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Neuro Test 2
2/3 Taste
33
Dentistry
Graduate
02/08/2014

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Cards

Term
Smell and taste are (electrical, chemical, or mechanical) transduction mechanisms?
Definition
chemical
Term
Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in flavor perception

1. I (olfactory)
2. V (trigeminal)
3. VII (facial)
4. IX (glossopharyngeal)
5. X (vagus)
Definition
V (trigeminal)
Term
What kind of receptors do the gustatory and olfactory systems use?
Definition
G-protein coupled receptors (not hair cells like auditory)
Term
True or false:

Taste and olfactory receptor cells undergo continual lifetime turnover
Definition
True
Term
Name the taste and olfactory receptor cells that undergo continual lifetime turnover.
Definition
Taste: modified epithelial cells

Smell: neurons
Term
Is gustatory and olfactory stimulus information encoded in a single neuron or a population of neurons?
Definition
populations of neurons
Term
Taste and smell are highly involved with what system that involves emotion and memory?
Definition
limbic system

(if something made you sick you'll remember it, or the smell of it) = short distance to the cortex because it's important
Term
*What innervates the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Definition
chorda tympani (branch of VII for taste)
Term
What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Definition
glossopharyngeal (IX)
Term
What innervates the palate and pharynx (important for the gag reflex)?
Definition
IX and X
Term
Where does all of the information gathered by VII, IX, and X become a single nucleus involving taste (principal visceral sensory relay)?
Definition
solitary nucleus of the rostral medulla
Term
What is relevant to taste within the rostral medulla?

1. medial leminscus
2. inferior olivary nucleus
3. solitary nucleus
4. CST
5. Mr. Wallenberg
Definition
solitary nucleus

inferior olive=motor, cerebellar function
Mr. Wallenberg=stroke area
medial leminscus=seen more in pons
Term
Does the caudal or rostral medulla bring visceral information from the gut (has a lot of vagal innervation)?
Definition
caudal
Term
What are the 2 things that you will see in the micro villa that causes depolarization?
Definition
G-protein receptors and ion channel receptors

(The G-protein receptors will have to be hooked up to an ion channel at some point to get an electrical signal. The ion channels are directly activated by chemicals)
Term
After depolarization in the taste cells, what enters to cause transmitter release?

What is the transmitter in taste?
Definition
calcium

ATP
Term
Where is primary taste/gustatory cortex?

1. operculum
2. insular
3. wernicke's
4. cingulate
5. superior temporal
Definition
Insular (inside sylvan fissure) and operculum

(cingulate-limbic, wernicke's-language)
Term
Where in the thalamus does taste information go to?

What is the tract that takes it there from the solitary nucleus?

Is it ipsilateral or contralateral?
Definition
VPM (head - sensory)

via central tegmental tract

ipsilateral (always exceptions)
Term
What is the additional relay to the rostral pons for taste that is not in humans?
Definition
parabrachial nucleus
Term
Where do reflexes like the dorsal motor nucleus of CN X (visceral) go in the brainstem?
Definition
rostral medulla
Term
From the insular-operculum, where does information go in the brain to integrate with olfactory information?
Definition
orbitofrontal cortex
Term
What is the only sense that is the exception to the labeled line rule?
Definition
taste (a single neuron responds to a variety of chemical sensations)
Term
When information goes from the solitaries cell to the orbital cortex cell, does the information become more selective or more broad?
Definition
selective

(in solitary tract-multiple chemicals activate a single cell.
goes to orbitofrontal cortex and cells are more selective so able to detect individual chemical senses of taste)
Term
What are the only cells that are real neurons (no thalamic relay/no synapse, fast).
Definition
olfactory receptor cells
Term
Where do CN I enter the skull?
Definition
cribiform plate
Term
Is CN I and bulb part of the CNS or PNS?
Definition
CNS
Term
The intensity of olfactory transduction is encoded in the ___________ of action potentials.
Definition
frequency

(The more chemical there is, the more ion channels you’ll activate and the more depolarization you’ll get, so you’ll get more action potentials. )
Term
What is sitting above the cribiform plate that all the cell axons with a particular G-protein receptor (detects a particular smell) go into?
Definition
olfactory bulb (glomeruli-particular part of the olfactory bulb)
Term
What is the particular part of the olfactory bulb where all the cells that detect the same chemical/set of chemical for smell go into?
Definition
glomeruli
Term
*What is the principal cell in the olfactory bulb that takes information in the tract all the way to the cortex?
Definition
mitral cell
Term
What part of the CNS pathway of the olfactory system inhibits the contralateral olfactory bulb?
Definition
anterior olfactory nucleus
Term
What are the 3 primary olfactory cortex?
Definition
Piriform cortex (temporal lobe)

Periamydaloid cortex - interacts with amygdala

(part of) parahippocampal gyrus - interacts with hippocampus
Term
If a person starts to have a unpleasant smell or taste, what might be happening to them?

What part of the brain does this affect?
Definition
uncinate seizure

uncus (part of temporal lobe where smell information goes)
Term
If a person experiences taste loss, what damage might have occurred?
Definition
anosmia (loss of smell)

parkinson's disease
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