proprioception, vibration, stereognosis
crosses in medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 ascending pathways: lateral and ventral
pain, temp, course touch
cross in spinal cord --> may not cross for several levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ascending pathways: anterior, posterior, rostral
proprioception, kinesthetic input to cerebellum
Anterior (contralateral)
dorsal and rostral (ipsilateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Descending pathway
volutary skilled movement
pyramidal tract |
|
|
Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
fibers end at lateral part of the anterior horn
limb movement |
|
|
Term
| Ventral corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
cross just before ending in cervical or thoracic areas
medial part of anterior horn
trunk movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decending pathway
extra-pyramidal
regulating muscle tone and influencing posture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending pathway
extrapyramidal
controls limb flexors
originates in red nucleus of midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decending pathway
extrapyramidal
coordinates head and eye movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending pathway
extrapyramidal
lateral tract conveys autonomic info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
apparatus of the inner ear
Cranial nerve 8
vestibular nuclei in brainstemm (Pons and Medulla)
NS pathways that carry info to spinal cord and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular system functions |
|
Definition
awareness of the head in space
eye position during head movement --> maintain stable image
muscle tone and postural support
influences learning and emotional development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vestibule (sacrule and Utricle)
Semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| Functions of saccule and untricle |
|
Definition
tonic signals head position when there is no head movement
detects linear acceleration and decelleration |
|
|
Term
| How is signal generated in vestibule? |
|
Definition
| hair cell receptors distor with movemetn generated by the otocina in the gelatin substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 bony canals
anterior(superior)
posterior(inferior)
horizontal(lateral) |
|
|
Term
| function of semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| detects rotary acceleration and deceleration |
|
|
Term
| How is the signal generated in the semcircular canals? |
|
Definition
endolymph moves with movement of head
hair receptors sense movement and signal is generated |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) |
|
Definition
vestibular system senses rotation and immediatly command compensatory meovemnts of the eye
maintains image on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the apparent movemnt of objects in the visual field
occurs if VOR is diminished or absent |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction |
|
Definition
disruption of signals resulting in an imbalance of signals
or
total bilateral loss of signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the illusion of spinning or sometimes illusion of falling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ability of the brain to adjust its interpretation of vestibular signal distortion
especially if mild |
|
|
Term
| Total bilateral loss of signals |
|
Definition
brain getting nothing to interpret
no vertigo
now has severe oscillopsia and disequilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign tumor on the vestibular nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endolymphatic hydrops
recurrent severe vertigo with nausea, disequilibrium, fluctuating hearing and tinnitus
due to pressure increase by endolymph |
|
|
Term
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
BPPV |
|
Definition
vertigo which is postion specif and fatigable with latency of onset
otocinal stone displaced into the semicircular canal
most common posterior canal |
|
|
Term
| Central vestibular dysfunction |
|
Definition
complex problem
multiple pathways and structures
often secondary to other disorder(MS, CVA, TBI, etc...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Do not transmit electrical impulses(non-excitable)
provide support, nutrition and proection to neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CNS: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recieve messages and conduct towards the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transmits messages to muscles or gland cells, to dendrites, or to axons of another neuron
covered by myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization vs hyperpolarization |
|
Definition
Depolarization: likely to fire
Hyperpolarization: not likely to fire |
|
|
Term
| Thickness of nerve fibers |
|
Definition
| larger the diameter and the thicker the myelin sheath --> greater velocity of conduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Efferent
carry messages away from an area
brain to muscle |
|
|
Term
| Upper Motor Neuron Damage |
|
Definition
| typically leads to spacisity |
|
|
Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Damage |
|
Definition
| Typically leads to flacidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory neurons
carry messages to a area
skin to brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farther away from soma, better chance for repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| healthy cells sprouting to reconnect where damage cells were cut off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electrical impulse jumping from node to node to speed up conduction
skips myelin sheaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of an injured axon is broken away distal to the injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
programmed cell death
does not cause an inflammatory response
"cellular suicide" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest functional component with which movement is controlled
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensitive to changes in muscle length
length and rate of change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensitive to tension changes of muscle
located in the tendon at origin and insertion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has primary synaptic connections at one spinal cord level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has primary synaptic connections at more than one spinal cord level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myotatic reflax
activates muscle spindle
sends message to spinal cord, efficient message to coordinate contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during myotatic reflex, message sent to antagonist msucle to inhibit motion to allow for agonist movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretch reflex that happens repeatedly |
|
|
Term
| Central Pattern Generators |
|
Definition
| Neural circuits that generate movement in the absence of peripheral feedback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recieves, integrate and distributes all sensory and motor info going to the crebral cortex
except olfactory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls autonmomic nervous system, hormone secretio, emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relay center
important for visual and auditory reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major role in conveying information to and from cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain centers for support of respiration, HR, digestion
life support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
responsible for smooth coordinated, appropriately timed movements
learning motor skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skilled motor movement, memory, abstract thinking
Precentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speech production--> motor aspect of speech
located in frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fire based on actions or intentions that are actually happening or anticipated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recives somatosensory information
touch, pressure, temp, vibration, proprioception, etc...
large role in spatial orientation
postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comprehension of speech and hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speech comprehension
locatede in temproal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lies deep within portions of frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
concerned with smell and taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved with emotions defensive and reproductive behaviors
some types of memory |
|
|
Term
| Sensory Association Areas |
|
Definition
| allows an individual to percieve and attach meaning to sensory experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous coverins of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thickest most durable meninges layer
attached to cranium
innervated with pain receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle meninges layer
thin, web-like
avascular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very thin
vascular
attaches to brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains CSF
cisterns: enlargements to store CSF
lumar punture to remove CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extension of meninges
anchorsspinal cord within the central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provides bouyancy to decrease weight of brain in skull
homeostasis for CNS
hydraulic shock absorber
transport for chemicals
completely replaced several times a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in ventricles
produced CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CSF withdrawn from the cistern
usually L2-S2 |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to cerebral hemisphers |
|
Definition
| mostly from internal carotid systems |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to brainstem, cerebellum, portions of temporal and occipital lobes |
|
Definition
| mostly from vertebro-basilar system |
|
|
Term
| amount of oxygen brain consumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintain internal environment (homeostasis)
regulates smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle via neural and hormonal input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary destination is hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Primary Autonomic Receptors |
|
Definition
Mechano-receptors: pressure, tension, stretch
Chemo-receptors: respond to chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| reticular Formation functions |
|
Definition
control states of consciousness and sleep arousal cycle
control posture/ muscle tone
visceral motor function
perception of poorly loclaized pain |
|
|
Term
| Recticual Activating System |
|
Definition
| responsible for alertness, arousal and wakefulness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrate experience of external world with functional processes that keep humans alive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 hemispheres: right and left connected by the Vermis
3 lobes: anterior, posterior, flocculonodular |
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum |
|
Definition
oldest portion
communicates with vestibular nuclei and reticular nuclei
involved in balance, adjustment of muscle tone, control of eye movements |
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe of cerebellum |
|
Definition
2nd oldest
recieves input from spinocerebellar and other tracts for proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensory info
involved in muscle tone and synergistic muscle activity required for locomotion and movements of the limb |
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe of cerebellum |
|
Definition
Newest protion
input from cerebral cortex via Pons
involved in carrying out of smooth and orderly sequences of muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connected to all lobes of cortex
participates in executive functions, visuospatial processing, affective and motivational phenomena, linquistic activity, cognitve processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group of nuclei at base of cerebral cortex
close profuse connection to cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulates muscle tone, postural adjustments, complex automatic movements
planning and control of complex motor motor behavior |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common site for atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
| proximal internal carotid artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest branch of the ICA & most common site for emboli
-contralateral hemiplegia & hemianesthesia (UE & Face>LE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-uncommon-collateral circulation compensates
-branch of the ICA
-contralateral hemiparesis & sensory loss (LE>UE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- branch of the Basilar Artery
-vision problems
-Thalamic Syndrome (pain, temp, proprioception & touch) |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrobasilar Artery Syndromes |
|
Definition
-Vertebral Artery- Wallenberg Syndrome; Horner’s Syndrome
-Basilar Artery- complete= locked-in syndrome, coma
-Cerebellar Artery- ataxia, nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Right Hemisphere Stroke=Left Hemi |
|
Definition
spatial perceptual impairments*
balance deficits
impulsive & poor judgement*
difficulty sustaining mvmt
difficulty understanding overall pattern |
|
|
Term
| Left Hemisphere Stroke=Right Hemi |
|
Definition
cautious behavior
pockets food
communication impairments
prefers habit
good judgement*
difficulty planning/sequencing mvmts (apraxia)
disorganized
problem-solving |
|
|
Term
| Direct impairments from CVA |
|
Definition
1) Impaired Somatosensation
2) Pain (from stroke itself; thalamic pain; secondary biomechanical stress)
3) Speech & Language Disorders & Dysphagia (Aphasia: Wernicke’s/receptive & Broca’s/expressive)
4) Seizures
5) B&B Dysfunction
6) Affective & Behavioral Hemisphere Differences (listed above)
7) Visual
8) Perceptual & Cognitive Dysfunction*
9) Motor Deficits |
|
|
Term
| Pusher Syndrome/Contraversive Pushing |
|
Definition
perceptual dysfxn affecting
motor fxn (problem in perception of vertical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not registering info to a particular side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of awareness of one’s paralysisSAFETY CONCERNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of awareness of body parts to oneself --> Mirroring helps |
|
|
Term
| Figure-Ground Discrimination |
|
Definition
| cannot locate objs from a group/background |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot distinguish similar forms from one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot perceive their relationship in space --> Transfers are difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot understand one place from another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot recognize objs using vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot recognize non-speech sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot recognize objs using touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can perform automatic mvmts, but not on command |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot understand concept of mvmts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot understand 3-D forms or multiple steps to activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic & disabling demyelinating dz of the white matter of the CNS characterized by periods of exacerbation & remission & hallmark sclerotic plaques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Somatosensory(paresthesias, dysesthesias, hyperpathia, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Lhermitte’s Sign)
-substitute other sensory systems; augment w/ wts., resistance, approx.;
teach skin care; manage pain (stretching, splinting, US, massage, pressure garments)
2) Visual(common impairment; may have nystagmus or diplopiapatching or compensate)
3) Motor(weakness, slow & stiff mvmt.)
-Strengthening = submaximal ex balanced w/ rest (*avoid excessive fatigue*)
-proximal muscles for stability, PNF patterns & light weights, aquatics
-compensatory strategies, ADs, functional training, cardiorespiratory exs.
4) Spasticity(more pronounced in LE’s, extensor tone predominates, doesn’t diminish during remissions)
-stretching, rotation* (trunk & shoulder girdle), reciprocal inhibition, positioning
5) FATIGUE*(aggravated by heat & emotional stress)
-Energy conservation techniques & pacing activities, Ads, ex. monitoring
6) Coordination/Balance(ATAXIA= trunk & Les, progressive; intention & postural tremor; vertigo & nausea)
-Improve static control = rhythmic stabilization, approximation, proximal
-Progress to dynamic control = PNF, fxl training, Frenkel’s, facilitation/inhib.
7) Oromotor & Respiratory(dysarthria & scanning speech, dysphagia, respiratory infections)
-upright posture & head control; pulmonary exs & hygiene
8) Cognitive & Behavioral
(50% have cognitive deficitsrelated to location of lesions; memory & attn., reasoning & rxn
time, emotional dysregulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic & progressive dz of the CNS characterized by rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor & postural instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L-dopa (bradykinesia & rigidity), MAOs, anticholinergic agents |
|
|
Term
| Surgical management of PD |
|
Definition
| stereotaxic sx, DBS, dopamine transplant |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Presentation of PD |
|
Definition
-Rigidity
-Akinesia
-Bradykinesia
-Resting tremor
-Postural Instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Progresses proximal --> distal & unilateral --> whole body (can be exacerbated)
-Secondary Complications- decreased ROM, postural deformity, decreased
respiratory capacity, loss of arm swing, loss of postural rxns |
|
|
Term
| Postural Instability with PD |
|
Definition
-poor co-contraction of trunk muscles w/ instability
-inability to use/delayed postural balance strategies
-reduced feedforward adjustments/anticipatory strategies
-loss of trunk extensor strength & postural shift closer to anterior LOS
-inability to adapt movement strategies to a changing sensory environment |
|
|
