Term
| cells that wrap around axons in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that make and circulate CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that wrap around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main functions of the frontal lobe (5) |
|
Definition
behavior
emotions
problem solving
planning
attention |
|
|
Term
| main functions of the temporal lobe (3) |
|
Definition
language and hearing decoding
short term memory
identification of smell |
|
|
Term
| main functions of the parietal lobe (1) |
|
Definition
touch
lesions cause sensory defects of astereognosis, hemispatial neglect, and inability to copy figures |
|
|
Term
| main functions of the occipital lobe (2) |
|
Definition
visual processing
shape and color identification |
|
|
Term
| what is the precentral gyrus responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the post central gyrus responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the basal ganglia and what does it control? |
|
Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.
coordinates motor activity such as starting, stopping, and monitoring intensity of movements.
Major input = cerebral cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra.
important neurotransmitters = acetylcholine, GAPA, dopamine |
|
|
Term
| what is the diencephalon and what does it control? |
|
Definition
| thalamus (major sensory relay, important in memory pathways), and hypothalamus (master control for ANS, control of pituitary functions) |
|
|
Term
| what body functions does the ANS (hypothalamus) control? |
|
Definition
BGL
HR
respiratory response to stresses
thermoregulation
perception of hunger, thirst, electrolyte and water balance
sleep wake cycle |
|
|
Term
| what is the limbic cortex responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific structures are responsible for emotion |
|
Definition
| amygala and cingulated gyrus |
|
|
Term
| what specific structure is responsible for memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relays info from the cerebrum to cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| site of dessucation of the pyramidal tracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls HR, blood vessel diameter, RR, vomiting, coughing, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sorry too lazy to detail it here! |
|
|
Term
upper or lower motor neuron injury?
ipsilateral increased tone, hyperreflexia, upgoing goes |
|
Definition
| upper motor neuron lesion |
|
|
Term
upper or lower motor neuron injury?
ipsilateral decreased tone, hyporeflexia, downgoing toes, atrophy, fasiculations |
|
Definition
| lower motor neuron injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
OOOTTAFVGVSaH
1 = olfactory
2 = optic
3 = oculomotor
4 = trochlear
5 = trigeminal
6 = abducens
7 = facial
8 = vestibulocochlear
9 = glossopharyngeal
10 = vagus
11 = spinal accessory
12 = hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| understand the blood supply of the circle of willis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood between the inner surface of the skull and dura |
|
Definition
| epidural hematoma (usually arterial) |
|
|
Term
| blood between the dura and arachnoid |
|
Definition
| subdural hematoma (usually venous) |
|
|
Term
| blood below the arachnoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
|
Definition
sympathetic = fight/flight
parasympathetic = rest/digest |
|
|
Term
| primary neurotransmitter of the PNS? excitatory/inhibitory? what are the receptors? |
|
Definition
acetylcholine (ACh) = excitatory
receptors = skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? what are the receptors? |
|
Definition
glutamate
receptors = cerebral cortex and basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of dopamine? |
|
Definition
selective inhibitor (reduces muscle contraction) - primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter that produces arousal. Secreted from the substantia nigra.
Damage to substantia nigra -> not enough dopamine -> inadequate inhibition of movement = Parkinson's |
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of serotonin? |
|
Definition
synthesized from tryptophan
used for synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland.
controls appetite,sleep, mood, behavior, muscle contracton, endocrine regulation.
decreased serotonin -> migraines
serotonin seems to have distinctive actions contributing to anxiety and impulsive behavior |
|
|
Term
| what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter? what does it inhibit? |
|
Definition
GABA
inhibits dopamine production.
decrease in GABA -> too much dopamine -> uncontrolled involuntary movements = Huntington's disease |
|
|
Term
| how are adrenergic receptors classified? |
|
Definition
a1 = postsynaptic in the sympathetic nervous system
a2 = presynaptic in the sympathetic nervous system and postsynaptic in the brain
b1 = heart
b2 = other sympathetically innervated structures (lungs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the blood brain barrier function? |
|
Definition
protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens, isolates the brain from metabolic changes in the body that could be harmful to neurons.
permeable to water, osygen, CO2
relatively impermeable to electrolytes
completely impermeable to cells |
|
|
Term
| decreased level on consicousness - non localizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of orientation to plaec and time - temporal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| memory loss - temporal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speech problems - frontal and temporoparietal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inappropriate emotional display - bilateral cerebral damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inability to recognize objects - nondominante parietal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inability to follow orders - frontal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumonic for level of consicousness |
|
Definition
ALOSC
alert
lethargic - falls asleep easily
obtunded - confused, difficult to arouse
stupurous - arouse to pain
comatose - not arousable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alert
arousable to verbal
arousable to pain
unarousable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two findings on exam strongly point to a structural lesion? |
|
Definition
consistent asymmetry between right and left sided responses
abnormal reflexes that point to specific areas within the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| adduction of upper arms, flexion of lower arms, wrists, and fingers. Lower extremities extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adduction of the upper arms, extension and pronation of the lower arms. lower extremities extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has a better prognosis, decorticate or decerebrate posturing? |
|
Definition
| decorticate (you are still protecting your core) |
|
|
Term
| in cold calorics, which direction should the eyes move? |
|
Definition
| toward the side of injection |
|
|
Term
| what reflexes can be tested in a comatose pt? |
|
Definition
pupillary response
oculocephalic reflex (doll's eye)
oculovestibular (cold calorics)
corneal reflex (CN 5)
facial grimmace to noxious stimuli (CN7)
gag reflex (CN 9 & 10) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the texture of the skin, edema, venous prominence, callus formation, loss of nails, sweating abnormalities of the feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suspected intracranial mass lesion
elevated ICP
infection at site of puncture
coagulopathy
lack of pt cooperation |
|
|
Term
| when should CT be performed before LP? |
|
Definition
| suspected intracranial mass lesion or elevated ICP |
|
|
Term
| what is a nerve conduction study (NCV) |
|
Definition
| stimulates a nerve at one point and records the pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electromyelogram
records intrinsic electrical activity within a muscle |
|
|
Term
| when is an MRI better than CT? |
|
Definition
brain, spinal cord, soft tissue
stroke - can detect hemorrhage earlier
tumor - acoustic neuroma or pituitary
dementia - better at detecting atrophy
demyelinating disorders
infection |
|
|
Term
| which neuropathies are predominantly sensory vs. motor |
|
Definition
sensory = leprosy, industrial solvents, hereditary mechanisms
motor = Guillian-Barre, hepatitis, lead, poisoning |
|
|
Term
| increased muscle tone that varies, worse at the extremes in range of motion, usually with exaggerated reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what muscles is spasticity worse within the arms and legs |
|
Definition
arms = flexor muscles
legs = extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
| limb is floppy and allows excessive movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stiffness or inflexibility that persists throughout the range of motion, due to muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diminished motor strength and fine touch, position, and vibration on side of injury. Loss of pain and temperature on opposite side. |
|
Definition
| Brown Sequard Syndrome - partial cord transection |
|
|
Term
| saddle anesthesia, bladder and/or bowel dysfunction - variable motor and sensory in lower extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| progressive disorder with degeneration of the corticospnal pathways down to the anterior horn cells. age 30-60. mixed upper and lower motor neuron deficit. tongue fasiculations = classic finding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| riluzole - inhibits presynaptic glutamate release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carpal tunnel syndrome, what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "funny bone" tingling, what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy |
|
|
Term
| tarsal tunnel syndrome, what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep peroneal nerve entrampment can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
focal demyelination and damage to axons due to immune reaction against myelin.
Lesions occurs in the white matter of teh brain and cord and in the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20-40 yo
women > men
sxs of transient
parestheisa, gait disorder, focal weakness, visual loss, diplopia, internuclear ophthalmoplegia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 clinical subtypes of MS |
|
Definition
relapsing remitting - intial course for most
secondary progressive - most common
primary progressive
progressive relapsing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute relapses = prednisone
long term = immune suppresson with beta-interferon |
|
|
Term
viral infection that causes destruction of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, usual route of exposure = fecal oral.
prodrome = fever, myalgias, URI/GI sxs. can lead to weakness and paralysis, respiratory muscle may be affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reactivation of the varicella virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe pain accompanied by a maculopapular rash that evolves into vesicles and pustules in a dermatomal distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| herpetic lesions on the tip of the nose indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of postherpetic neuralgia |
|
Definition
| gabapentin or amitriptyline |
|
|
Term
| symmetrical weakness ascending from ground to brain. No pain. DTR's usually absent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the classic distribution of diabetic neuropathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of neuropathy is diabetic neuropathy |
|
Definition
| sensorimotor polyneuropathy |
|
|
Term
| unchecked excitatory impulses, increased muscle tone, spasms, rigidity after toxin exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor weakness or paralysis, may progress to include muscles of respiration - most commonly after ingestion of home canned foods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| variable block of transmission of NMJ due to decreased number of functioning ACh receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluctuating weakness, easy fatigability of voluntary muscles, generalized weakness wrose towards end of day, while eating a meal, or during a conversation. asymmetric ocular palsy or ptosis. normal sensation and reflexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| verify diagnosis of myasthenia gravis with what test? |
|
Definition
| Tensilon test - administration of a short acting cholinesterase inhibitor - should transiently improve the weakness |
|
|
Term
| Dix Hallpike maneuver is used for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral causes of vertigo |
|
Definition
| BPPV, Meinere's, acoustic neuroma, gentamycin toxicity |
|
|
Term
| central causes of vertigo |
|
Definition
| alcohol intoxication, Wernicke's encephalopathty, MS, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, TIA/stroke, cerebellar ataxias |
|
|
Term
| sudden attacks of rotational vertigo, triggered by certain head mvoements. probably due to otolithic material in the semicircular canals - fully resolves between episodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of Wernicke's encephalopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classic triad of Wernicke's encephalopathy |
|
Definition
| gait ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confusion |
|
|
Term
pathological changes in the posterior columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and peripheral nerves.
gait and ataxia affected first - progresses to arms. lower limb reflexes are absent. sensory loss if prominant. positive Rhomberg test. Progressive kyphoscoliosis and clubfoot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly malignant cerebellar tumor normally presents in childhood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absent sense of smell
MCC = rhinitis |
|
|
Term
| MCC of amaurosis fugax/TMVL (transient monocular vision loss) |
|
Definition
| ischemic, cadiac, or CV problems |
|
|
Term
inflammation of the optic nerve often due to MS, unilateral vision loss = most cases resolves spontaneously. scotomata on viual field testing.
optic disc is swollen, blurred and the pupils are slow to react |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the external carotid artery at the superficial temporal artery. tenderness over the temporal arter. jaw claudication. |
|
Definition
giant cell arteritis
tx = prednisone burst |
|
|
Term
| papilledema is a sign of what? |
|
Definition
| increased intracranial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tumor pressing on the optic chiasm causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classic triad of Horner's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you confirm Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| injection of 10% cocaine - normal pupil dilates more than the Horner's pupil |
|
|
Term
ptosis with large pupil
ptosis with small pupil |
|
Definition
ptosis with large pupil = CN 3 palsy
ptosis with small pupil = Horner's on that side |
|
|
Term
| LR6SO4 all the rest are 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
microvascular compression of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal root by a blood vessel.
lancinating pain in the distribution of 1 or more branches of CN5. sharp, electric like spasms |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) |
|
|
Term
| tx of trigeminal neuralgia |
|
Definition
carbemazepine
phenytoin
baclofen |
|
|
Term
| facial weakness including the forehead? excluding the forehead? |
|
Definition
including = Bell's palsy
excluding = suspcicous for a stroke |
|
|
Term
| HSC (re)erruption along CN 7 - facial weakness and vesicular rash, decreased hearing on affected side, vesicles in ears, nausea and loss of balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished gag reflex, disturbed swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asymmetric rise of the uvula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drooping shoulder, muscle atrophy, weakened or limited elevation of the arm/shoulder, shoulder blade "winging" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flaccid paralysis of the tongue with atrophy and speech difficulty |
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerves are involved in normal taste? when is CN 5 involved? |
|
Definition
normal = 7, 9, 10
5 = somatosensory sensation (hot peppers) |
|
|
Term
| Bell's palsy causes loss of what portion of taste? |
|
Definition
| anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| CN 9 lesion causes loss of what portion of taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| med that can cause a loss of taste |
|
Definition
|
|
